音乐对脑的正性影响与机制

文章主要阐述了音乐对脑的多方面正性影响,主要包括空间推理能力的提升(莫扎特效应),学习记忆能力的增强等;在疾病治疗方面,则集中于音乐对精神和神经性疾病,如癫痫、孤独症、帕金森综合症、老年性痴呆等的影响。目前,音乐对机体产生的这些正性影响的具体分子机制还不十分清晰,本文将细述在音乐暴露的情况下,大脑中相关神经细胞的生长、分化、凋亡及蛋白质合成的调控,某些神经递质(如多巴胺,五羟色胺,γ-氨基丁酸等)的合成与释放,类固醇激素分泌对脑内物质合成与分泌的调节,以及BDNF/TrkB信号通路和NGF的调节。     

乳腺癌脑转移机制

乳腺癌是女性癌症相关死亡的首要原因,10%～15%的乳腺癌患者会发生脑转移。发生脑转移的乳腺癌患者,其5年生存率会显著降低。已知的乳腺癌脑转移步骤包括：上皮-间充质的转化、内渗,启动大脑转移的生态位,突破血脑屏障和在脑内定植形成转移灶。本文以乳腺癌脑转移的步骤为主线阐明其机制研究进展,以期为乳腺癌脑转移的临床诊治提供新的视角与策略。     

低氧性脑血管扩张机制研究的概况

低氧可以通过多种机制影响脑血管的张力,改变脑血流量,进而影响脑功能。低氧性脑血管舒张机制是近年研究热点之一。本文从ＮＯ、前列环素、ＡＴＰ敏感Ｋ通道、ＡＴＰ、兴奋性氨基酸、Ｃａ＾＋＋等诸多方面论述了低氧性脑血管舒张可能的作用机制,并就有待解决的若干问题与读者进行讨论。     

肾性尿崩症发生的分子机制

肾性尿崩症发生的分子机制卢建（第二军医大学病理生理教研室,上海２００４３３）关键词肾性尿崩症,分子机制肾脏对水的重吸收和排泄功能受下丘脑神经元合成及分泌的精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）的调节。ＡＶＰ由垂体后叶释放入血,到达肾脏后,与肾集合管管周膜上的Ｖ２受体...     

益生菌对宿主心理健康及脑功能的积极影响及其机制

肠道中的益生菌不仅对胃肠道发挥着益生作用,而且还调节着体内的激素水平和炎症平衡。通过免疫、内分泌和迷走神经途径,益生菌与大脑形成一个称之为脑¬—肠轴的反馈回路,深刻影响着大脑的认知功能及人体的情绪反应,促进宿主的心理健康。     

有氧运动干预对轻度认知障碍患者脑功能影响的神经生物学机制

当前中国老龄化趋势严重,老年人健康问题受到社会广泛关注与重视。神经退行性疾病阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)严重影响了老年群体的健康水平。轻度认知障碍作为正常脑老化和痴呆之间的过渡阶段,被认为是阿尔兹海默病早期干预的重要时间窗。研究证实有氧运动可以有效改善轻度认知障碍患者的认知水平、延缓病情发展、提高老年人的生活质量。本文综合了近年来有氧运动对老年轻度认知障碍的干预研究,从影像学角度讨论了有氧运动后脑结构宏观层面上相关脑区面积、皮层厚度和体积的增加;脑结构微观层面上脑萎缩的抑制、相关树突形态的改变;脑功能层面上相关脑网络功能连接、皮层激活的增加、神经递质的改变;并探究了有氧运动助力临床康复的过程。     

高气压对脑循环的影响

对32名男性潜水员和25头家兔进行了下列3项内容的观察:1)不同压力下脑阻抗图(REG)的改变;2)模拟潜水时REG的变化与颅内压(ICP)的关系;3)职业潜水员的工令对脑循环的影响。结果表明,在高气压下,REG的波幅、dz/dt和上升时间/心动周期比值均有不同程度的变化。这些指标的变化可以说明博动性脑血容量减少和血管阻力增加,提示脑血流量减少。这些变化主要是由于高分压氧的作用。     

肠脑轴参与动物食欲的调节机制

肠脑轴是由中枢系统、胃肠道系统共同构成的双向通信系统,其主要通过下丘脑食欲中枢和胃肠道食欲激素来调节动物的食欲,控制其体重,参与能量稳态的调节,是研究动物肥胖和2型糖尿病等代谢疾病的重要轴系。本文综述了肠脑轴对动物食欲、能量平衡和体重的调节作用,展望了肠脑轴在肥胖等相关代谢疾病治疗中的研究前景。     

The influence of anisotropy on brain injury prediction

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) occurs when a mechanical insult produces damage to the brain and disrupts its normal function. Numerical head models are often used as tools to analyze TBIs and to measure injury based on mechanical parameters. However, the reliability of such models depends on the incorporation of an appropriate level of structural detail and accurate representation of the material behavior. Since recent studies have shown that several brain regions are characterized by a marked anisotropy, constitutive equations should account for the orientation-dependence within the brain. Nevertheless, in most of the current models brain tissue is considered as completely isotropic. To study the influence of the anisotropy on the mechanical response of the brain, a head model that incorporates the orientation of neural fibers is used and compared with a fully isotropic model. A simulation of a concussive impact based on a sport accident illustrates that significantly lowered strains in the axonal direction as well as increased maximum principal strains are detected for anisotropic regions of the brain. Thus, the orientation-dependence strongly affects the response of the brain tissue. When anisotropy of the whole brain is taken into account, deformation spreads out and white matter is particularly affected. The introduction of local axonal orientations and fiber distribution into the material model is crucial to reliably address the strains occurring during an impact and should be considered in numerical head models for potentially more accurate predictions of brain injury.     

结核分枝杆菌的耐药基因及其相关分子机制

结核分枝杆菌原发性和继发性耐药是当前控帝】和治疗结核病面临的重要问题,随着分子遗传学的发展,已经阐明了结核分枝杆菌耐药的分子基础是染色体的突变,影响了药靶本身或激活了药物前体的细菌酶,造成MTB的耐药。本文主要就MTB对其常用药物的耐药机制展开讨论,以便正确认识MTB对不同药物的耐药机制,建立快速检测耐药结核分枝杆菌基因型的分子生物学方法。     

结核分枝杆菌的耐药基因及其相关分子机制

结核分枝杆菌原发性和继发性耐药是当前控制和治疗结核病面临的重要问题,随着分子遗传学的发展,已经阐明了结核分枝杆菌耐药的分子基础是染色体的突变,影响了药靶本身或激活了药物前体的细菌酶,造成MTB的耐药。本文主要就MTB对其常用药物的耐药机制展开讨论,以便正确认识MTB对不同药物的耐药机制,建立快速检测耐药结核分枝杆菌基因型的分子生物学方法。     

Primary cortical brain cells influence osteoblast activity

The presence of neuropeptides and neuroreceptors in the bone have been reported in several studies. Bone turn-over seems to be controlled by the nervous system. The actual pathway or the control mechanism is still under investigation. In this study we investigate the changes in osteoblast cells if they are in co-culture with primary cortical brain cells. After seven days in co-culture with the primary fetal brain cells the osteoblast cells exhibited hypertrophic morphological changes and showed stronger ALP activity.     

Proposed mechanism for lipoprotein remodelling in the brain

Lipoprotein remodelling in the periphery has been extensively studied. For example, the processing of nascent apoAI particles to cholesterol-loaded HDL lipoproteins during reverse cholesterol transport involves a series of enzymes, transporters in peripheral tissue, as well as other apolipoproteins and lipoproteins. These extensive modifications and interconversions are well defined. Here, we present the hypothesis that a similar process occurs within the blood brain barrier (BBB) via glia-secreted lipid-poor apoE particles undergoing remodelling to become mature central nervous system (CNS) lipoproteins. We further pose several pressing issues and future directions for the study of lipoproteins in the brain.     

The brain organization of butterflyfishes

Synopsis The encephalization indices of angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) and butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) are typical of advanced perciform fishes: both families lie in the upper part of the polygon of teleost indices. The chaetodontids seem to be a little more encephalized than pomacanthids. The general morphology of the brains in both families is very similar: small olfactory bulbs, large optic tectum and a cerebellum which covers the brain structures in front of it like a cap. This morphology is shared by another family of the coral reef biotope, the Acanthuridae. The histological architecture is also typical of advanced teleosts, with a cortex-like pallium, a laminated nucleus geniculatus (= pretectalis superficialis), a complex valvula cerebelli and a corpus glomerulosum with a clear neuropile centre. The quantitative analysis of the main subdivisions of the brain, either from relative volumes or from indices, shows small olfactory bulbs (microsmy) but important telencephalic and diencephalic centres, large tectal centres (vision) and large cerebellum (precise locomotion). Many of these peculiarities are shared by other fishes inhabiting coral reefs. The differences between the two families seem to be primarily correlated with food habits: the angelfishes, which are sponge-feeders and may have an overweight due to the ballast of the sponge-skeleton in their digestive tract, and which do not need either such good vision or such precise locomotion to pick up their prey, could be a little less encephalized than the butterflyfishes.     

Discriminative and reinforcing stimulus properties of music for rats

We trained rats to discriminate music by Bach from that by Stravinsky using operant conditioning. The rats successfully learned the discrimination and transferred their discrimination to novel music by the same artists. Then, we trained rats on concurrent-chain schedule in which the terminal links were associated with different music, Bach or Stravinsky. The rats did not show strong preference for either style of music, although one subject showed a preference for Bach and another subject preferred Stravinsky. Finally, we examined the validity of the concurrent-chain procedure as a method of preference measurement with conspecific vocalization evoked by an aversive experience. Most of the rats preferred white noise to the conspecific vocalization. Therefore, music has a discriminative stimulus property but not a clear reinforcing property for rats.     

Tarsier brain component composition and its implications for systematics

The taxonomic position ofTarsius has been a topic of some debate. Recent molecular and anatomical studies have shoen that tarsiers share a number of derived traits with Anthropoids. These include aspects of their reporductive biology and aspects of their olfactory and visual systems. It has, therefore, been suggested that, despite a number of convergences with strepsirhine primates, tarsiers should be classified with the Anthropoid primates. We use comparative analyses of relative primate brain part volumes to determine whetherTarsius should be classified as a Haplorhine. We show that, for each of seven brain components whose relative size discriminates unequivocally between Strepsirhines and Haplorhines, the tarsiers fall in the Haplorhine distribution. These results confirm their classification with the Haplorhines.