基于16S rRNA部分序列中国蝙蝠科蝙蝠系统发生分析

蝙蝠科蝙蝠遍布全世界,是蝙蝠中种类最多的一个科.尽管从形态学、胚胎学和分子生物学等方面认为蝙蝠科内长翼蝠亚科应该提升到科、鼠耳蝠属应该提升到亚科的分类地位,但是其科内的系统关系长期以来一直处于争议之中.本文对蝙蝠科11种38个标本线粒体16S rRNA部分序列进行了测序,并结合以前报道的13种(属于7科13属)蝙蝠的线粒体16S rRNA部分序列构建了系统树,结果表明:长翼蝠亚科可以提升到科的分类地位、鼠耳蝠属提升到亚科的分类地位,这与前人报道的结果一致;相对于由鼠耳蝠亚科、彩蝠亚科和管鼻蝠亚科构成的分支,蝙蝠亚科和Antrozoinae是一个并系群.蝙蝠亚科内的亲缘关系也进行了进一步的讨论.     

福建蝙蝠新纪录

1987年8月,笔者于崇安城采得飞进宅内觅食的彩色蝙蝠一只,标本经福建省博物馆郑秀芸同志鉴定,确认其为彩蝠(Kerivoula picta bellissima),隶于翼手目、蝙蝠科、管耳蝠属,模式标本产地在印度。过去的文献记载,我国的海南岛有彩蝠分布。福建省尚属首见记录。     

四川千佛山国家级自然保护区发现暗褐彩蝠

2021年8月,本项目组在四川千佛山国家级自然保护区采集到1只彩蝠属(Kerivoula)雄性成体蝙蝠,其前臂长29.95 mm,全身被覆密而柔软的暗褐色长毛,耳廓圆,呈漏斗状。采用Pettersson D1000X超声波探测仪录制该蝙蝠的声波,并通过BatSound 3.3软件分析声波特征。其回声定位声波为调频型(FM),飞行时声脉冲频率从(231.4 ± 8.5)kHz下调至(88.8 ± 1.9)kHz,主频率集中在(118.7 ± 2.3)kHz。同时基于COI、Cyt b和Rag2基因构建系统发育树。综合外形特征、形态测量数据、声波特征及分子系统发育分析结果,将此蝙蝠鉴定为暗褐彩蝠(K. furva)。此发现证实了四川省内有暗褐彩蝠这一稀有物种的分布。     

澳门翼手类物种多样性调查

2009 ～2012 年,对澳门翼手目(蝙蝠)物种多样性进行了调查。结果共捕捉到10 个物种,属5 科8 属,其中包括澳门原来记载的2 个物种,即蹄蝠科的大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)和蝙蝠科的东亚伏翼(Pipistrellus abramus);本研究新增加8 个物种,即狐蝠科的犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx) 和棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaulti),鞘尾蝠科的黑髯墓蝠(Taphozous melanopogon),菊头蝠科的菲菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pusillus),以及蝙蝠科的大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti)、普通伏翼(P. pipistrellus)、普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersi) 和南长翼蝠(M. pusillus)。另外,通过野外录音和分析,并与已发表物种声音特征比较核对,发现菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科各一种,前者可能是泰国菊头蝠(R. siamensis)或者中菊头蝠(R. affinis),后者可能是果树蹄蝠(H. pomona) 或者三叶蹄蝠(Aselliscus stoliczkanus)。本文对已捕捉10 种蝙蝠的分布、形态特征和回声定位叫声特征进行报道,同时对其种群数量和保护现状进行了讨论。保护蝙蝠栖息生境(洞穴、古老建筑和蒲葵树等) 对保护澳门蝙蝠物种多样性至关重要。     

五种蝙蝠形态与回声定位叫声的性别差异

为研究角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus cornutus)、三叶蹄蝠(Aselliscus uheeleri)、大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)、大鼠耳蝠(Myotis myotis)和大足鼠耳蝠(M．riketti)的形态和回声定位叫声的性别差异性,明确同种蝙蝠雌雄个体对食物、栖息地等资源利用的细微差异,我们利用超声波探测仪、Batsound分析软件及SPSS11．0统计软件对5种95只蝙蝠进行了录音、声波分析和统计分析。5种蝙蝠形态性别差异性不显著,角菊头蝠、三叶蹄蝠、大蹄蝠和大足鼠耳蝠叫声频率性别差异性显著,大鼠耳蝠叫声频率性别差异性不显著。角菊头蝠雌性叫声的基频、分音、主频率高于雄性,声脉冲时间、间隔时间大于雄性,调频(FM)带宽小于雄性;三叶蹄蝠、大蹄蝠叫声的基频、主频率雄性高于雌性,调频带宽雌性小于雄性;大足鼠耳蝠叫声的主频率雄性高于雌性,FM带宽雌性大于雄性[动物学报49(6)：742～747,2003]。     

南蝠海南岛分布新纪录、回声定位信号和ND1分析

2007年11月于海南省保亭黎族苗族自治县毛感乡网捕到5只蝙蝠标本.形态特征及线粒体DNAND1基因序列的研究证实其为蝙蝠科南蝠属南蝠(Ia io),该物种为海南岛翼手目新纪录.本文详述了海南岛南蝠的形态与回声定位信号特征,并与该物种已报道的数据进行了比较.     

果蝠的婚配制度及繁殖策略

翼手类(Chiroptera)(俗称蝙蝠)分为小蝙蝠亚目(Microchiroptera)和大蝙蝠亚目(Megachiroptera),大蝙蝠又称果蝠或狐蝠,果蝠仅狐蝠科(Pteropodidae)1科188种。深入地了解其独特的婚配行为机制、独特的繁殖发育机制,对有效地开展果蝠的保护工作、合理地控制种群数量有积极意义。本文对果蝠的婚配制度及繁殖策略进行了阐述。     

蝙蝠和鲸都是种名吗

初中《动物学》课本在讲哺乳纲的翼手目和鲸目时,介绍了蝙蝠和鲸。我们查阅了《辞海》(生物分册)553页,书中写到:“蝙蝠,哺乳纲、翼手目动物的通称,是具有飞翔能力的哺乳动物……分大蝙蝠和小蝙蝠两大类。前者体型大,第一和第二指均有爪,以果实为食,如狐蝠、果蝠、犬蝠。后者体型较小,仅第一指具爪,种类较多,一般以昆虫为食,如菊头蝠、蹄蝠、伏翼(家蝠)、山蝠、大耳蝠等。可见,     

毛腿鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠染色体分析

蝙蝠是一类适于飞行生活的小型哺乳动物,在生物进化上居于特殊地位。关于蝙蝠染色体核型,国外已对马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum,2n=58) (Makino,S.,1948)等作过研究。关于毛腿鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠的染色     

江西省发现泰坦尼亚彩蝠

2013年7月和8月,在江西井冈山国家级自然保护区石溪村(26°37.143′N,114°10.875′E,海拔777 m)和朱砂冲林场(26°33.703'N,114°11.232'E,海拔805 m)使用竖琴网分别采集到7号(6雄1雌)和5号(全雌)森林性蝙蝠标本。上述蝙蝠标本体型较小,前臂长30.16~33.85 mm,颅全长13.90~14.76 mm;无鼻叶,耳廓呈漏斗状,耳屏略呈披针形;脑颅骨略显扁平,齿式为2.1.3.3/3.1.3.3=38;核型中染色体数(2n)为32,常染色体臂数(FN)为52。经鉴定均为泰坦尼亚彩蝠(Kerivoula titania),是江西省翼手目分布新纪录,同时也为中国大陆地区(除海南和台湾)翼手目分布新纪录。本文给出了泰坦尼亚彩蝠的外形和头骨特征及其相关测量数据,并对江西产该种蝙蝠雌雄性标本间的形态数据以及江西产标本与东南亚产该种标本测量数据分别进行t检验,该种性二型分化不明显,但江西和东南亚两地区种群在形态上出现了一定的分化;同时对其染色体核型、生态及保护地位进行了分析和讨论。标本现保存于广州大学生命科学学院。     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Occurrence,Parasitism, and Pathogenicity of Nematodes Associated with Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.)

Ten species of stylet-bearing nematodes were recovered in a survey of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L. ) stands in Georgia. Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, and Criconemoides were the genera found most frequently. Populations of Hoplolaimus galeatus, Scutellonema brachyurum, Helicotylenchus dihystera and H. pseudorobustus increased on greenhouse-grown sycamore, but Trichodorus christiei, Xiphinema americanum, Meloidogyne hapla, M. arenaria and M. incognita did not. Hoplolaimus galeatus and S. brachyurum are semi-endoparasites; H. dihystera and H. pseudorobustus are migratory endoparasites. Hoplolaimus galeatus caused extensive root necrosis and marked decrease of fresh weights of seedling roots and tops. Helicotylenchus dihystera and S. brachyurum produced only qualitatively different sparse and unhealthy root growth. Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus caused only a reduction in root surface area.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Characterization of 10 MADS-box genes from Pyrus pyrifolia and their differential expression during fruit development and ripening

We cloned 10 Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) MIKC-type II MADS-box genes, and analyzed their expression during fruit development and ripening. PpMADS2-1 was APETALA (AP)1-like; PpMADS3-1 was FRUITFULL (FUL)/SQUAMOSA (SQUA)-like; PpMADS4-1 was AGAMOUS-like (AGL)6; PpMADS5-1 and PpMADS8-1 were SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS (SOC)-like; PpMADS9-1, PpMADS12-1, PpMADS14-1 and PpMADS16-1 were SEPALLATA (SEP)-like; while PpMADS15-1 was AGL/SHATTERPROOF (SHP)-like. Phylogenetic analysis showed their grouping into five major clades (and 10 sub-clades) that was consistent with their diverse functional types. Expression analysis in flower tissue revealed their distinct putative homeotic functional classes: A-class (PpMADS2-1, PpMADS3-1, PpMADS4-1, and PpMADS14-1), C-class (PpMADS15-1), E-class (PpMADS9-1, PpMADS12-1, and PpMADS16-1) and E (F)-class (PpMADS5-1 and PpMADS8-1). Differential gene expression was observed in different fruit tissues (skin, cortex and core) as well as in the cortex during the course of fruit development and ripening. Collectively, our results suggest their involvement in the diverse aspects of plant development including flower development and the course of fruit development and ripening.     

On the identity of Liolaemus nigromaculatus Wiegmann,?1834 (Iguania,Liolaemidae) and?correction?of its type locality

In the current study, we review the taxonomic status of Liolaemus nigromaculatus. Despite being the nominal species of the nigromaculatus group and being the second species of the genus Liolaemus that was described, this species is of uncertain type locality and its true identification is a matter of discussion. After carefully analyzing several digital pictures of the holotype (juvenile male), reviewing all of the literature concerning the issue, examining specimens of nearly all recognized species of the nigromaculatus group, and determining the locations visited by the specimen collector, we are able to point out the following: 1) Liolaemus nigromaculatus was collected between Puerto Viejo and Copiapó of the Atacama region in Chile, and not in Huasco 2) Liolaemus bisignatus is a nomen nudum, and populations attributed to Liolaemus bisignatus should be referred to as Liolaemus nigromaculatus. 3) There is agreement that Liolaemus copiapoensis is indistinguishable from populations currently referred to as Liolaemus bisignatus (= Liolaemus nigromaculatus), 4) Populations found in Huasco (currently considered the type locality of Liolaemus nigromaculatus) are very similar to those found in Caldera (currently considered Liolaemus bisignatus) and should be designated as Liolaemus nigromaculatus, and 5) Liolaemus oxycephalus and Liolaemus inconspicuus are not synonymous with Liolaemus nigromaculatus, although their true identities are difficult to determine. We also detail several characteristic based on the holotype of Liolaemus nigromaculatus, in addition to drawing diagnostic comparisons between this species and others belonging to the nigromaculatus group.     

Sclerostylus n. gen. from Panama and Other Neotropical Species of LeptonIchoidea (Dorylaimida)

Leptonchoid species found in soil samples taken in lowland and mid-elevation seasonal forests at four locations in Panama were as follows: Sclerostylus karri n. gen., n. sp., Basirotyleptus saccatus n. sp., B. nemoralis, B. acus, B. penetrans, Doryllium neotropicum n. sp., D. minor, Tyleptus gymnochilus, Gerthus jamesi, Dorylaimoides micoletzkyi, and Tylencholaimellus macrophallus. The discoveries corroborate our earlier suggestion of a Gondwanian origin for Tyleptus and Basirotyleptus and provide data for additional biogeographical study.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex

A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.