Songs of hybrid gibbons (Hylobates lar × H. muelleri)

Two hybrid offspring, one male and one female, were produced by a Hylobates muelleri female mated to a Hylobates lar male at Micke Grove Zoo, Lodi, California. Songs of the hybrids were studied at adulthood and compared to the parental-type songs. The hybrid female song is uniquely different from either parental type. The hybrid male song resembles the male song of H. lar, but contains an element that may be unique to H. muelleri. The study demonstrates the utility of sound-spectographic analysis of hybrid vocalizations to further understanding of primate behavioral inheritance.     

The Genetics of Reproductive Isolation in the Drosophila Simulans Clade: X Vs. Autosomal Effects and Male Vs. Female Effects

A strong effect of homozygous autosomal regions on reproductive isolation was found for crosses between the species in the Drosophila simulans clade. Second chromosome regions were introgressed from D. mauritiana and D. sechellia into D. simulans and tested for their homozygous effects on hybrid male and hybrid female sterility and inviability. Most introgressions are fertile as heterozygotes, yet produce sterile male offspring when made homozygous. The density of homozygous autosomal factors contributing to hybrid male sterility is comparable to the density of X chromosome factors for this level of resolution. Female sterility was also revealed, yet the disparity between male and female levels of sterility was great, with male sterility being up to 23 times greater than female sterility. Complete hybrid inviability was also associated with some regions of the second chromosome, yet there were no strong sex differences. In conclusion, we find no evidence to support a strong X chromosome bias in the evolution of hybrid sterility or inviability but do find a very strong sex bias in the evolution of hybrid sterility. In light of these findings, we reevaluate the current models proposed to explain the genetic pattern of reproductive isolation.     

水稻亚种间杂种是否存在雌性不育？

水稻亚种间杂种不育性是一种普遍现象,但其遗传基础复杂。目前在亚种间杂种不育遗传上,不同研究的结论不尽一致,即使对亚种间杂种不育性主要表现为雄性不育还是雌性不育也存在争论。本对证明水稻亚种间杂种存在和不存在雌性不育的研究进行了综述与分析。从中可以看出无论是认为水稻亚种间杂种不育性表现为雄性不育还是雌性不育的结论都有一定的片面性,尤其是Sano证明基因座S－5不存在的研究存在较大的缺陷。因此,水稻亚种间杂种雌雄配子败育对小穗育性影响的大小有待进一步研究。     

Evidence from hatching success and DNA fingerprinting for the fertility of hybrid Pied × Collared Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca × albicollis

The Pied and Collared Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca and F. albicollis hybridize on the Baltic islands of Öland and Gotland. Field studies of hatching success in clutches from 36 breeding hybrid males indicate that male hybrids reproduce successfully. In comparison, 25 hybrid females had normal clutch sizes but failed to hatch nestlings, suggesting female hybrid sterility. The paternity of seven hybrid males was investigated by DNA fingerprinting using two hypervariable minisatellite probes. Of these hybrid males, six were assessed as fertile. Three of the hybrid male families (43%) contained nestlings with extra-pair paternity and the frequency of extra-pair fertilization among 37 nestlings was 22%. One nestling originated from intraspeciflc female nest parasitism. The sterility pattern in hybrids between these two flycatchers with sterile female and fertile male hybrids is in agreement with Haldane's rule.     

Mouse hybrid sterility and testicular function

Crosses of BALB/c female mice and inbred wild male mice (PWD, PWK) produce fertile female progeny, but the male offspring are sterile. The hybrid male sterility is a direct action of the hybrid sterility genes Hst-1s and Hstws. Previous reports concluded that spermatogenic arrest effected the sterility. However, the testicular steroidogenesis of hybrid sterile male mice has not been elucidated. In the present report, the steroidogenic capacity of hybrid sterile and parental strain males was directly assessed by quantifying testosterone secretion by maximally stimulated testes perfused in vitro. Additionally, Leydig cell mass and germ cell volumes were morphometrically determined. The experimental results confirm the deleterious impact of the Hst-1s/Hstws genotype on spermatogenesis and demonstrate for the first time that the steroidogenic capacity of hybrid sterile testes is reduced. The biochemical defects that cause the impairment of testicular function are unknown.     

黄颡鱼和杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”形态及性腺发育的比较

选取相同养殖条件的10月、22月和34月龄的黄颡鱼和新品种杂交黄颡鱼(黄颡鱼P. fulvidraco♀×瓦氏黄颡鱼P. vachelli♂)“黄优1号”进行形态及性腺发育的比较研究。通过形体指标测量发现“黄优1号”生长性能显著优于黄颡鱼; 在22月和34月龄黄颡鱼中, 雄性的体重是雌性的2倍左右, 雄性生长速度显著高于雌性; 而在“黄优1号”中, 两性生长异形现象被显著减弱。基于性腺解剖形态分析发现雌性“黄优1号”卵巢完全退化, 呈细线状结构且没有卵子产生, 故“黄优1号”雌鱼完全不育; 雄性“黄优1号”精巢组织呈现透明状和退化状态。精巢组织切片HE染色分析发现10月龄“黄优1号”的精小囊为空腔状几乎没有精子产生, 22月和34月龄“黄优1号”的精小囊内出现极少量精子。计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA)分析发现, 相比于黄颡鱼, “黄优1号”精巢中精子量非常少, 有效活力低下; 经过繁殖能力测试, 22月龄“黄优1号”雄鱼不具备繁殖能力。新品种杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”在生长性能提高上显现了杂交优势, 具有推动黄颡鱼产业发展的潜力。     

Genetics of Male and Female Sterility in Hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis

The genetic basis of male and female sterility in hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura-Drosophila persimilis was studied using backcross analysis. Previous studies indirectly assessed male fertility by measuring testis size; these studies concluded that male sterility results from an X chromosome-autosome imbalance. By directly scoring for the production of motile sperm, male sterility is shown to be largely due to an incompatibility between genes on the X and Y chromosomes of these two species. These species have diverged at a minimum of nine loci affecting hybrid male fertility. Semisterility of hybrid females appears to result from an X chromosome-cytoplasm interaction; the X chromosome thus has the largest effect on sterility in both male and female hybrids. This is apparently the first analysis of the genetic basis of female sterility, or of sterility/inviability affecting both sexes, in an animal hybridization.     

Fertility in first-generation hybrids of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and silver bream, Blicca bjoerkna (L.)

Fertility in first‐generation hybrids of roach, Rutilus rutilus, and silver bream, Blicca bjoerkna, was investigated. Sperm and egg production of hybrids at first sexual maturity were examined. Eggs from female hybrids were artificially fertilized with the sperm of a corresponding hybrid male; a hybrid male from the reciprocal crossbreeding; a parental species male R. rutilus; and a parental species male B. bjoerkna. The results revealed that gametogenesis was normal in female hybrids. However, in male hybrids, a low efficiency of gametogenesis was observed. The semen of male hybrids was extremely dilute, with spermatozoa concentration lower than that in parental species. Nevertheless, these F1 hybrids (males and females) from reciprocal crossbreeding were fertile. F2 and backcross generations were produced, but F2 crosses from the female hybrid and corresponding hybrid male displayed a drastically slower hatching rate. Also higher proportions of deformed embryos were hatched than in other post‐F1‐generation crosses.     

几组有优和无优杂交组合中杂交稻及其亲本光合功能的比较

研究了3个杂交组合的杂交稻及其亲本的光合功能。实验结果表明,杂交稻的叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)的含量高于其亲本。在2组有优杂交组合中,杂交稻的PSⅡ活性、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和叶片潜在光合作用量子转化效率,以及光合电子传递能力和对两个光系统之间激发能分配的调节能力,均高于其各自的亲本。此外,上述各光合功能又以母本优于父本。然而,在无优组合中,上述的光合功能却是父本高于母本和它们的子一代。根据所得的实验结果,进一步证实在配置杂交组合时,选择具有优良光合功能的母本,是获得在生产上可推广应用的杂交稻的重要途径之一。     

Genetic dissection of hybrid incompatibilities between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana. III. Heterogeneous accumulation of hybrid incompatibilities, degree of dominance, and implications for Haldane's rule

The genetic basis of Haldane's rule was investigated through estimating the accumulation of hybrid incompatibilities between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana by means of introgression. The accumulation of hybrid male sterility (HMS) is at least 10 times greater than that of hybrid female sterility (HFS) or hybrid lethality (HL). The degree of dominance for HMS and HL in a pure D. simulans background is estimated as 0.23-0.29 and 0.33-0.39, respectively; that for HL in an F1 background is unlikely to be very small. Evidence obtained here was used to test the Turelli-Orr model of Haldane's rule. Composite causes, especially, faster-male evolution and recessive hybrid incompatibilities, underlie Haldane's rule in heterogametic male taxa such as Drosophila (XY male and XX female). However, if faster-male evolution is driven by sexual selection, it contradicts Haldane's rule for sterility in heterogametic-female taxa such as Lepidoptera (ZW female and ZZ male). The hypothesis of a faster-heterogametic-sex evolution seems to fit the current data best. This hypothesis states that gametogenesis in the heterogametic sex, instead of in males per se, evolves much faster than in the homogametic sex, in part because of sex-ratio selection. This hypothesis not only explains Haldane's rule in a simple way, but also suggests that genomic conflicts play a major role in evolution and speciation.     

REGENERATION AND SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF GRIFFITHSIA JAPONICA (CERAMIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA) THROUGH SOMATIC CELL FUSION1

Hybrid cells were obtained from somatic cell fusion among male, female, and tetrasporangial plants in Griffithsia japonica Okamura by a wound-healing process. Isolated fusion cells regenerated new mature plants with mixed reproductive structures. The plants regenerated from hybrid cells between male and female plants developed into 1) spermatangiate, 2) carpogonial, 3) bisexual with spermatangia and carpogonial branches, 4) mixed-phase with spermatangia and tetrasporangia, or 5) bisexual/mixed-phase plants with spermatangia, carpogonial branches, and tetrasporangia. About 70% of the plants regenerated from hybrid cells between male and female plants produced tetrasporangia that were always formed with spermatangia on a single cell. Some of those tetrasporangia released tetraspores, six of which gave rise to mature plants. The plants regenerated from hybrid cells between male and tetrasporangial plants developed into spermatangiate, tetrasporangiate, or mixed-phase plants with spermatangia and tetrasporangia. The plants regenerated from hybrid cells between female and tetrasporangial plants developed into carpogonial, tetrasporangiate, or mixed-phase plants with carpogonial branches and tetrasporangia. All types of reproductive structures we re functional.     

Sheep-goat hybrid karyotypes

A “Spanish” goat female was bred to a Barbados sheep ram and gave birth to twin offspring, one of each sex. The F_l female was backcrossed to a Barbados ram and also gave birth to twins, one of each sex. The F_l female has goat-like characters and the coloration of the Barbados. Although the female Barbados is polled, the F_l female hybrid has goat-like horns. The F_l male was lost before assessments could be made. The F_l hybrid possesses a diploid chromosome number of 57 and a karyotype containing 3 unpaired metacentrics, 5 unpaired and 23 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The male and female backcrosses have Barbados characters and coloration; however, the female has goat-like horns. The male has Barbados or sheep-like horns. The backcrosses have diploid chromosome numbers of 55 and karyotypes containing 1 unpaired and 2 pairs of metacentrics and 2 unpaired and 23 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The sex chromosomes consist of a large acrocentric X and a small bi-armed Y in the male and 2 large acrocentric Xs in the female.     

鲤和草鱼杂交四倍体及其回交三倍体草鱼杂种的研究

进行了兴国红鲤♀×草鱼♂的杂交,杂种一代染色体数为142—156,众数值为146—152,系染色体自动加倍的异源四倍体。其外形和习性接近母本,两性均能成熟,雌、雄鱼分别与草鱼进行了回交。以草鱼为母本,杂种一代为父本的回交子代全部为草鱼形,草食性。以杂种一代为母本,草鱼为父本的回交子代一部分象草鱼,一部分象鲤,但草鱼形子代成活率较低,两个回交组合的子代均为三倍体,染色体数98—100,众数值98。1983年获得的杂种一代♀×草鱼♂的鲤鱼形回交杂种,已于1986年性成熟,雌、雄鱼分别与草鱼再次回交,获得了二次回交杂种。测定了红鲤、草鱼、杂种一代及其与草鱼回交子代的乳酸脱氢酶和过氧化物酶的同工酶,它们各有不同的电泳图谱。     

Rapid evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation in stalk-eyed flies

We test the relative rates of evolution of pre- and postzygotic reproductive isolation using eight populations of the sexually dimorphic stalk-eyed flies Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni and C. whitei. Flies from these populations exhibit few morphological differences yet experience strong sexual selection on male eyestalks. To measure reproductive isolation we housed one male and three female flies from within and between these populations in replicate cages and then recorded mating behavior, sperm transfer, progeny production, and hybrid fertility. Using a phylogeny based on partial sequences of two mitochondrial genes, we found that premating isolation, postmating isolation prior to hybrid eclosion, and female hybrid sterility evolve gradually with respect to mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence. In contrast, male hybrid sterility evolves much more rapidly-at least twice as fast as any other form of reproductive isolation. Hybrid sterility, therefore, obeys Haldane's rule. Although some brood sex ratios were female biased, average brood sex ratio did not covary with genetic distance, as would be expected if hybrid inviability obeyed Haldane's rule. The likelihood that forces including sexual selection and intra- and intergenomic conflict may have contributed to these patterns is discussed.     

Histology of the reproductive tract of hybrids between gonochoristic males and parthenogenetic females of Lepidodactylus lugubris in French Polynesia (Reptilia, Gekkonidae).

Parthenogenetic populations of the gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris are widespread throughout Polynesia. They often occur parapatrically, and occasionally syntopically, with the increasingly rare bisexual populations. In these instances, a small number of hybrid individuals occur and include both "female" and "male" external phenotypes, both with greatly reduced gonads. Histological examination demonstrates that these hybrids possess small ovotestes. The differentiation of the cortical tissue is identical in both "male" and "female" hybrids, but the medullary tissue is more developed in "males." The remainder of the genital tract in "females" resembles that of fertile females in the parthenogenetic and bisexual populations. By contrast, the "male" hybrids are markedly intersexual. In one of the two specimens autopsied, the hemipenes are more or less the same size as those of bisexual males, and the sexual segment of the kidney is hypertrophied and serous. In the other hybrid "male," the hemipenes have a structure similar to that seen in females, and the sexual segment of the kidney is poorly differentiated. In both hybrid "males," the ductus deferens is extremely narrow and further reduced in its middle portion; oviducts are present and resemble those of normal or hybrid females. Thus, embryonic-like gonads are associated with complete and normal female reproductive ducts in hybrid "females." Hybrid "males" also have embryonic-like gonads and feminized genital ducts but associated with secondary sexual characters that match those of sexually active or quiescent normal males.     

Genetic complexity underlying hybrid male sterility in Drosophila

Recent genetic analyses of closely related species of Drosophila have indicated that hybrid male sterility is the consequence of highly complex synergistic effects among multiple genes, both conspecific and heterospecific. On the contrary, much evidence suggests the presence of major genes causing hybrid female sterility and inviability in the less-related species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Does this contrast reflect the genetic distance between species? Or, generally, is the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility more complex than that of hybrid female sterility and inviability? To clarify this point, the D. simulans introgression of the cytological region 34D-36A to the D. melanogaster genome, which causes recessive male sterility, was dissected by recombination, deficiency, and complementation mapping. The 450-kb region between two genes, Suppressor of Hairless and snail, exhibited a strong effect on the sterility. Males are (semi-)sterile if this region of the introgression is made homozygous or hemizygous. But no genes in the region singly cause the sterility; this region has at least two genes, which in combination result in male sterility. Further, the males are less fertile when heterozygous with a larger introgression, which suggests that dominant modifiers enhance the effects of recessive genes of male sterility. Such an epistatic view, even in the less-related species, suggests that the genetic complexity is special to hybrid male sterility.     

Asymmetric reinforcement in Lucania killifish: assessing reproductive isolation when both sexes choose

Reinforcement can occur when maladaptive hybridization in sympatry favors the evolution of conspecific preferences and target traits that promote behavioral isolation (BI). In many systems, enhanced BI is due to increased female preference for conspecifics. In others, BI is driven by male preference, and in other systems both sexes exert preferences. Some of these patterns can be attributed to classic sex-specific costs and benefits of preference. Alternatively, sex differences in conspecific preference can emerge due to asymmetric postzygotic isolation (e.g., hybrid offspring from female A × male B have lower fitness than hybrid offspring from female B × male A), which can lead to asymmetric BI (e.g., female A and male B are less likely to mate than female B and male A). Understanding reinforcement requires understanding how conspecific preferences evolve in sympatry. Yet, estimating conspecific preferences can be difficult when both sexes are choosy. In this study, we use Lucania killifish to test the hypothesis that patterns of reinforcement are driven by asymmetric postzygotic isolation between species. If true, we predicted that sympatric female Lucania goodei and sympatric male L. parva should have lower levels of BI compared with their sympatric counterparts, as they produce hybrid offspring with the highest fitness. To address the problem of measuring BI when both sexes are choosy, we inferred the contribution to BI of each partner using assays where one sex in the mating pair comes from an allopatric population with potentially low preference, whereas the other comes from a sympatric population with high preference. For one hybrid cross direction, we found that both female L. parva and male L. goodei have high contributions to BI in sympatry. In the other hybrid cross direction, we found that only female L. goodei contribute to BI. Sympatric male L. parva readily engaged in hybrid spawnings with allopatric L. goodei females. These results indicate that both asymmetric postzygotic isolation and the traditional sex-specific costs to preference likely affect the nature of selection on conspecific preferences and target traits.     

The Cultivation of Hybrid Cotton in Vitro to Overcome the Incompatibility of Hybridization between the Species

2—3 days after cross-pollination the hybrid ovules of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum×G. arboreum) were cultivated in vitro. The hybrid zygot in excised ovule started to divide, frequently passing through several stages to develop into cotyledonous embryos. The embryos were inducted into seedlings. The hybrid plants in blossom were obtained as a result. The histological study was done for ovules of self- pollination in vivo and of cross-pollination in vitro. The early abortion of endosperm in hybrid ovules was observed. In the prophase the nucellus was disintegrated slowly, and in the middle and terminal phase it disintegrated more rapidly. These were identified in hybrid F1. The size of corolla is intermadiate form between female and male. The violet-red spots at the base of petals are similar to male, while there are no such spots in female. None of the pollen can fertilize. Hybrid F1 is not fertile after self-pollination or backcross by the pollen of parent. The chromosome number in root tip Cell of hybrid F1 is 2n=3x=39.