荧光素酶标的人肝癌细胞裸鼠异种移植瘤模型的生物发光成像和PET-CT成像比较

目的利用荧光素酶基因标记的人肝癌细胞株BEL-7402建立裸鼠肝原位移植模型,及小鼠肝原位移植模型的生物发光和小动物PET-CT成像的比较。方法构建表达荧光素酶基因的真核表达载体并将其转入人肝癌细胞BEL-7402,经梯度浓度G418筛选获得稳定表达荧光素酶基因的细胞克隆并扩大培养。BALB/cA-nu裸鼠肝门静脉接种5×105个发光细胞使其成瘤,活体荧光成像和小动物PET-CT成像系统观察肿瘤的生长情况。结果获得了稳定表达Luc的人肝癌细胞株,将其接种到裸鼠体内,活体荧光成像系统观察发现能够成瘤,小动物PET-CT影像观察发现小鼠肝脏边缘对18 F-FDG有高摄取区域。结论利用荧光素酶基因标记的人肝癌细胞BEL-7402成功建立了原位肝癌裸鼠模型,小动物活体成像结合小动物PET-CT技术为原位肿瘤模型的建立提供了一种新的可靠的技术,为进一步研究肝癌生长转移机制和药物开发提供了新的有用工具。     

荧光素酶标记人胃癌细胞裸鼠原位移植模型的建立

目的建立荧光素酶标记人胃癌原位异种移植模型。方法将萤火虫荧光素酶作为标记基因导入人胃癌MGC803细胞,建立稳定表达荧光素酶的细胞,将其接种裸鼠胃壁浆膜下,建立胃癌裸鼠原位肿瘤模型。用活体荧光成像系统检测肿瘤的发生发展,并进行小动物超声影像和病理学分析。结果裸鼠原位成瘤率为100%,活体荧光成像观察发现在接种第7天,就可以观察到肿瘤发光。21 d后肿瘤进入对数生长期,28 d后肿瘤出现明显坏死,平均荧光光子数呈现下降趋势。超声成像发现小鼠胃部有直径为8.39 mm,面积为28.92 mm2瘤块。结论荧光素酶标记可以实时监测原位异种移植人胃癌生长状况。     

SW1990和Capan-2红色荧光标记胰腺癌移植肿瘤模型的建立和比较

目的建立稳定表达红色荧光蛋白基因的人胰腺癌细胞系,为体内监测肿瘤的早期生长及抗肿瘤药物的药效评价建立一种新的肿瘤动物模型。方法以Lipofectamine 2000介导chickenβ-actin-RFP-NEO转染人胰腺癌细胞SW1990和Capan-2,经梯度浓度G418筛选获得稳定表达红色荧光蛋白的细胞克隆并扩大培养。BALB/cA-nu裸鼠皮下接种1×106个发光细胞使其成瘤,活体荧光成像系统观察肿瘤的生长情况。结果获得了稳定表达RFP的两种不同的人胰腺癌细胞株,将其接种到裸鼠体内可成瘤,利用活体成像系统观察了肿瘤的生长动态过程,并且SW1990肿瘤细胞的生长速度较Capan-2细胞快。结论用红色荧光蛋白标记的人胰腺癌细胞建立的裸鼠肿瘤模型为胰腺癌的研究和相关药物筛选提供了可进行荧光影像活体、动态分析的动物模型。     

胰腺癌裸鼠皮下异种移植动物模型建立研究

目的:用人体胰腺癌细胞株,建立小鼠胰腺癌细胞株(pGHAM-1)移植性胰腺癌模型,并研究其生物学特性。方法:将pGHAM-1细胞培养后配成1×107/ml,取0.2mL接种于小鼠皮下。于接种后20、30、40天观察肿瘤的生长、转移及腹水量。接种40天后处死动物,解剖取出移植瘤,用游标卡尺测量肿瘤大小,再进行HE染色的组织病理学检查,免疫组织化学检测血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)及肿瘤转移相关蛋白(nm23-H1)的表达。结果:分别于20、30、40天测量肿瘤体积为84.1±21.9 mm3,413.7±208.4 mm3,2187.3±1882.8 mm3,后者与10 d前比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。HE染色结果显示肿瘤组织呈条索状或小梁状排列,肿瘤组织与正常组织交界处有少量淋巴细胞浸润,肿瘤组织中血管生成罕见。免疫组织结果显示VEGF和nm23-H1蛋白在肿瘤组织中均呈阴性表达。结论:异位裸鼠人胰腺癌移植瘤模型易复制,时间短,成功率高,为胰腺癌体内研究提供了理想的动物模型。     

LJH-OS人骨肉瘤裸鼠原位移植模型的建立及其生物学特性

用人成骨肉瘤细胞系LJH- OS的传代移植瘤组织作为移植材料,进行胫骨原位移植及皮下移植。结果发现胫骨原位移植的潜伏期较短,生长快。皮下移植瘤呈局限性膨胀性生长,有不完整的纤维包膜,未见肺转移,观察7 周无明显消瘦;而胫骨原位移植瘤浸润基层,无纤维包膜,且发生肺转移,7 周时有明显消瘦。原位移植的裸鼠血清ALP水平高于皮下移植者。说明裸鼠胫骨微环境较皮下组织更适于人骨肉瘤的浸润及转移表达,裸鼠胫骨原位移植模型的恶性生物学行为更接近临床骨肉瘤患者的实际情况,该原位移植模型的建立为骨肉瘤的研究提供了良好的实验模型。     

人肿瘤干细胞异种移植模型进展

人肿瘤干细胞（human cancer stem cells,CSCs）分离后异种移植至模型内的成瘤特性,为研究肿瘤病因学和制订抗癌策略提供了新的手段和方法。但是,目前人肿瘤干细胞的鉴别离不开移植至异种免疫缺陷鼠内建立肿瘤干细胞的动物模型。本文主要从CSCs的概念、CSCs与肿瘤的关系、CSCs异种移植模型研究进展、模型建立的影响因素、模型建立存在的问题等进行简要综述,为异种移植模型的建立提供参考。     

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性细胞的异种体内移植研究

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性(nestin^ )细胞在体外培养中可自发形成类胰岛细胞团(islet-like cell cluster,ICC),有多向分化潜能,并可产生分泌胰岛素的类β细胞。为了验证其体内生物学特性和生理功能,我们进行了诱导后ICC的NOD—Scid糖尿病模型小鼠和正常小鼠肾膜下移植,通过免疫细胞化学检测,超微结构观察以及血糖水平监测等手段考察移植后细胞的形态与功能变化情况,结果表明：(1)移植处有明显的血管增生。(2)ICC可使糖尿病模型小鼠血糖明显降低。(3)ICC在正常小鼠体内分化为多种结构,同时继续增殖侵入肾实质。     

转基因小鼠源性胰腺癌原位移植瘤模型的构建与评价

目的 构建转基因LSL-Kras^G12D/+LSL-Trp53^R172H/+Pdx1-Cre(KPC)小鼠胰腺癌原位移植瘤模型,为研究胰腺癌的发展机制和治疗策略提供稳定、可靠的药物临床前研究动物模型。方法 将KPC转基因小鼠的自发胰腺癌的组织块进行C57BL/6J小鼠胰腺原位移植,利用超声进行肿瘤监测,对原发肿瘤和传代肿瘤进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和免疫荧光染色评价模型的肿瘤病理学特征。结果 KPC小鼠的自发肿瘤能够在C57BL/6J小鼠的胰腺上稳定生长,肿瘤增殖指标Ki67、基质纤维化标志物α-SMA、免疫细胞标志物CD45和CD206均稳定表达,该模型能够稳定地保留原发胰腺癌病理学特征,并发生与临床胰腺癌患者相似的广泛转移。结论 成功建立转基因小鼠源性胰腺癌原位移植瘤模型,该模型能够模拟出胰腺癌的基质环境和免疫细胞浸润情况,具有较好的稳定性和均一性,可以作为研究胰腺癌进展和治疗策略的有效药物临床前研究模型。     

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性细胞的异种体内移植研究

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性(nestin~+)细胞在体外培养中可自发形成类胰岛细胞团(islet-1ike cell cluster,ICC),有多向分化潜能,并可产生分泌胰岛素的类β细胞。为了验证其体内生物学特性和生理功能,我们进行了诱导后ICC的NOD-Scid糖尿病模型小鼠和正常小鼠肾膜下移植,通过免疫细胞化学检测,超微结构观察以及血糖水平监测等手段考察移植后细胞的形态与功能变化情况,结果表明:(1)移植处有明显的血管增生。(2)ICC可使糖尿病模型小鼠血糖明显降低。(3)ICC在正常小鼠体内分化为多种结构,同时继续增殖侵入肾实质。     

实验动物准备对裸鼠移植瘤模型microPET 显像的影响

目的 探讨实验动物准备条件对18 F-FDG microPET 裸鼠移植瘤模型显像的影响,以选择最佳的实验动物准备条件.方法 36 只人表皮样癌细胞A431 裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型.随机分为6 组（6 只/组）;A 组：无禁食、室温（20 ～22）℃、无麻醉（注射18 F-FDG 后60 min 清醒状态）、尾静脉注射18 F-FDG;B 组：禁食（6 ～8）h、加温（30 ～32）℃、麻醉（吸入2%异氟烷麻醉）、尾静脉注射18 F-FDG;C 组：无禁食、加温、麻醉、尾静脉注射18 F-FDG;D组：禁食、室温、麻醉、尾静脉注射18 F-FDG;E 组：禁食、加温、无麻醉、尾静脉注射18 F-FDG;F 组：禁食、加温、麻醉、腹腔注射18 F-FDG.注射18 F-FDG 约1 h 后,行microPET 显像,测量皮下移植瘤、颈部肌肉、棕色脂肪、脑、肝脏、肾脏、心脏、哈氏腺最大每克组织摄取率（%ID/gmax ）.扫描前裸鼠均测血糖.结果 （1）B 组、C 组、F 组裸鼠的血糖水平与肿瘤摄取之间均呈直线负相关.（2）棕色脂肪：A 组摄取最高（8.03 ±1.29）,B 组摄取降低71.98%（P ＝0.000）.颈部肌肉：A 组摄取最高（16.07 ±5.20）,B 组摄取降低最多达81.84%（P ＝0.000）.各组脑、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、哈氏腺摄取差异无统计学意义.（3）A 组皮下移植瘤/组织或器官的摄取率最低.B 组移植瘤/颈部肌肉,移植瘤/肝脏,移植瘤/棕色脂肪的摄取率较A 组分别升高6.50 倍、1.29 倍、4.76 倍（P 均＜0.05）,肿瘤与组织或器官的图像对比度明显改善.（4）第1 次microPET 显像,尾静脉注射与腹腔注射皮下移植瘤摄取值差别无统计学意义（P ＝0.364）.第2 次microPET 显像,腹腔注射腹腔可见不同程度显像剂浓聚,其他正常组织、器官及皮下移植瘤的摄取均减低.腹腔注射方式,两次皮下移植瘤的摄取值差异有统计学意义（P ＝0.025）.结论实验动物准备明显影响18 F-FDG 在裸鼠正常组织的分布及皮下移植瘤的摄取.禁食、加温、麻醉及尾静脉注射方式,可以改善肿瘤对18 F-FDG 的摄取,保证图像有较好的稳定性及可重复性.     

Application of 3.0 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis in the Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

The aim of this study was to successfully establish an orthotopic murine model using two different human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and to propose a 3.0 tesla MRI protocol for noninvasive characterization of this model. SW1990 and MIAPaca-2 tumor cells were injected into the pancreas of BALB/C nu/nu mice. Tumor growth rate and morphological information were assessed by 3.0 tesla MRI (T1WI, T2WI and DCE-MRI) and immunohistology. Proliferation of SW1990 was significantly faster than that of MIAPaca-2 (P=0.000), but MIAPaca-2 mice had a significantly shorter survival than SW1990 mice (41 days and 44 days respectively, P=0.027). MRI could reliably monitor tumor growth in both cell lines: the tumors exhibiting a spherical growth pattern showed a high-intensity signal, and the SW1990 group developed significantly larger tumors compared with the MIAPaCa-2 group. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in which tumor size was assessed using electronic calipers and an MRI scan (P=0.680). Both tumors showed a slow gradual enhancement pattern. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated tumor tissues showing high expression of Ki-67. This model closely mimics human pancreatic cancer and permits monitoring of tumor growth and morphological information by noninvasive 3.0 tesla MRI studies reducing the number of mice required.     

Bioluminescent imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in live mice

A non-invasive orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model was created with human HCC cells (HepG-Luc) constitutively expressing luciferase (Luc) in nude mice. Development of tumor growth and response to anti-tumor therapy combined with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin was monitored by whole-body bioluminescent imaging (BLI). Luciferase activity in the tumor, determined by BLI, correlated with the tumor volume and weight. The anti-tumor therapy proved effective by BLI monitoring. In conclusion, BLI by luciferase provides a non-invasive method of monitoring tumor activities that can prove useful for therapeutic intervention studies.     

3.0T磁共振多序列成像对鉴别胰头癌与胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的应用价值

目的：探讨磁共振多序列成像对鉴别胰头癌与胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的临床价值及意义。方法：对已确诊的16例胰头癌患者和5例胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎患者的磁共振多序列成像MR进行回顾性分析。主要征象包括：①肿块信号及形态学特点;②胰管及胆管扩张情况;③动态增强的特征;④胰周及大血管受累情况;⑤邻近器官受累与淋巴结肿大情况。检查方法包括：平扫T1WI＋FST2WI＋FS,MRCP,3D—VIBE动态增强扫描。结果：1）肿块形态信号异常：胰头癌与胰头肿块型胰头慢性胰腺炎的信号有较多重叠,在TlwI上均表现为相对低信号,T2WI表现为不均匀稍高、相等或低信号。2）胰管与胆管的异常：胰头癌表现为胰管扩张至肿块处突然截断12例,胆总管突然截断10例,“双管征”10例。胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎胰管扩张3例,2例为串珠样扩张,扩张的胰管可贯通病灶区,胆总管5例均扩张,远端呈短锥形狭窄3例,鼠尾样狭窄2例。3）3D—VIBE强化特征分析结果：随着时间的延长胰头癌强化程度和强化百分率较胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎明显减低。4）胰周大血管受累情况：胰头癌肿块与血管分界不清者8例,部分包绕血管6例完全包绕血管6例;胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎1例与血管分界不清,1例部分被包绕。5）邻近器官受累与淋巴结肿大情况：胰头癌有7例淋巴结肿大主要分布在胰周及腹主动脉旁,胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎,未见明显肿大淋巴结,有四例肾周筋膜增厚,两例肾前筋膜增厚。结论：磁共振多序列成像的联合使用及征象分析,有助于鉴别胰头癌与胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎。     

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of Mouse Cervical Lymph Nodes

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is widely employed as a non-invasive method for imaging internal anatomic structures in experimental small animal systems. HFUS has the ability to detect structures as small as 30 µm, a property that has been utilized for visualizing superficial lymph nodes in rodents in brightness (B)-mode. Combining power Doppler with B-mode imaging allows for measuring circulatory blood flow within lymph nodes and other organs. While HFUS has been utilized for lymph node imaging in a number of mouse  model systems, a detailed protocol describing HFUS imaging and characterization of the cervical lymph nodes in mice has not been reported. Here, we show that HFUS can be adapted to detect and characterize cervical lymph nodes in mice. Combined B-mode and power Doppler imaging can be used to detect increases in blood flow in immunologically-enlarged cervical nodes. We also describe the use of B-mode imaging to conduct fine needle biopsies of cervical lymph nodes to retrieve lymph tissue for histological  analysis. Finally, software-aided steps are described to calculate changes in lymph node volume and to visualize changes in lymph node morphology following image reconstruction. The ability to visually monitor changes in cervical lymph node biology over time provides a simple and powerful technique for the non-invasive monitoring of cervical lymph node alterations in preclinical mouse models of oral cavity disease.     

人宫颈癌细胞Hela移植模型肿瘤生长的荧光分析和卡尺测量的比较

目的建立稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白的人宫颈癌细胞系,建立移植瘤模型并比较移植模型肿瘤生长的荧光分析和卡尺测量的优缺点。方法以Lipofectamine 2000介导chickenβ-actin-GFP-NEO转染人宫颈癌细胞Hela,经梯度浓度G418筛选获得稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白的细胞克隆并扩大培养。BALB/cA-nu裸鼠皮下接种1×10^6个发光细胞使其成瘤,利用活体荧光成像系统和游标卡尺观察肿瘤的生长情况。结果获得了稳定表达GFP的人宫颈癌细胞株,将其接种到裸鼠体内可成瘤。活体荧光成像观察发现,1至3周随着肿瘤体积逐渐增大,平均荧光光子数逐渐增加;4周时随着肿瘤出现明显坏死,平均荧光光子数呈现下降趋势,而游标卡尺测量结果显示肿瘤在4至5周仍然不断的增大。结论绿色荧光蛋白能够在人宫颈癌细胞Hela中长期稳定表达,用绿色荧光蛋白标记的人宫颈癌细胞Hela建立的裸鼠肿瘤模型可以为人宫颈癌研究提供理想的实验材料,应用小动物活体成像系统能够客观定量评价活的肿瘤细胞在动物体内的生长情况,而不是肿瘤体积的变化。     

Functional Genomics Identifies Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Pancreatic Cancer

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Establishment of a Non-Invasive Semi-Quantitative Bioluminescent Imaging Method for Monitoring of an Orthotopic Esophageal Cancer Mouse Model

Orthotopic models of various types of tumors are widely used in anti-tumor therapeutic experiments in preclinical studies. However, there are few ways to appropriately monitor therapeutic effect in orthotopic tumor models, especially for tumors invisible from the outside. In this study we aimed to establish a non-invasive semi-quantitative bioluminescent imaging method of monitoring an orthotopic esophageal cancer mouse model. We confirmed that the TE8 esophageal cancer cell line implanted orthotopically into the abdominal esophagus of nu/nu mice (n = 5) developed not only a main tumor at the implanted site, but also local lymph node metastases and peritoneal disseminations within 6 weeks after inoculation. We established a TE8 cell line that stably expressed the firefly luciferase gene (TE8-Luc). We showed that TE8-Luc cells implanted subcutaneously into nu/nu mice (n = 5) grew over time until 5 weeks after inoculation. Tumor volume was strongly correlated with luminescent intensity emitted from the tumor, which was quantified using the IVIS imaging system. We then showed that TE8-Luc cells implanted orthotopically into the mouse abdominal esophagus (n = 8) also formed a tumor and that the luminescent intensity of such a tumor, as detected by IVIS, increased over time until 7 weeks after inoculation and was therefore likely to reflect tumor progression. We therefore propose that this orthotopic esophageal cancer model, monitored using the non-invasive semi-quantitative IVIS imaging system, will be useful for in vivo therapeutic experiments against esophageal cancer. This experimental setting is expected to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic technologies for esophageal cancer in preclinical studies.