The morphological characteristics of globulin production during the vaccinal process induced by tularemia and brucellosis vaccines

Significant data on the dynamics of globulin production in guinea pigs in the process of immunogenesis after the injection of Francisella tularensis vaccine strain or conjugated brucellosis vaccine have been obtained by means of immunofluorescence and the enzyme immunoassay. The number of globulin-producing cells in lymphoid organs (the spleen, regional and remote lymph nodes) differs, depending on the injected antigen. The relationship between the character of immunomorphological changes in lymphoid organs and the dynamics of the increase of antibody titers in the peripheral blood of the animals after their immunization with conjugated brucellosis vaccine and the injection of avirulent F. tularensis has been established.     

Application of scale-down experiments in the study of kinetics of oxytetracycline biosynthesis

Scale-down experiments in antibiotic biosynthesis were performed by transferring the corresponding amounts of fermentation broth from industrial to laboratory and pilot-plant fermentors where the cultivation process was continued at different cultivation conditions. A previously proposed mathematical model was used to explain the experimental results. The effects of temperature, agitation-aeration intensity, and medium addition during the process were investigated. Computer simulation data were fitted to the experimental data, and good agreement was found. As a consequence of increasing temperature up to 37 degrees C, increases in the specific growth and autolysis rates as well as the specific rates of antibiotic synthesis and carbohydrate utilization were in evidence. Temperature increases of up to 40 degrees C caused a lower oxytetracycline yield. The effect of increased oxygen transfer rate on oxytetracycline biosynthesis was more pronounced at higher temperatures than at lower cultivation temperatures. Culture differentiation (strain segregation) was also studied; it was found that the increased cultivation temperature could be favorable for the growth of biomass active in oxytetracycline biosynthesis. Results of experiments at the pilot-plant scale showed that fed batch and repeated fed batch cultures could be successfully applied and the period of intensive antibiotic synthesis could be prolonged significantly.     

Nonspecific antigenic suppression of the formation of immunologic memory to heteroerythrocytes

Spleen cells (SC) of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells contain factor that suppresses primary immune response and the formation of immunologic memory. During studies of antigen-specific suppression of the immunogenesis, it has been discovered that suppressor factor of SC non-specifically blocks the development of immunologic memory for the other antigen (rat red cells) without affecting primary immune response to this antigen administration. It is assumed that at an early stage the cells responsible for the formation of immunologic memory are more sensitive to the non-specific effect of suppressor factor than those involved in the generation of primary immune response.     

水稻伸长生长的数学模型

水稻地上部诸器官的伸长生长,可以分为3个阶段和两个过渡期．器官在前期的凹型曲线生长为加速生长（定为第1阶段）,中期的直线生长为等速生长（第2阶段）,后期的凸型曲线生长为减速生长（第3阶段）;每两个阶段临界处均存在特殊的生长过程,前面的定为第1过渡期,做变加速生长,后面的定为第2过渡期,做变减速生长.组成器官的各个细胞的伸长生长,也可以分为前期凹型曲线阶段、中期的直线阶段以及这两个阶段临界处的过渡期.运用类比原理推断;细胞在凹型曲线阶段,其原生质的膨压大于壁压,而且这两个压差始终维持稳定,这就使细胞做等加速生长;细胞经过过渡期的变加速生长过渡到直线生长阶段,在这个阶段中,膨压大小与壁压相等,这就使细胞以过渡期最末的生长速度做等速生长;最后壁压大于膨压,而且这两个相差压会阻止细胞的“惯性”生长直至停止生长,其结果产生减速生长．     

The histological evaluation of the effect of Bacillus intermedius RNAse on the organs of immunogenesis in laboratory animals]

Histological changes in organs of immunogenesis of experimental animals after RNAse Bacillus intermedius treatment have been studied. The effect of RNAse on organs is revealed in activation of both cell and humoral immunity and factors of nonspecific resistance at early stage of reaction. The inhibition of immunological reactions and factors of nonspecific resistance takes place at later stages of enzyme action. The caused effects don't depend on catalytic enzyme activity.     

The immune system and age

Basing on numerous facts, obtained during last years at investigation of the immune system organs, a definite idea has been formed on peculiarities of their structure during certain stages of human ontogenesis. The immune organs appear early in embryogenesis and by birth they have reached their morphological maturation. This is evident as formation of diffuse lymphoid tissue in lymphoid noduli, that can have germinative centers, where young cells of the lymphoid line are formed. The immune system organs develop especially quickly after birth during first years of the postnatal ontogenesis. The peak in development of the organs of immunogenesis, amount and size of the lymphoid noduli occurs during the childhood and adolescent age. Each immune organ has its peculiarities that are determined by their place in the organism, value and intensity of antigenic effect. Beginning from the adolescence and youth amount of the lymphoid tissue and lymphoid noduli in the organs decreases, in their place connective and adipose tissue grows out.     

The response of growing rats to a diet supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin.

Ampicillin was included (25 mg/litre) in the drinking water supplied to growing rats over periods of 2,3,4,5,6,7 or 8 weeks. 32 rats were used in each experimental period, half being given the antibiotic and half being left as controls. The antibiotic increased the liveweight gain in each period, the results being significant after the 2- and 4-week feeding periods. Significant decreases were observed in the average percentage weights of the spleens of the rats given the antibiotic at the end of all the feeding periods except one. The few other significant changes in the percentage weights of other organs were, with one exception, noted at or before the end of the 4th week.     

Seasonal changes in the fine structure of the accessory sex gland in the mole (Talpa europaea)

The mole has a single pair of accessory sex organs with features of both the prostate and the seminal vesicle, for which the term prostate gland is not appropriate. Seasonal changes occuring in this gland were related to four periods: a) the quiescence period, b) the maturation period, c) the active period and d) the involution period. During the quiescence period the cuboidal epithelial cells display a quasi-embryonic fine structure and are sparse in cytoplasmic organelles, but rich in glycogen and lipopigment. With the onset of sexual activity glycogen and lipopigment disappear and the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as the Golgi apparatus begin to proliferate. The fully active gland is lined by a low epithelium with parallel stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus and several lysosomes and secretory granules. In the involution period the gland collapses and the epithelial cells are eliminated by hetero- and autophagic processes. During this period a great number of presumably endocrine cells were observed. The results were compared with findings in experimental studies and those on postnatal development of accessory sex glands in laboratory animals.     

Characterization of an endothelial protein in the developing rabbit kidney

A new protein (EnPo 1 antigen) abundant on endothelial cells and glomerular podocytes has been characterized by means of the mouse monoclonal antibody EnPo 1. Following electrophoretical separation of rabbit kidney homogenates EnPo 1 recognized a protein with a molecular weight of 110 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.9 in Western blots. Using immunohistological techniques, the EnPo 1 antigen has been localized in high concentrations on glomerular podocytes of different developmental stages. Furthermore, the EnPo 1 antigen was expressed on endothelial cells of all adult rabbit organs tested so far. Detailed analysis of neonatal rabbit kidney revealed the abundance of EnPo 1 antigen on both differentiated vessels as well as on immature endothelial cells and endothelium of the microvasculature. Thus, for the first time a marker for in situ investigations of angiogenic processes within the mammalian kidney is available. Analysis of kidney cryosections by confocal laser scan microscopy revealed a direct connection between mature and differentiating vessels in the outer kidney cortex. Furthermore, two differentially organized cell populations discriminated by their EnPo 1 binding pattern were localized in the embryonic renal cortex. Morphologically, these cells were not distinguishable from other mesenchymal cells.     

Liver lipase and high-density lipoprotein. Lipoprotein changes after incubation of human serum with rat liver lipase

Under standard conditions, liver regeneration is impaired if mitochondrial protein synthesis is completely blocked. By treating rats with oxytetracycline for various periods of time directly prior to partial hepatectomy, livers were led to a condition of relative deficiency in cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthetase. To this end, oxytetracycline was administered by means of continuous intravenous infusion up to concentrations of 20 micrograms/ml serum, giving a gradual decrease in cytochrome c oxidase activity. This activity was used as a marker for functionally capable mitochondria and as a tool to monitor the efficiency of inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. It is shown that liver regeneration is strongly impaired after a period of pretreatment of 22 days or more and continuation of oxytetracycline treatment during regeneration. The mitochondrial respiratory capacity is reduced to 14% of the control value under these conditions. To obtain inhibitory levels within the regenerating liver, it was necessary to raise the serum levels slightly above 20 micrograms/ml. This measure is most likely required because of the poor vascularization of the regenerating liver. The serum levels were kept, however, far below those known to inhibit cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The results show that in normal liver the respiratory capacity must be reduced drastically before energy-requiring processes become affected. In Zajdela hepatoma cells, similar effects are found after reduction of the cytochrome c oxidase activity to 38%. This difference in sensitivity is probably based on the different mitochondrial content of liver cells and the liver-derived Zajdela cells.     

Participation of hematopoietic stem cells in the process of immune response formation

The endogenous colony formation and immunogenesis in mice of CBA and C57BL strains immunized with various doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were studied. An absolute or relative increase of antibody forming cells under the action of growing SRBC dose from 2.10(7) to 2.10(8) as well as a decrease following 2.10(9) dose administration were noted. The number of endogenous hemopoietic spleen colonies augmented depending on increased antigen dose. Strain differences in the number of endogenous spleen colonies remained. It is suggested that the stimulation mode of hemopoietic lines is based on a specific RES blockade by SRBC resulting in enhanced proliferative effect of stem cells.     

Phagocyte functional activity and bactericidal systems after exposure to rifampicin, lincomycin and methicillin

To show possible mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of rifampicin, lincomycin and methicillin on the functional activity of the phagocytes, their effect on the intracellular bactericidal systems and the state of the regulatory function of the macrophages in the immunogenesis were studied. Correlation between the decrease in the values of the phagocytosis completeness and the changes in the activity of the myeloperoxidase bactericidal system and the alkaline phosphatase in the neutrophilic granulocytes was shown. The decrease in the number of the antibody producers at the maximum level of the immune response to administration of sheep red cells as the test antigen due to rifampicin or lincomycin was not accompanied by impairment of the immune regulatory function of the macrophages.     

Impairment of liver regeneration during inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by oxytetracycline

Under standard conditions, liver regeneration is not impaired if mitochondrial protein synthesis is completely blocked. By treating rats with oxytetracycline for various periods of time directly prior to partial hepatectomy, livers were led to a condition of relative deficiency in cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthetase. To this end, oxytetracycline was administered by means of continuous intravenous infusion up to concentrations of 20 μg/ml serum, giving a gradual decrease in cytochrome c oxidase activity. This activity was used as a marker for functionally capable mitochondria and as a tool to monitor the efficiency of inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. It is shown that liver regeneration is strongly impaired after a period of pretreatment of 22 days or more and continuation of oxytetracycline treatment during regeneration. The mitochondrial respiratory capacity is reduced to 14% of the control value under these conditions. To obtain inhibitory levels within the regenerating liver, it was necessary to raise the serum levels slightly above 20 μg/ml. This measure is most likely required because of the poor vascularization of the regenerating liver. The serum levels were kept, however, far below those known to inhibit cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The results show that in normal liver the respiratory capacity must be reduced drastically before energy-requiring processes become affected. In Zajdela hepatoma cells, similar effects are found after reduction of the cytochrome c oxidase activity to 38%. This difference in sensitivity is probably based on the different mitochondrial content of liver cells and the liver-derived Zajdela cells.     

Structural and immunologic indicators of Peyer's patches in the human fetus

Histological and immunological methods were used for the investigation of the development of Peyer's patches in the ileum of 110 human fetuses of 8-29 weeks of gestation. The formation of Peyer's patches and the increased number of lymphatic follicles in them are described. Beginning from 8th-9th week of gestation T- and B-lymphocytes and their subpopulations (auto-RFC, EAC-RFC, IgM- and IgG-positive cells) can be identified in mononuclear cell suspension obtained from Peyer's patches. An increase in their number during embryogenesis and the pathways of lymphocyte migration are shown. By the moment of birth "O" cells dominant in Peyer's patches and later on E-RFC and IGM-positive cells prevail. Auto-RFC are the most scanty. The authors regard Peyer's patches as peripheral organs of immunogenesis involved in local defensive reactions and in the fetal immunogenesis system on the whole.     

Distribution and morphologic characteristics of lymphoid cells in the canine popliteal lymph nodes in their normal state and under antigen effect

By means of morphometry, light and electron microscopy methods peculiarities in distribution of small, middle and large lymphocytes, as well as plasmocytes in various zones of the popliteal lymph nodes have been studied in normal and in dynamics up to one year after subcutaneous injection of BCG vaccine into the left hind paw. The antigen produces certain changes in density and morphological parameters of lymphoid cells both in the regional and in the contralateral lymph nodes. For them 3 periods are specific. During the first 3 days they are not antigen-dependent (stipulated by the stress reaction), during 7-24 days antigen-dependent processes of proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes get into action. In 3 months a new wave of the immune response is observed.     

Effect of immunization on functional state of thyroid gland and thyroxine binding in rat organs

A number of modern research methods were used in experiments on 220 white rats to examine thyroid function at varying times after single immunization with typhoid vaccine. It was found that on the 1st and 2nd days of the observation period, only cAMP level of the thyroid parenchyma decreases. Three, four and seven days following immunization, thyroid function is drastically reduced, which manifests by a decrease in 131I uptake by the thyroid gland. Also decreased were the conversion ratio, the levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood serum and incorporation of labeled thyroxin by the heart, liver and spleen. During the productive phase of the immunogenesis (days 10, 15, 20 and 25), all the test indicators considerably increase. The phases of the reaction obtained seem likely to be a consequence of reciprocal relationship between the thyroid and sympathoadrenal systems (the inductive period), as well as by the feedback effect (the productive period of antibody formation). The reaction of thyroid function to immunization is regarded as a component of non-specific adaptation response of the body to an extreme irritant, that provides for metabolic reconstruction necessary for the synthesis of antibodies and formation of immune lymphocyte populations.     

The mouse pubic symphysis as a remodeling system: morphometrical analysis of proliferation and cell death during pregnancy, partus and postpartum

Marked changes in mice pubic symphysis occur by the end of pregnancy. Tissue remodeling involves a dynamic balance between cell proliferation and programmed cell death as well as changes in the extracellular matrix components. Therefore, it is important to consider both of these cellular behaviors when investigating the mechanism that regulates interpubic tissue remodeling, growth during late pregnancy and partus ensuring involution during the postpartum period. Proliferating and programmed death cells were identified by immunohistochemistry (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and TUNEL detection, respectively) and the rates at which these processes occurred were determined by morphometric analysis. The results demonstrated that cellular proliferation was intense during the period of ligament formation, from D15 to D18, thereafter abruptly declining on D19. From parturition (D19) onwards, an ever-increasing decline in the cellular proliferation levels could be observed. The quantitative analyses of cellular death showed opposite results when compared to cellular proliferation. During early pregnancy the cycle of cellular renovation was clearly proliferative and during late mouse pregnancy the cycle was directed by programmed cellular death. Although the high levels of cellular death during postpartum involution could be shown by the TUNEL-positive cells, we were unable to observed picnotic nucleus at the light microscopy.     

Ultrastructure of cells from the liver-endocrine pancreas system in hibernating animals

In hibernated ground squirrel (Citellus erythrogenys) during various periods of hibernation morphological changes in organs participating in insurance of energoplastic homeostasis (liver, endocrine part of the pancreas) have been followed. At the beginning of hibernation certain signs of functional strain in the liver are observed-shortening and swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) canaliculi, decreases of glycogen resources and activation of the lysosomal apparatus, as well as certain features demonstrating its decreased activity--shortening cisterns in the Golgi complex, poorly manifested granular ER, tightening of mitochondrial matrix. At a deep hibernation, the signs of strain disappear, ultrastructure of hepatocytes corresponds to a new lower level of functioning in comparison to that in the active state and at the beginning of hibernation. During these periods the structure of endocrine cells in the pancreas demonstrates certain changes in the character of functioning of the cells. Ultrastructural transformations in the liver and endocrine part of the pancreas in the ground squirrel are mutually correlated.     

Coamide stimulation of immunogenesis during experimental levomycetin therapy]

The effect of various doses of levomycetin on immunogenesis and capacity of coamide for stimulation of immunogenesis in levomycetin therapy was studied. It was found that massive five-fold doses of levomycetin sodium succinate (I and 0.5 g/kg) administered parenterally or orally inhibited immunogenesis, the inhibition being more pronounced on administration of the antibiotic per os. When levomycetin sodium succinate was used in massive doses (1 g/kg) in combination with coamide (0.5 mg/kg) the inhibition of the immune response to the antigenic stimulation was less pronounced.     

Effect of coamide on immunogenesis during antibiotic therapy]

The dynamics of the antibody-producing cells in the spleen and the titer of hemagglutinines in the blood of albino mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes and treated with various doses (250, 500, 1000 gamma) of oxytetracycline and monomycin and their combinations with coamide, a complex of cobalt with nicotinic acid amide at different periods after the immunization. It was found that oxytetracycline in doses of 500 and 1000 gamma and monomycin in doses of 250, 500 and 1000 gamma administered intramuscularly for 4 days had an inhibitory effect on both the antibody-producing cells and the titer of hemagglutinines in the immunized animals at various periods after the immunization. Consequently, oxytetracycline and monomycin had the immunosuppressive effect. Exposure of the animals treated with oxytetracycline and monomycin to coamide for 5 days provided an increase in the number of the antibody-producing cells and the titer of the hemagglutinines. The results of the study showed the perspectivity of coamide use in complex therapy of infectious diseases.