细胞外囊泡检测分析方法研究进展

细胞外囊泡是真核细胞和原核细胞共有的细胞间信号传递的重要媒介。细胞外囊泡可以传递蛋白质、脂质和核酸,影响供体细胞和受体细胞的生理学、病生理学功能。细胞外囊泡存在于多种体液中,当前已在血液、尿液、唾液、母乳、羊水、脑脊液、胆汁等体液中鉴定到细胞外囊泡的存在。这些体液很多是临床检测的样本,因此体液中含有的细胞外囊泡可能成为鉴定临床疾病的标志物,这引起了科研人员的极大兴趣。该综述重点关注了不同体液样品中细胞外囊泡的功能,并且针对临床样本和细胞外囊泡结构的特殊性,综述了样品收集、储存、检测等标准流程研究,为临床医生和科学家在细胞外囊泡研究中提供指引。     

细胞外囊泡在治疗膝骨关节炎中的作用与前景

膝骨关节炎（knee osteoarthritis,KOA）是以关节软骨退变为主要病变的退行性疾病。目前，KOA尚无有效治疗药物。细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicles,EVs）是由细胞释放的脂质双分子层包绕形成的球状膜性囊泡，可在细胞间传递核酸、蛋白质等生物活性分子。与动物来源EVs相比，植物来源EVs因其来源广泛且经济，在药物载体递送研究领域引起广泛关注。通过基因工程等方法改造EVs进行药物递送，可极大提高药物递送效率及其疗效。本文综述了动、植物两种来源的EVs在KOA中的治疗进展，特别聚焦于工程化EVs作为药物递送载体在KOA治疗中的研发现状，旨在为利用EVs治疗KOA提供参考。     

综述与专论: 基于核酸适配体的细胞外囊泡分离分析方法

细胞外囊泡通过参与细胞间通讯，在诸多生理病理过程中发挥着重要作用。因此，细胞外囊泡的分离分析对理解其生物学功能以及发展基于囊泡的疾病诊疗方法具有重要价值。细胞外囊泡的高效分离以及高灵敏可靠检测很大程度上取决于识别配体。核酸适配体是一类高效、特异结合其靶标分子的单链寡核苷酸。核酸适配体的易修饰和可程序化设计等特征，使其成为细胞外囊泡分离和分析的理想识别配体。为提高细胞外囊泡的分离效率，研究者们提出多种策略用于提升核酸适配体的亲和力，以及界面与细胞外囊泡的接触几率。此外，分离不同亚型的细胞外囊泡有助于理解细胞外囊泡的生物学意义。在细胞外囊泡分析方面，根据核酸适配体与细胞外囊泡识别信号的转导方式不同，分为电化学、可视化、表面增强拉曼光谱、荧光法等方法。本文综述了核酸适配体的筛选以及其在细胞外囊泡分离和分析中的最新进展、挑战及未来方向。     

植物细胞外囊泡及其分析技术的进展

细胞外囊泡是细胞在生理和病理条件下通过胞吐作用释放的具有磷脂双分子层结构的纳米级囊泡。细胞外囊泡作为蛋白质、核酸、脂质和代谢物等物质的载体,能够在细胞与细胞之间穿梭,行使物质传递、信息交流的功能,是细胞间通讯的重要媒介。近年来,植物中细胞外囊泡的研究也不断深入,其研究和分析技术也取得了很大进展。本文介绍了细胞外囊泡的组成,综述了植物中细胞外囊泡的生物学功能,分析了细胞外囊泡分离与富集方法的优缺点,以及原位成像技术的应用,最后对植物细胞外囊泡研究技术发展的重点进行了展望。     

葡萄球菌细胞外囊泡研究进展

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EV)是由脂质双分子层包裹着蛋白质、核酸等生物分子组成的天然纳米结构颗粒。EV作为细胞间无细胞通讯的一种方式,通过传递包括遗传信息在内的大量生物分子来影响细胞间的通讯。此外,EV还参与多种生物学功能的调控,如免疫调节、细胞间竞争、水平基因转移和致病性等。革兰氏阳性细菌分泌的EV携带多种化合物,这些化合物在细菌竞争、生存、入侵、抗生素耐药和感染方面发挥多样化作用。目前对于细菌EV的研究主要集中在革兰氏阴性细菌中,对革兰氏阳性细菌EV的研究报道较少,其中对葡萄球菌EV的报道主要是金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌。这篇综述介绍了葡萄球菌EV的化学成分组成、功能和分泌的影响因素及临床应用。     

真菌细胞外囊泡的研究进展CSCD

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是一种细胞分泌的膜性囊泡。研究表明EVs在细胞生命的许多方面起着重要作用,包括细胞间的通讯、发病机制和癌症进展[1]。然而,EVs在微生物学中的作用却研究较少,EVs在微生物中最先是在革兰氏阴性菌中发现的[2],后续的研究表明它们在革兰氏阳性菌中也普遍存在[3],此后也有研究发现其在病毒致病过程中的作用和机制。目前,关于EVs与真菌感染关系的研究甚少,本综述将介绍EVs在真菌中的相关研究进展。     

细胞外囊泡与肿瘤

细胞分泌的胞外囊泡(包括外泌体、微囊泡、凋亡小体、迁移体、retractosomes、R-EVs等)含有DNA、RNA、分泌性蛋白质、脂质、膜受体和其他类型的生物活性大分子。它在细胞的可塑性、细胞间交流和微环境重塑中起着关键作用。该文总结了细胞外囊泡的类型、形成、调节及其在肿瘤发生、转移、肿瘤免疫和靶向治疗中的作用和临床意义。     

综述: 胞外囊泡表面糖缀合物研究进展

胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是一类由细胞分泌到胞外的能够被受体细胞摄取的膜性囊泡小体,直径在20～ 1 000 nm．近年来,越来越多的研究者发现胞外囊泡在疾病诊断、预后评估以及药物递送等方面具有重要的生物学作用．胞外囊泡可以直接参与细胞间信息的传递以及物质的运输,其携带的核酸(mRNA,microRNA和lncRNA)和蛋白质可以影响受体细胞的生理状态．大量研究表明,胞外囊泡是被糖基化修饰的,胞外囊泡表面覆盖了大量的聚糖以及糖结合蛋白,而已知聚糖类物质在调控细胞黏附、细胞-细胞之间的信息传递、细胞和细胞外基质相互作用、免疫调节和肿瘤转移等方面发挥重要的作用．本文综述了近年来细胞外囊泡表面糖缀合物修饰的前沿研究,以期更好地理解聚糖在胞外囊泡的合成、释放以及运输过程及其生物学功能中的作用．     

细胞外囊泡及细胞外囊泡数据库

细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicle,EV）是由细胞释放到细胞外微环境的膜性囊泡,携带母细胞来源分子,参与机体的生理和病理活动过程,鉴定其组成并研究其功能已成为研究热点。目前,对不同物种、不同组织和不同细胞来源的细胞外囊泡组份的研究,获得了大量的蛋白质、核酸、脂类和其他分子数据。为更好地使用这些数据,已有不同的研究机构建立了相应的数据库,为该领域的研究提供了便利。ExoCarta、Vesiclepedia和Evpedia数据库是目前收录数据比较全面的、最具影响力的细胞外囊泡数据库。本文将介绍这3个数据库的特点和应用,为研究者选择使用胞外囊泡数据库提供参考。     

Extracellular Vesicles as an Endocrine Mechanism Connecting Distant Cells

The field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has expanded tremendously over the last decade. The role of cell-to-cell communication in neighboring or distant cells has been increasingly ascribed to EVs generated by various cells. Initially, EVs were thought to a means of cellular debris or disposal system of unwanted cellular materials that provided an alternative to autolysis in lysosomes. Intercellular exchange of information has been considered to be achieved by well-known systems such as hormones, cytokines, and nervous networks. However, most research in this field has searched for and found evidence to support paracrine or endocrine roles of EV, which inevitably leads to a new concept that EVs are synthesized to achieve their paracrine or endocrine purposes. Here, we attempted to verify the endocrine role of EV production and their contents, such as RNAs and bioactive proteins, from the regulation of biogenesis, secretion, and action mechanisms while discussing the current technical limitations. It will also be important to discuss how blood EV concentrations are regulated as if EVs are humoral endocrine machinery.     

The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Extracellular Vesicles from Korean Women in Their 20s on Skin Aging

Extracellular vesicles, which are highly conserved in most cells, contain biologically active substances. The vesicles and substances interact with cells and impact physiological mechanisms. The skin is the most external organ and is in direct contact with the external environment. Photoaging and skin damage are caused by extrinsic factors. The formation of wrinkles is a major indicator of skin aging and is caused by a decrease in collagen and hyaluronic acid. MMP-1 expression is also increased. Due to accruing damage, skin aging reduces the ability of the skin barrier, thereby lowering the skin’s ability to contain water and increasing the amount of water loss. L. plantarum suppresses various harmful bacteria by secreting an antimicrobial substance. L. plantarum is also found in the skin, and research on the interactions between the bacteria and the skin is in progress. Although several studies have investigated L. plantarum, there are only a limited number of studies on extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from L. plantarum, especially in relation to skin aging. Herein, we isolated EVs that were secreted from L. plantarum of women in their 20s (LpEVs). We then investigated the effect of LpEVs on skin aging in CCD986sk. We showed that LpEVs modulated the mRNA expression of ECM related genes in vitro. Furthermore, LpEVs suppressed wrinkle formation and pigmentation in clinical trials. These results demonstrated that LpEVs have a great effect on skin aging by regulating ECM related genes. In addition, our study offers important evidence on the depigmentation effect of LpEVs.     

Fungal Extracellular Vesicles with a Focus on Proteomic Analysis

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) perform crucial functions in cell–cell communication. The packaging of biomolecules into membrane‐enveloped vesicles prior to release into the extracellular environment provides a mechanism for coordinated delivery of multiple signals at high concentrations that is not achievable by classical secretion alone. Most of the understanding of the biosynthesis, composition, and function of EVs comes from mammalian systems. Investigation of fungal EVs, particularly those released by pathogenic yeast species, has revealed diverse cargo including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and small molecules. Fungal EVs are proposed to function in a variety of biological processes including virulence and cell wall homeostasis with a focus on host–pathogen interactions. EVs also carry signals between fungal cells allowing for a coordinated attack on a host during infection. Research on fungal EVs in still in its infancy. Here a review of the literature thus far with a focus on proteomic analysis is provided with respect to techniques, results, and prospects.     

Treg-Cell-Derived IL-35-Coated Extracellular Vesicles Promote Infectious Tolerance

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