粒细胞集落刺激因子动员内皮祖细胞预防再狭窄的研究

目的:观察粒细胞集落刺激因子是否能通过加速内皮修复预防再狭窄,并探讨该作用与其动员效应即EPCs数量和功能变化的相关性.方法:30只SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组、损伤未干预组和G-CSF组,后两组行颈总动脉球囊损造模,G-CSF组连续给药7天后观察各组外周血内皮祖细胞的数量和增值、粘附、迁移功能,4周后观察再狭窄和再内皮化程度.结果:G-CSF组再内皮化率高于对照组,再狭窄率低于对照组,再内皮化率和再狭窄率呈线性负相关;G-CSF组内皮祖细胞数量明显增加,内皮祖细胞增值、粘附、迁移功能也明显提高.结论:G-CSF通过加速内皮修复能预防再狭窄,该作用与其动员效应即内皮祖细胞数量的增加和增值、粘附、迁移功能的提高有关.     

内皮祖细胞在支架术后再内皮化中应用的研究进展

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的应用改善了冠心病患者的临床症状及预后,但现在困扰人们的问题是作为其术后并发症之一的支架内再狭窄发病率仍然很高。大量的研究证实,内膜增生在支架内再狭窄的形成中起主导作用,所以提高受损内膜再内皮化的速度是防止支架内再狭窄的一个重要措施。新近的研究表明,内皮祖细胞能参与损伤后血管内皮修复,促进受损血管内膜的再内皮化,因此,在防止支架内再狭窄中将得到进一步的研究与应用。因此,本文就内皮祖细胞在支架术后再内皮化中应用的研究进展做一综述。     

内皮祖细胞移植在慢性阻塞性肺疾病小鼠体内分布

目的:观察经气管移植内皮祖细胞(EPCs)在烟雾暴露所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型小鼠中的分布及分化.方法:体外分离小鼠骨髓单个核细胞于EGM-2MV培养基中培养并鉴定.24只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常对照组、COPD+PBS干预组及COPD+EPCs干预组;香烟烟雾暴露90 d建立慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)小鼠模型;烟雾暴露结束后,COPD+PBS干预组及COPD+EPCs干预组分别经气管注入30 μ LPBS和30 μ L细胞悬液(含1×105个CM-DiI标记EPCs).移植后观察30 d处死小鼠,通过荧光显微镜观察移植细胞在肺内的分布及通过免疫荧光检测广谱细胞角蛋白的表达水平.结果:EPCs移植后30d可见EPCs分布于肺血管及气道,部分细胞表达上皮特异标志广谱细胞角蛋白.结论:EPCs移植后可定植COPD模型小鼠肺血管及气道,且可能转化为支气管及肺泡上皮细胞.     

FOX03a过表达对内皮祖细胞周期相关蛋白的调控

目的：观察FOXO3a（forkhead box O3a）的活性改变对内皮祖细胞（endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs）增殖和细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响。方法：将携带突变激活FOXO3a基因的腺病毒载体Ad-TM（triple mutant）-FOXO3a和阴性对照腺病毒载体Ad-GFP体外感染人脐血来源的EPCs。观察EPCs形态学改变,CCK-8分析转染后EPCs增殖情况,Western blot检测FOXO3a蛋白、细胞周期相关蛋白p27^kip1以及CDK2的表达水平。结果：构建了的2种腺病毒相关载体被成功转染。形态学改变方面,Ad-TM—FOXO3a组EPCs细胞生长缓慢,集落不明显;Westem blot和CCK-8结果显示,Ad-TM—FOXO3a转染组与阴性对照组相比,EPCs增殖被抑制,FOXO3a与p27^kip1蛋白过表达,CDK2表达下调。结论：FOXO3a可能通过上调p27kip1蛋白表达,下调CDK2表达,以抑制EPCs增殖。     

内皮祖细胞与血管重新内皮化

血管内皮是循环血液和血管壁组织间的一层天然屏障,在维持血管的正常形态和功能中起重要作用。内皮受损后可引起炎症反应、单核细胞浸润和血管平滑肌细胞增生,促发动脉粥样硬化和再狭窄。因此,直接修复受损血管内皮,促使血管重新内皮化已经成为防止动脉粥样硬化及再狭窄领域的重要课题。大量研究表明,内皮祖细胞(EPC)参与受损血管的重新内皮化。该文就内皮祖细胞的来源、鉴定、参与重新内皮化进行综述。     

内皮祖细胞(EPCs)研究进展

组织工程血管以及组织工程化组织的血管化因目前内皮种子细胞扩增能力和生物活力的不足而受到限制。EPCs(内皮祖细胞)是内皮细胞的前体细胞。在胚胎期,内皮细胞系与造血细胞系来源于血岛内共同的祖先细胞;出生后,EPCs存在于骨髓,并可被转移至外周血,参与缺血组织的血管重建和血管的内膜化。因此EPCs有望成为今后组织工程内皮种子细胞的重要来源。     

阿托伐他汀防鼠颈动脉再狭窄与血清VEGF相关性实验研究

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀防再狭窄效应与促内皮生长作用最强的细胞因子——血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)血清浓度的相关性。方法:24只健康SD大鼠均分为假手术组、模型组与阿托伐他汀组,后两组行颈总动脉球囊损伤造模,损伤前及1周后分别测VEGF血清浓度,4周后观察再狭窄程度。结果:(1)模型组与阿托伐他汀干预组1周后VEGF血清浓度均显著升高,其中阿托伐他汀干预组VEGF增幅高于模型组;(2)阿托伐他汀干预组VEGF增幅与再狭窄程度呈线性负相关。结论:他汀类药物防治再狭窄的机制可能涉及促泌VEGF从而加速内皮修复。     

电磁辐射对大鼠内皮祖细胞和肾脏组织学的影响

目的：研究电磁辐射对体外培养骨髓来源的内皮祖细胞（EPCs）增殖、迁移、黏附能力的影响,并探讨其与肾脏疾病的可能关系。方法：密度梯度离心法获取大鼠骨髓单个核细胞（MNCs）,接种至纤维连接素包被的培养板上,培养6d后进行免疫细胞化学和免疫荧光鉴定EPCs。采用MTT比色法、Transwell小室和黏附能力测定实验,观察平均功率密度为65mW/cm2,时间20min的电磁辐射对EPCs的增殖、迁移、黏附能力的影响;同等剂量全身照射大鼠,光镜和透射电镜观察大鼠肾脏组织学和超微结构的变化。结果：从大鼠骨髓能成功分离培养获得EPCs。EPCs的增殖、迁移、黏附能力较对照组显著下降;大鼠接受全身照射后各时相点无明显组织学改变,但超微结构显示在照射后3h后开始出现肾小球毛细血管袢足突肿胀,12h后出现部分足突融合。结论：电磁辐射导致EPCs生物功能显著减弱,肾小球超微结构改变,电磁辐射可能与起肾脏疾病的发生有关。     

FOXO3a过表达对内皮祖细胞周期相关蛋白的调控

目的:观察FOXO3a(forkhead box O3a)的活性改变对内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)增殖和细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响。方法:将携带突变激活FOXO3a基因的腺病毒载体Ad-TM(triple mutant)-FOXO3a和阴性对照腺病毒载体Ad-GFP体外感染人脐血来源的EPCs。观察EPCs形态学改变,CCK-8分析转染后EPCs增殖情况,Western blot检测FOXO3a蛋白、细胞周期相关蛋白p27kip1以及CDK2的表达水平。结果:构建了的2种腺病毒相关载体被成功转染。形态学改变方面,Ad-TM-FOXO3a组EPCs细胞生长缓慢,集落不明显;Western blot和CCK-8结果显示,Ad-TM-FOXO3a转染组与阴性对照组相比,EPCs增殖被抑制,FOXO3a与p27kip1蛋白过表达,CDK2表达下调。结论:FOXO3a可能通过上调p27kip1蛋白表达,下调CDK2表达,以抑制EPCs增殖。     

体育运动对冠心病患者内皮祖细胞血管内皮损伤修复能力的改善作用研究

目的探讨体育运动对冠心病(CHD)患者内皮祖细胞(EPCs)内皮损伤修复能力的影响及其可能的机制。方法选取广州中山大学第一附属医院收治的68例符合冠心病临床诊断标准的受试者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和实验组。实验组和对照组均进行常规药物治疗,同时实验组参与3个月踏车运动试验(每周3次,30 min/次,MET为4.5),对照组不进行运动干预。通过Boyden改良小室法和观察荧光标记的EPCs(CM-DiI-EPCs)黏附到内皮细胞单层数量来分别检测EPCs的迁移能力和黏附能力;利用裸鼠颈动脉内皮损伤模型,肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能(FMD)和肱-踝动脉脉搏波传导速度(PWV),分别研究EPCs在体内皮损伤修复能力、血管内皮功能和动脉硬度。统计学采用单因素方差和Pearson法相关性分析。结果 3个月的体育锻炼后,实验组受试者外周血EPCs体外的迁移(运动后:52.5±8.9;运动前:30.6±5.4;t=3.767,P=0.013)、黏附能力明显提高(运动后:48.2±7.6;运动前:30.5±4.8;t=4.311,P 0.001),移植后裸鼠颈动脉内皮损伤在体的内皮化面积增大(运动后:55.2%±9.1%;运动前:35.9%±4.9%;t=5.315,P=0.012);内皮功能FMD改善(运动前:5.9%±2.1%;运动后:8.1%±2.6%;t=3.253,P 0.001);动脉弹性PWV下降[运动前:(1618±160.2)cm/s;运动后:(1456±125)cm/s;t=2.781,P=0.014];Pearson相关分析结果显示,升高的FMD、下降的PWV分别与增加的EPCs再内皮化面积呈正相关,而对照组以上指标无明显改变。结论体育运动明显改善冠心病患者血管内皮功能,提高动脉弹性,部分机制可能与循环EPCs介导的内皮损伤修复能力增强相关。     

自体内皮前体细胞移植对急性心肌梗死大鼠微血管新生及心功能的影响

目的探讨外周血来源的内皮前体细胞自体移植,对大鼠急性心肌梗死后微血管新生与心功能的影响。方法抽取SD大鼠外周动脉血,应用Ficoll密度梯度离心法获取单个核细胞。应用含有VEGF和bFGF的特定培养基体外培养,得到内皮前体细胞;结扎SD大鼠冠状动脉左前降支,建立急性心肌梗死模型;然后将得到的自体内皮前体细胞植入缺血心肌局部区域。对照组动物注入细胞培养液。结果与对照组比较,细胞移植组大鼠心功能明显改善,心肌收缩力显著优于对照组;梗死心肌微血管新生更为明显。结论急性心肌梗死心肌局部移植外周血来源的自体内皮前体细胞,能够促进血管新生;对局部梗死心肌组织结构有一定的保护作用,并可在不同时点不同程度恢复心肌收缩力,显著改善心功能。     

Cilostazol activates function of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell for re-endothelialization in a carotid balloon injury model

Background

Cilostazol(CLZ) has been used as a vasodilating anti-platelet drug clinically and demonstrated to inhibit proliferation of smooth muscle cells and effect on endothelial cells. However, the effect of CLZ on re-endothelialization including bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) contribution is unclear. We have investigated the hypothesis that CLZ might accelerate re-endothelialization with EPCs.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Balloon carotid denudation was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. CLZ group was given CLZ mixed feed from 2weeks before carotid injury. Control group was fed normal diet. CLZ accelerated re-endothelialization at 2 weeks after surgery and resulted in a significant reduction of neointima formation 4 weeks after surgery compared with that in control group. CLZ also increased the number of circulating EPCs throughout the time course. We examined the contribution of BM-derived EPCs to re-endothelialization by BM transplantation from Tie2/lacZ mice to nude rats. The number of Tie2-regulated X-gal positive cells on injured arterial luminal surface was increased at 2 weeks after surgery in CLZ group compared with that in control group. In vitro, CLZ enhanced proliferation, adhesion and migration activity, and differentiation with mRNA upregulation of adhesion molecule integrin αvβ3, chemokine receptor CXCR4 and growth factor VEGF assessed by real-time RT-PCR in rat BM-derived cultured EPCs. In addition, CLZ markedly increased the expression of SDF-1α that is a ligand of CXCR4 receptor in EPCs, in the media following vascular injury.

Conclusions/Significance

CLZ promotes EPC mobilization from BM and EPC recruitment to sites of arterial injury, and thereby inhibited neointima formation with acceleration of re-endothelialization with EPCs as well as pre-existing endothelial cells in a rat carotid balloon injury model. CLZ could be not only an anti-platelet agent but also a promising tool for endothelial regeneration, which is a key event for preventing atherosclerosis or restenosis after vascular intervention.     

A method of tracking donor cells after simulated autologous transplantation: a study using synovial cells of transgenic rats

A transgenic rat was used as a transplantation donor to simulate autologous transplantation. The sex-matched transplantation between a female transgenic and a wild-type rat can theoretically be regarded as an autologous transplantation due to the genetic agreement of these rats except for the non-protein-producing transgenes. Transgene-containing synovial cells were tracked in the joint using this autologous transplantation model. The transgenes in the donor synovial cells were detected using in situ hybridization (ISH), while mitotic activities were simultaneously examined by immunodetection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). A defect was generated in the knee joint capsule of a Fischer 344 (wild-type) rat. The synovium of a transgenic rat was sutured to the defect of the wild-type rat in group 1 and was allowed to free float in the joint in group 2. A large number of BrdU-labeled, transgene-containing synovial cells were detected in both groups at 3 days. The number of these cells then decreased, but they could still be identified even at 4 weeks after autologous transplantation. These results indicated that transplanted synovial cells were viable in the joint for at least 4 weeks. Furthermore, the transgenic rat was shown to be an effective animal model for distinguishing the extrinsic from the intrinsic cells in the cellular intermixed tissues in vivo. The combined method of ISH for detecting transgene-containing cells and the immunohistochemistry of BrdU for detecting proliferating cells was also shown to be effective for tracking the viability of extrinsic cells after autologous transplantation.     

The effect of autologous endothelial progenitor cell transplantation combined with extracorporeal shock-wave therapy on ischemic skin flaps in rats

BackgroundEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been used to revascularize ischemic tissues, but only limited effect can be achieved. Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) is a promising angiogenic strategy. We hypothesized that EPC transplantation combined with ESWT would greatly benefit the survival of ischemic skin flaps.MethodsSixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 16 in each group): group 1 (serving as sham control), group 2 (treated with subcutaneous EPC implantation, 1.0 × 10⁶ cells), group 3 (treated with ESWT, 300 impulses at 0.10 mJ/mm²) and group 4 (treated with EPCs implantation combined with ESWT). Ischemic skin flaps were made on the backs of rats and treated accordingly. Blood flow of skin flaps was measured periodically after operation, and flap survival rates were compared. Tissue samples were harvested at 2 weeks postoperatively from each group.ResultsThe survival rate of skin flaps in group 4 was 87.5 ± 10.23%, which was statistically significantly higher than other groups. Histologic examination showed that the capillary density was higher in the dual-treatment group than in the two single-treatment groups. Compared with groups 2 and 3, blood perfusion increased significantly in group 4. A drastic increase of vWF+ cells was observed in the ischemic skin flaps on immunofluorescence staining in group 4. The expressions of chemotactic factors and angiogenic factors were higher in group 4.ConclusionsCombined treatment with EPCs and ESWT is superior to either EPCs or ESWT alone in improving the survival of ischemic skin flaps in rats.     

海水淹溺致大鼠急性肺损伤模型的建立

目的：建立海水淹溺肺损伤（SWD-ALl）的大鼠模型,为SWD—ALl的基础及救治研究提供平台。方法：128只健康SD大鼠随机分为4组,即对照（CG）组和海水灌注（SGI、SG2、SG4）组（分别气管内注入1、2、4mL／kg海水）。观察大鼠气管内海水灌注后症状以及各组呼吸频率、心率、动脉血气、肺湿／干重r~（W／D）,留取肺组织病理标本观察病变。结果：与对照组比较,海水灌注组大鼠心率、呼吸频率明显加快,气道有白色泡沫渗出物,口唇发绀,肺部满布湿罗音。动脉血气分析氧分压（PaO2）和二氧化碳分压（Pa—CO2）显著降低（P〈0．01）;SGl、SG2组30min测氧合指数（Pa02／FiO2）低于300mmHg,之后逐渐升高至接近正常,SG4组各时间点测PaOJFi02得均在300mmHg以下;各组间比较,SG4组肺组织湿／干重比（W／D）明显高于其他组（P〈0．01）。肺组织病理观察,光镜下肺间质水肿,肺泡隔断裂,大量的红细胞及炎性细胞浸润。结论：经气管内灌注海水4mL／kg,可成功建立海水淹溺急性肺损伤的动物模型。     

大鼠异基因骨髓移植急性移植物抗宿主病模型的建立

目的建立较稳定的异基因骨髓移植急性移植物抗宿主病动物模型,为异基因骨髓移植后的急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）的相关研究提供实验参照。方法以雄性SD大鼠为供鼠,雌性Wistar大鼠为受鼠,受体大鼠随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5组,移植当天所有受鼠均接受8.5 GY的全身照射（TBI）,于照射后4～6 h内,A组回输等量培养液,B组经尾静脉输注供鼠骨髓细胞（2×10^8个/kg）,C、D、E组分别回输供鼠骨髓细胞（2×10^8个/kg）＋不同比例的脾细胞。观察各组大鼠生存期、外周白细胞计数、及有无aGVHD的临床及病理表现。结果A组大鼠于15d内全部死亡,外周血白细胞计数明显减低,骨髓病理示造血组织减少,提示死于造血衰竭。B、C、D、E组大鼠外周血白细胞计数均有明显恢复,B组大鼠8只存活超过50 d,C、D、E组大鼠均于50 d观察期内死亡,并有aGVHD的临床表现及病理表现,但C组大鼠aGVHD的程度较轻且时间不集中,其中D、E组大鼠可于相对集中的时间内观察到典型aGVHD临床及病理。结论TBI预处理的方式是可行的,单纯输入异基因骨髓细胞不能引起明显的aGVHD,骨髓细胞与脾细胞1∶1及1∶1.5混合组均可作为异基因骨髓移植后理想的aGVHD动物模型。     

NAAGS基因修饰神经干细胞在创伤性颅脑损伤治疗中的研究

目的：探讨移植NAAG合酶（NAAG synthetase,NAAGS）基因修饰的神经干细胞（Neural Stem Cells,NSCs）能否促进创伤性颅脑损伤大鼠神经功能的恢复。方法：利用电穿孔转染大鼠NSCs,通过脑立体定向仪分别将PBS（模型组）、NSCs（NSCs组）、转基因NSCs（NAAGS＋NSCs组）移植到创伤性颅脑损伤（Traumatic Brain Injury,TBI）大鼠局部损伤灶边缘,通过NSS评分评价移植后大鼠神经功能的变化以及用TUNEL法检测NSCs的凋亡情况,并采用放射免疫法分析脑组织中促炎因子水平。结果：Nss评分结果显示NAAGs＋NSCs组和NSCs组在第7、14、21天神经功能评分均低于模型组（P〈0．05）;NAAGS＋NSCs组在第14和21天神经功能评分低于NSCs组（P〈0．05）;在各时间点细胞移植组比模型组的神经细胞凋亡数明显减少;转基因NSCs移植能明显降低TBI脑组织中促炎因子水平。结论：转基因NSCs移植后可以合成NAAGS促进TBI大鼠神经功能的恢复。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对异丙肾上腺素致心力衰竭大鼠心功能及炎性细胞因子表达的影响

目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）移植对异丙基肾上腺素（ISO）致心力衰竭大鼠心脏功能和炎性细胞因子（TNF—α、IL-1β和IL-6）表达的影响。方法：采用全骨髓培养方法分离培养大鼠的MSCs;雄性Wistar大鼠45只,随机分为：正常对照组（n=15）、模型组（n=30）。正常对照组给予生理盐水皮下注射、模型组采用170mg／kg的剂量皮下注射ISO,连续4天给药;各组动物末次皮下注射4周后,行超声心动图检查,将模型组LVEF〈70％的大鼠（n=20）随机分为细胞移植组（n=10）和培养液组（n=10）,后大鼠开胸,细胞移植组将150μL（3×10^6MSCs）用微注射器分4点注射到左心室前壁,培养液组和正常对照组给与心肌内注射等量细胞培养液。移植后4周用超声心动图检测大鼠的心功能,并取心脏组织行免疫组化染色。结果：移植后4周,与正常对照组比较,细胞移植组和培养液组LVDs明显增加,EF和FS明显下降（P〈0．01）;而和培养液组相比,细胞移植组LVDs明显下降、EF和FS明显升高（P〈0．05）;免疫组化染色结果显示,与培养液组比较,细胞移植组TNF—α、IL-1β和IL-6阳性表达细胞明显降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01,P〈0．01）。结论：MSCs移植可以改善心衰大鼠的心脏功能,同时下调心衰大鼠心脏炎性细胞因子TNF—α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达。