中国境内睫毛婆婆纳生态特征研究

睫毛婆婆纳是地中海周缘地区的重要农田杂草 ,对其个体生理生态学和种群生态位研究表明 ,睫毛婆婆纳种子在通气性良好的土壤中具有高的萌发率 ;含水量为 1 0～2 0 %的土壤 ,有利于其种子萌发 ;种子萌发对 pH值要求并不严格 ;低温能促进其种子萌发 ;光合作用特征与波斯婆婆纳比较接近 ,属于耐阴植物 ;种子呼吸强度比同属其它杂草略低 ;种群在南京地区的实际生态位宽度比同属的波斯婆婆纳、婆婆纳要小 .生态位重叠值计测表明 ,睫毛婆婆纳与同属的两种杂草有最为相似的生态要求 .     

胶孢炭疽菌婆婆纳专化型侵染波斯婆婆纳的影响因子的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了真菌自身生物学特性、杂草生长状况和环境因素等对胶孢炭疽菌婆婆纳专化型菌株QZ－97a侵染波斯婆婆纳的影响。结果表明,子叶期和衰老斯波斯婆婆纳感病性最强;培养7－14d后的孢子侵染力最强;病害发生的最佳温度范围是15－25℃;在保湿2－3d的条件下,露期中间的光照时间越短,病害发生越严重;保湿也可通过添加玉米粉和黄粉等介质来解决;达到理想致病效果的该菌株孢子悬浮液浓度必须在10^7个.ml^-1以上,由此可见,菌株QZ－97a在波斯婆婆纳发生时期的环境条件下可有效控制该杂草。     

杂草种子寿命的研究

1976—1978年先后把稗、看麦娘、藜、猪殃殃等24种农田主要杂草种子分别埋入水田和旱田(棉麦)的土壤内,每年挖出一部分种子进行发芽试验,测定其存活率,8年试验结果表明,经4年后稗草种子在水田内还有34.2—52.5%发芽率,至第7年全部死亡;而在旱田内经2年,只有8.7%的发芽率,第三年死亡率达100.0%;看麦娘、硬草、棒头草种子在水田内2年发芽率分别为39.3%,62.7%、33.3%,而在旱田内2年后死亡率达100.0%;猪殃殃、波斯婆婆纳的种子在旱田中2年内的发芽率为57.0%、80.0%,但在水田内其死亡率达98.7%、100.0%;马齿苋的种子在旱田内经7年发芽率为33.3%;而水田内为23.0%。在水、旱不同条件下,不同杂草种子的寿命是不一样的,这将为水旱轮作防除农田杂草提供了理论依据。     

南京市春季外来杂草调查及生态位研究

利用样方法调查了南京市不同生境下外来杂草的种类、盖度、密度情况,探讨了不同生境中外来杂草对杂草群落的影响,同时分析了10种主要外来杂草和本地伴生种的生态位特点.结果表明,南京市春季外来杂草有36种,在74个样点中外来杂草出现的频率达到98.65%;外来杂草的入侵对生物多样性有不利影响;外来杂草平均优势度在不同生境中大小次序为:水边>菜地>荒地>路旁>景区>田埂>草坪>果茶园>墙缝>农田>宅旁>山坡.生态位的研究结果表明:野塘蒿 Conyzabonariensis L. Cronq. 、野老鹳草 GeraniumcarolinianumL. 和阿拉伯婆婆纳 VeronicapersicaPoir. 是生态位宽度最高的外来杂草,其入侵性最强;具有较高生态位宽度的外来杂草与其它杂草的生态位重叠较大,具有相似形态特征的杂草间的生态位重叠较大.     

开封市郊区主要生境外来杂草生态位

2005春秋2季对开封市郊农田、果园、菜地、撂荒地不同生境外来杂草进行了调查,并采用定量分析方法,研究了外来杂草和本地杂草种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值。结果表明：本调查共记录外来杂草11种,春季7种,秋季7种,共同种3个;春季加拿大蓬、婆婆纳相对多度较高,分别是0．239、0．111;秋季相对多度较高的外来杂草为香附子,为0．409;春季加拿大蓬的生态位较宽,为0．854;秋季生态位较宽的外来杂草为牛筋草、反枝苋、香附子,分别是0．986,0．822,0．807。外来杂草与本地杂草的重叠值主要分布在0．5以下,在资源利用方面二者存在分化,因而外来杂草在种群扩展方面存在一定的优势。     

光照强度与氮肥施用水平对麦田杂草婆婆纳和离子草的生长及其竞争关系的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了光照强度、氮肥施用水平对两种麦田杂草婆婆纳与离子草的生长及其竞争关系的影响。结果表明,在弱光照强度下,婆婆纳、离子草地上与地下部分的生长都相应减弱,但在施用高量氮肥时,婆婆纳植株能萌发更多的叶片以适应弱光照强度条件;增施氮肥,无论是在弱或强光照强度下都有利于婆婆纳的生长,但在弱光照强度下并不显著促进离子草的生长。当土壤中含有丰富的磷、钾养分时,婆婆纳的相对竞争能力要大于离子草,且光照强度与氮肥施用水平不能改变它的竞争优势。     

金华市郊10种杂草的热值和灰分含量及其适应意义

在金华市郊,选择了婆婆纳(Veronica didyma)、水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)、车前(Plantago asiatica)、北美车前(Plantago virginica)、毛茛(Ranunculus japonicus)、商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)、鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji)、早熟禾(Poa annua)、北美独行菜(Lepidium virginicum)、窃衣(Torilis japonica)等10种常见杂草,测定了生殖生长时期这些杂草不同器官的热值和灰分含量。研究结果表明, 10种杂草花穗、叶、茎和根的干重热值的平均值分别为15.942、14.293、13.344和13.463 kJ/g,去灰分热值平均为16.983、16.219、14.480和15.233 kJ/g,整体上表现出花穗 > 叶 > 根 > 茎的趋势;10种杂草的花穗、叶、茎和根中的平均灰分含量为6.127%、11.899%、8.071%、11.383%,叶片和根中的灰分含量较高,花穗与茎中的较低。对于北美车前来讲,随着生长时间的推移,北美车前的营养器官热值下降,随着种群密度的上升,北美车前的繁殖器官干重热值上升。采取低热值策略可能是杂草适应严酷环境的选择方式,具有进化上的积极意义。     

武汉生物工程学院草害种类的调查与防治措施

连续四年对武汉生物工程学院草害的种类和发生规律进行了调查,结果表明:校园里的杂草共有53种,隶属于20个目27个科,其中猪殃殃、野豌豆、婆婆纳、接骨木、乌敛莓和飞蓬等杂草比较严重,同时也针对各种杂草提出了有效的防治措施。     

外来杂草在我国的危害性及其管理对策

外来杂草已对我国的农作物生产、果园、草坪、环境和生物多样性等赞成了严重危害。外来杂草之所以能在传入地产生危害,与它们所具有的特性和当地缺乏环境阻力密切相关。对外来杂草的管理应从防止外来杂草传入和对现有的外来杂草初稿除两方面采取措施。防止传入的措施包括：（1）加强植物检疫;（2）建立外来植物引种驯化的风险性评价制度;（3）鼓励利用本土植物。对现有外来杂草的防除,则应采取综合性的防除措施：（1）防治生态破坏;（2）开展外来杂草的生物控制;（3）利用经济植物进行生境替代控制;（4）开展对外来杂草的利用。     

外域杂草的产生、传播及生物与生态学特性的分析

本文分析了浙江省境内较近期传入的外域杂草区系成分,介绍了我国一些常见外域杂草的产生及传播特点,并通过对北美车前（Ｐｌａｎｔａｇｏｖｉｒｇｉｎｉｃａ）繁殖机制,种群生态、分布及危害特点等方面的研究．阐述了外域杂草所具的生物与生态学特性．     

The Monomolecular and Rectangular Hyperbola as Empirical Models of the Response of Photosynthetic Rate to Photon Flux Density, with Applications to Three Veronica Species

The properties of the rectangular hyperbola and monomolecularfunctions, with respect to the photosynthesis/photon flux density(PFD) relationship, are discussed, and the shortcomings of theformer are highlighted. Both models were fitted to data acquiredfrom three closely related Veronica species of contrasting ecology.The non-linear regression algorithms give estimates, with standarderrors, of light saturated photosynthetic rate, light compensationpoint, dark respiration rate, and photochemical efficiency atlow PFD. While the rectangular hyperbola gave almost as gooda fit to the data as the monomolecular for each species, thelight saturated photosynthetic rate estimate given by the formerwas always unacceptably high in comparison with that indicatedby the obvious trend of the data. Moreover, this tendency wasaccentuated if near-saturating PFDs were removed from data sets,and there was a tendency for the fitting algorithm to becomeunstable. No such problems were encountered with the monomolecularfunction, and it is suggested that this be used whenever a simpleempirical model is required to analyze photosynthesis/PFD data. Veronica montana L, Veronica chamaedrys L, Veronica officinalis L, wood speedwell, Germander speedwell, common speedwell, empirical mathematical model, monomolecular function, rectangular hyperbola function, nonlinear regression, photosynthesis, photon flux density, light saturated photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, photochemical efficiency, dark respiration rate     

Which stem parts of Slender speedwell (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Veronica filiformis</Emphasis>) are the most successful in plant regeneration?

Regeneration of Slender speedwell (Veronica filiformis) from small parts of stem without using stimulative agents was the focus of the investigation. Four different short fragments of shoot (main terminal, secondary terminal, nodal segment and internodal segment) were cultivated under greenhouse and natural conditions. All tested vegetative segments induced roots, rooted in a soil substrate and in a semi-natural lawn, survived winter, and flowered. Multiplication of clonal plants was confirmed for both the main and secondary terminal segments. These terminal segments had the best response in number of growing individuals, flowering stems, and weight of dried biomass. The manipulative experiment revealed that clonal success of speedwell is connected with possibilities to hive off of all tested above-ground segments. Establishment of plantlets from the segment in natural condition was not successful when accompanied by certain grass species.     

Rate of Change in Dormancy Level and Light Requirement in Weed Seeds During Stratification

The rate of change in dormancy level and light requirement,induced during stratification at 3.2 °C, was investigatedin seeds ofStellaria media, Cerastium fontanum, Veronica agrestisandTaraxacumofficinale.Two stratification environments, soil and wet filterpaper in petri-dishes, were used. On nine occasions during a6 week stratification period, germination was tested under threelight conditions at 3.5/18.5 °C: (1) darkness; (2) light;and (3) short-term light exposure followed by darkness. Priorto stratification, germination in all species was 89% in lightand 53% in darkness. Within 2 weeks of stratification, germinabilityinV. agrestisandS. mediaseeds decreased in all treatments. InC.fontanumandT. officinaleseeds, germinability also decreasedafter 2 weeks but only in the dark treatment, indicating inductionof a light requirement. After two more weeks of stratification,the induced dormancy inS. mediaseeds stratified in soil becameweaker and the light requirement inT. officinaleseeds was lost.Differences between the two stratification environments and/orinteractions between light conditions, stratification environmentsand time were found for all species. These results suggest that:(1) the dormancy level and the light requirement of seeds maychange dramatically over relatively short-time periods duringstratification; and (2) germinability depends on the stratificationenvironment experienced by the seeds. Predicting the dormancylevel or light requirement in a seed batch is difficult andrequires a thorough knowledge of the effect of the stratificationconditions used.Copyright 1997 Annals of Botany Company Burial; Cerastium fontanumBaumg.; chickweed; cold stratification; common mouse-ear; dandelion; dormancy; light requirement; seed; Stellaria media(L.) Vill.; speedwell; Taraxacum officinalegroup; Veronica agrestisL.; weed     

On the Validity of the Genus Cochlidiosperma Reichenb. (Scrophulariaceae) as Supported by Additional Palynological Evidence

The pollen grains of Cochlidiosperma (Veronica) hederifolia and C. (Veronica) cymbalaria were examined under SEM and TEM. They differ vastly from those of all the others in Veronica (sensu Elenevskij, 1977, 1978). The taxonomic relationship between the group and the other Veronica spp. is discussed with respect to both gross morphology and pollen characters. Justification for the restoration of the genus as a valid taxon is argued and, finally, a number of new combinations are proposed. The group under consideration was sometimes treated as a separate genus but more often given different ranks in the genus Veronica, which has been a controversial group as to its concept and subdivision. No detail discussion has been made before on the relationship between the group and Veronica. Main purpose of the present mork is to examine pollen morphology and gross morphology of the group and to discussits relationship with Veronica.     

Iridoid glucosides of Paederota lutea and the relationships between Paederota and Veronica

In a chemical investigation of the water soluble compounds in Paederota lutea eight known iridoids were isolated together with a new one with a 8,9-double bond, namely paederotoside (10-O-benzoyl-6'-O-alpha-arabino(1-->6)-beta-glucopyranosyl arborescosidic acid) and the 6-hydroxy-flavone glucoside 4'-O-methylscutellarein 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside. The known iridoid glucosides were 8-epiloganic acid, gardoside, aucubin, catalpol and the 6-O-esters of catalpol: veronicoside, catalposide, amphicoside and verproside. The compounds isolated show that Paederota has a glycoside content almost identical to that of a general Veronica species, and this is in good agreement with the results from recent investigations of the phylogeny of Veronica and its closest relatives, where Paederota is placed as a sister-group next to Veronica. In an analysis of the iridoid glucosides from some of these relatives, it is shown that Veronica, Paederota, Picrorhiza and Veronicastrum are all characterized by containing 6-O-esters of catalpol. Some less closely related taxa namely: Lagotis, Wulfenia, Plantago, Aragoa and Globularia instead contain 10-O-esters of catalpol or aucubin.     

Effect of Chilling Temperatures on the Protoplasmic Streaming of Plants from Different Climates

A microscope mount was designed so that specimen temperaturescould be monitored and controlled without impairing phase contrastoptics and used to measure rates of protoplasmic streaming between0 and 25 ?C in trichome cells of Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersiconhirsutum, Citrullus vulgaris, Tradescantia albiflora, Digitalispurpurea, and Veronica persica. Between 10 and 20 ?C the rates of streaming varied from 2–6µm s^–1 depending on the temperature, and differencesbetween the species were small. The temperature coefficientof streaming rates was found to increase as the temperaturewas lowered so that the plot of log rate against temperaturehad a steeper slope at the lower temperatures. The largest temperature cofficients were for the warmth-requiringL. esculentum (tomato) and C. vulgaris (water melon), and thesmallest for the temperate-zone plants V. persica (speedwell)and D. purpurea (foxglove). The changes in rate always occurredover a range of temperature; no ‘critical temperature’wasobserved below which streaming abruptly stopped and above whichit was active, although the amount of streaming as well as therate decreased as the lowest temperatures were approached. The temperatures experienced by the specimens during the experimentdid not affect the recovery of normal streaming rates betweenabout 10 and 20 ?C. In a population of a wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb.and Bonpl., collected from different altitudes in Peru and Ecuador,i.e. from locations of different environmental temperature,the rate of protoplasmic streaming at 5 ?C was greatest in thevarieties collected from the highest altitudes. The resultssuggest that streaming rates correlate with genetic adaptationto low temperature in the species examined.     

New combination in Veronica （Scrophulariaceae s.l.） based on morphological characters and the seed storage protein polymorphism

Veronica erciyasdagi （M. A. Fischer） C. Vural comb. ＆ stat. nov., previously regarded as a variety, is proposed as a new combination, based on the morphological characters and seed storage protein polymorphism presented in this study. In addition, information about the ecology and conservation status of Veronica erciyasdagi was reported. This taxon is endemic to central Anatolia, Turkey and is critically endangered.     

New combination in Veronica (Scrophulariaceae s.l.) based on morphological characters and the seed storage protein polymorphism

Veronica erciyasdagi (M. A. Fischer) C. Vural comb. & stat. nov., previously regarded as a variety, is proposed as a new combination, based on the morphological characters and seed storage protein polymorphism presented in this study. In addition, information about the ecology and conservation status of Veronica erciyasdagi was reported. This taxon is endemic to central Anatolia, Turkey and is critically endangered.     

New combination in Veronica (Scrophulariaceae s.l.)based on morphological characters and the seed storage protein polymorphism

Veronica erciyasdagi (M. A. Fischer) C. Vural comb. & stat. Nov., previously regarded as a variety, is proposed as a new combination, based on the morphological characters and seed storage protein polymorphism presented in this study. In addition, information about the ecology and conservation status of Veronica erciyas-dagi was reported. This taxon is endemic to central Anatolia, Turkey and is critically endangered.