大豆不同亲本类型F2主要性状遗传参数分析

对大豆3个不同亲本类型的杂交组合F2群体主要性状遗传变异系数、遗传力和遗传进度进行了估算分析,结果表明：这些遗传参数因性状或亲本类型的不同而有明显差异。含有野生亲缘关系的组合,类型间、性状间F2遗传力有较大差异,性状变异幅度增大,相对遗传进度也较大,从而有较广泛的选择基础。     

用微卫星DNA标记检测中国主要杂交水稻亲本的遗传差异

选用分布于水稻(OryzasativaL.)12条染色体上的20对SSR(Simplesequencerepeats)引物,分析了具有多种质源和较大应用面积的24个水稻胞质雄性不育系、1个光(温)敏核不育系、3个保持系和5个生产中应用较广的恢复系。在以上33份杂交水稻亲本材料间共检测出102个等位基因(alleles),平均每对SSR引物可检测到5.1个等位基因。PIC(polymorphicindexcontent)值的变动范围为0.274～0.773,平均PIC值为0.554。从56对SSR引物中筛选出5对引物,能够有效地区分所有供试的水稻雄性不育系和恢复系。杂交水稻亲本的聚类分析表明:(1)我国水稻雄性不育系遗传变异丰富,但生产中主要应用的水稻雄性不育系遗传背景比较单一。(2)生产中应用面积较大的水稻雄性不育系遗传变异较恢复系差。(3)生产中主要应用的水稻雄性不育系与恢复系分别聚类于不同的类群,且遗传关系较远。     

小麦主要经济性状遗传参数的研究

根据我省新近选育出的小麦新品种（系）,运用数量遗传学的原理和方法,研究其主要经济性状的广 义遗传力,遗传相关系数、表型相关系数,并进行主成分分析,为提高今后育种效率提供一些信息。     

大豆粒形性状的遗传效应分析

采用双子叶植物种子数量性状的遗传模型,分析了大豆品种双列杂交F1和F2种子的粒重、粒宽、粒厚和粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚、粒宽／粒厚粒形性状的遗传效应。结果表明：7种粒形性状同时受制于种子直接遗传效应,而且还不同程度的受制于母体和细胞质效应。其中,百粒重、粒长、粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚和粒宽／粒厚的遗传以细胞质效应为主;粒宽和粒厚以母体遗传效应为主。粒重、粒长和粒长／粒宽、粒宽／粒厚的种子直接遗传率和细胞质遗传率均属中等,对其4个性状选择可以在较高世代单株和单粒选择均有效果。粒宽和粒厚母体遗传率数值较大,对其性状应以母体单株为单位早代选择,以增加粒宽和粒厚。P2和P7可作为增加百粒重、粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚和粒宽／粒厚的理想亲本;P1、P4和P6分别是提高粒长、粒厚和粒宽的理想亲本。     

大豆多小叶类型遗传规律初探*

利用合丰25×东农7296系谱法经5个世代选育获得多小叶突变体,并以其作为父本分别与4个小叶正常的栽培大豆配制杂交组合的F1、F2为试验材料,进行多小叶类型的遗传分析。结果表明:小叶数正常的不同大豆亲本与多小叶大豆杂交(3叶×5叶),F1全部植株均表现为5叶,说明5叶性状是受显性核基因控制;不同组合3片叶、3+4片叶、3+5片叶、3+4+5片叶、4+5片叶和5片叶类型组成遗传分离模式存在显著差异,而在3片叶和>3片叶的遗传分离模式相同。杂交F2单株复叶为3片叶和>3片叶的个体分离的比例呈1∶3,符合1对显性单基因的遗传规律。因此,该多小叶突变体牡5796-3的复叶数受1对显性基因控制,该多小叶突变体可作为新种质用于大豆遗传育种及基因克隆和功能研究。     

我国甘蔗亲本遗传多样性的AFLP标记分析

采用15对多态性较好的AFLP引物对我国自育的78个甘蔗亲本材料遗传多样性进行分析,结果表明,每对引物的多态性位点平均为65.67,多态性位点率为8255%.78个甘蔗亲本的遗传相似系数在0.4535～0.8927之间,平均为0.6821 .相同组合后代的遗传相似系数较高,平均为0.765 6.以遗传相似系数阈值约为0.700划分,聚类分析把78个亲本分为7大类,系谱记录中亲缘关系密切的亲本品系,大多数都能归为同一类.遗传多样性指数分析显示,不同年代亲本多样性指数差异明显,20世纪80年代最高,为0.318 5,70年代最低,为0.264 5;不同省区的亲本遗传多样指数变化更显著,在0.195 2～0.299 9之间,广东最高,云南最低.     

牡豆8号祖先亲本追溯及遗传解析

牡豆8号是黑龙江省农业科学院牡丹江分院选育的高油、高产大豆品种,具有高产、抗旱、优质等特点,受到农民的欢迎。本文通过对其亲本进行追溯,建立系谱树,分析其亲本的地理来源及核遗传贡献率,揭示其遗传基础,为大豆育种亲本的选择利用提供参考。结果表明:牡豆8号属于四粒黄细胞质家族,传递过程是:四粒黄→黄宝珠→满仓金→克5501-3→绥农3号→绥农4号→绥农8号→垦农19→牡豆8号。核基因由祖先亲本农大4840、克山四粒荚、小粒豆9号、十胜长叶、Amsoy、四粒黄、金元、白眉、永丰豆、小粒黄、黄-中-中20和佳木斯秃夹子共同提供,核遗传贡献率分别是:25.00%、15.23%、12.50%、12.50%、7.81%、7.28%、7.28%、5.96%、3.13%、2.34%、0.78%和0.20%;选择亲本时,母本往往选择在当地有广泛适应性的主栽品种,而父本则选择融入地理远缘基因和生态远缘基因的桥梁亲本;品种遗传基础狭窄仍然是限制大豆育种进展的瓶颈问题。     

集群分离分析法在大豆性状遗传定位中的研究进展

大豆是重要的油料作物,同时也是人类食用植物蛋白及畜牧业饲料蛋白的主要来源,在国家粮食结构和粮食安全中占有重要地位。利用简单高效的遗传定位方法,对大豆主要农艺性状进行相关基因挖掘,开发紧密连锁分子标记,有利于加快大豆的分子标记辅助选择及分子设计育种进程。集群分离分析法（BSA,bulked segregant analysis）是一种利用样本混池的建库方式对极端性状进行QTL定位的方法,因其具有“快速、准确、经济、实用”的特点,已成为当下应用较为广泛的基因定位方法。随着高通量测序技术的兴起,基于全基因组重测序的BSA方法更为广泛地应用在粮油作物、蔬菜花卉等物种中,并且成功定位出许多农艺性状相关的基因。本文简要介绍了BSA方法及流程步骤,总结了BSA在大豆农艺性状、抗逆性状以及雄性不育性状遗传定位中研究进展,并讨论了下一代测序（NGS,next-generation sequencing）背景下BSA的机遇与挑战,以及BSA在大豆分子标记辅助选择（MAS）育种中发展趋势,以期为高产优质大豆品种的选育提供重要的理论基础。     

广东省主要母质发育水稻土对磷的吸附特性

对广东省5种不同母质上发育的水稻土进行了P素等温吸附试验.结果表明,供试土壤的等温吸附数据与Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin 3个方程都能很好地拟合,但以Langmuir方程拟合程度最好(相关系数从0.995^**到0.999^**).利用Langmuir方程计算的P最大吸附量(Xm)和吸附强度因子(K)的乘积(KXm:P吸附特性值)可以作为水稻土吸附P素的综合指标,KXm的大小可以表明水稻土施P次序.试验结果还表明供试水稻土对P素吸附存在两种不同的吸附区.     

绿豆抗豆象育种后代F2群体遗传变异分析

选用抗豆象品种(系)VC6089A-6、VC1973A×V2709-2、V2 802,与农艺性状优良的推广品种中绿1号(VC1973A)和中绿2号(VC2917A系选)作亲本, 按照完全双列杂交试验设计,配置杂交组合.对20个杂交组合后代F2群体主要农艺性状及抗虫性分析,发现株高和抗虫性有超亲遗传现象,杂交优势明显;单株荚数普遍低于亲本, 而单荚粒数略高于亲本,百粒重与亲本之间差异不明显.抗虫基因有抗性累加效应,3份抗虫材料的抗虫基因可能不在同一位点上.单株荚数是产量构成的主要因素,且遗传变异程度大与抗虫性相关性不紧密,在后代选择时,应以单株荚数为主攻目标,其次是株高、荚粒数、百粒重和抗虫性.初步认为从P1×P4、P1×P5、P2×P4、P4×P2、P2 ×P5、P5×P2和P5×P3组合后代中选择效果明显.     

SSR analysis of 38 genotypes of soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) genetic diversity in India

Sixteen polymorphic Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and varietal identification among 38 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes which are at present under seed multiplication chain in India. A total of 51 alleles with an average of 2.22 alleles per locus were detected. The polymorphic information content (PIC) among genotypes varied from 0.049 (Sat_243 and Satt337) to 0.526 (Satt431) with an average of 0.199. The pair wise genetic similarity between soybean varieties varied from 0.56 to 0.97 with an average of 0.761. These 16 SSR markers successfully distinguished 12 of the 38 soybean genotypes. These results suggest that used SSR markers are efficient for measuring genetic diversity and relatedness as well as identifying varieties of soybeans. Diverse genetic materials may be used for genetic improvements of soybean genotypes.     

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity analysis of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) germplasm accessions in India

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity among 82 soybean accessions was carried out by using 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of the 44 SSR markers used, 40 markers were found polymorphic among 82 soybean accessions. These 40 polymorphic markers produced a total of 119 alleles, of which five were unique alleles and four alleles were rare. The allele number for each SSR locus varied between two to four with an average of 2.97 alleles per marker. Polymorphic information content values of SSRs ranged from 0.101 to 0.742 with an average of 0.477. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient was employed to study the molecular diversity of 82 soybean accessions. The pairwise genetic similarity among 82 soybean accessions varied from 0.28 to 0.90. The dendrogram constructed based on genetic similarities among 82 soybean accessions identified three major clusters. The majority of genotypes including four improved cultivars were grouped in a single subcluster IIIa of cluster III, indicating high genetic resemblance among soybean germplasm collection in India.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12298-014-0266-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

大豆和蚕豆苗期根系生长特征的比较

大豆和蚕豆是西北地区间套作生产中广泛种植的豆科作物,但二者在与禾本科作物间作时差异十分明显,蚕豆相对于大豆具有更强的竞争能力.从大豆和蚕豆的根系入手,研究了大豆和蚕豆在苗期根系生长发育和形态的差异.采用PVC管砂培装置,通过扫描仪扫描根系,用图像分析软件WinRHIZO进行了研究.结果表明,出苗42 d时,蚕豆根表面积是大豆根表面积的2.61倍;出苗14 d时,大豆根系在整个砂层中均有分布,而蚕豆根系只分布在表层;大豆根较细,大部分根的直径为0.2～1.0 mm,相对于大豆而言,蚕豆根较粗,大部分根直径为0.5～1.5 mm.蚕豆根较粗,所以有更大的表面积,而且它的根系分布在上层的比例大于大豆,这些因素决定了它的吸收能力强于大豆,能更好地利用上层土壤养分.这是蚕豆竞争能力强于大豆的原因之一.     

Design of multivariate selection experiments to estimate genetic parameters

Summary The precision of estimates of genetic variances and covariances obtained from multivariate selection experiments of various designs are discussed. The efficiencies of experimental designs are compared using criteria based on a confidence region of the estimated genetic parameters, with estimation using both responses and selection differentials and offspring-parent regression. A good selection criterion is shown to be to select individuals as parents using an index of the sums of squares and crossproducts of the phenotypic measurements. Formulae are given for the optimum selection proportion when the relative numbers of individuals in the parent and progeny generations are fixed or variable. Although the optimum depends on a priori knowledge of the genetic parameters to be estimated, the designs are very robust to poor estimates. For bivariate uncorrelated data, the variance of the estimated genetic parameters can be reduced by approximately 0.4 relative to designs of a more conventional nature when half of the individuals are selected on one trait and half on the other trait. There are larger reductions in variances if the traits are correlated.     

长叶红砂主要水分参数随季节和生境的变化

运用压力容积(PV)技术,研究了4种盐分生境下长叶红砂饱和含水量时最大渗透势(Ψ_s^sat) 、初始质壁分离时的渗透势(Ψ_s^tlp)、初始质壁分离时渗透水相对含量(ROWC^tlp)、初始质壁分离时的相对含水量(RWC^tlp)、质外体水的相对含量(AWC) 、束缚水与自由水的比值(V_a/V_o) ,以及饱和含水量时最大渗透势与初始质壁分离时的渗透势之差(ΔP)的季节变化.结果表明：长叶红砂的主要水分参数Ψ_s^sat、Ψ_s^tlp值为5月＞7月＞9月,AWC、V_a/V_o 和ΔP值表现为5月＜7月＜9月.说明长叶红砂在季节变化中历经了逆境锻炼,其耐水分亏缺能力随5、7、9月逐渐递增,这与植物的生长发育节律相吻合;与其他荒漠旱生植物相比,长叶红砂的Ψ_s^sat和Ψ_s^tlp值非常低,具有很强的忍耐高渗压和维持低水势的能力.以3个月份4种不同生境所测水分参数值为基础,运用模糊数学隶属函数法对不同生境长叶红砂耐水分亏缺能力进行综合评价,得出重盐土＞非盐渍土＞盐渍土.     

贵州草海岩溶湿地水体不同形态氮的时空分布特征

为揭示贵州草海岩溶湿地水体中不同形态氮时空分布特征及其变化规律,通过网格布点法采集了该湿地丰、枯水期表层水,并对其不同形态溶解性氮含量进行了测定,运用ArcGIS统计模块分析了草海不同形态氮的时空分布特征,并分析了各形态氮与环境因子之间的相关性.结果表明:草海水体丰、枯水期TN的平均含量分别为(0.96±0.52)、(...     

栽培大豆与半野生大豆杂种F_2群体中RFLP标记的偏分离及其形成原因的分析

本文研究了大豆５６个ＤＮＡ限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）标记在一栽培大豆／半野生大豆杂种Ｆ２群体中的分离。结果表明,２５％的ＲＦＬＰ标记表现了偏分离,偏离的方向主要趋于栽培大豆亲本,其形成原因主要是存在着配子体选择。这对研究大豆的遗传及育种选择等有着重要的指导意义。     

The genetic interaction between non-nodulation and supernodulation in soybean: an example of developmental epistasis

Summary The interaction between three non-nodulation mutants (nod49, nod772 and nod139) and a supernodulation mutant (nts382) of soybean was studied by analysing the progeny from crosses between these mutants. Previously it had been shown that the non-nodulation mutants arose from single mutation events and that nod49 and nod772 are allelic, whereas nod139 represents another gene required for nodulation. Analysis of progeny from crosses between nts382 and the wild type showed that this mutant also arose from a single mutation. Complementation tests demonstrated that the mutation responsible for supernodulation in nts382 is not allelic to either of these non-nodulation characters, and that it segregates independently. Progeny were identified that were homozygous for both supernodulation and non-nodulation, and these plants were incapable of nodulation. Thus, non-nodulation is epistatic over supernodulation and this is discussed in terms of the developmental blockage in the two mutant types. The identification and confirmation of these double mutants of the supernodulation and non-nodulation mutations are described. Although the non-nodulation mutations behave as recessive characters in a wild-type background, these mutations are incompletely dominant in a genetic background homozygous for supernodulation. The significance of these results to the understanding of nodule ontogeny is discussed.