细菌的GC%鉴定法

<正>DNA的化学组成及构造 脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)担负着生物的所有遗传信息,从细胞水平来看,它可能是信息表达的兰图,细胞分裂时形成两个相同的分子(这叫做复制),分配给两个子细胞,使之遗传下去。其化学基本单位是由1分子脱氧核糖,1分子磷酸及1分子碱基(4种中的某一种)所构成,称为核苷酸。如图1所示,4种碱基乃是2种嘌呤碱基,即腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤和2种嘧啶碱基,即胸腺嘧啶,胞嘧啶。腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶之间能形成     

生物工程技术讲座(九)

双链的DNA分子是由一条单链上的碱基与另一条单链上碱基相配对组成。分子中的碱基腺嘌呤(A)和胸腺嘧啶(T)间有两处,鸟嘌呤(G)和胞嘧啶(C)间有三处通过氢(H)结合配对,形成双链间的对应互补。由H在双链分子间形成的结合虽稳定,但是可逆的即经加热或碱     

碱金属离子——Na~ 与 DNA 中碱基,配对碱基,双联体↓■↑、↓■↑的相互作用

本文根据分子中原子和离子之间非键相互作用的半经验势函数,并应用BFGS变尺度法进行最优化处理而研究Na~ 与脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)中碱基(胞嘧啶(C)、鸟嘌呤(G)、腺嘌呤(A)、胸腺嘧啶(T)),配对碱基G—C、A—T 碱基对,螺旋双联体↓■↑、↓■↑等的相互作用,得到了它们各自的最优配位模式。     

小麦花药培养中小孢子DNA合成的放射自显影研究

用放射自显影术研究小麦花药培养中小孢子的雄核发育,发现培养24小时后3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入单核晚期小孢子,2．5天后营养细胞核中有3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入,由A和B途径形成多细胞花粉的过程中,超始几次孢子体分裂,细胞的DNA合成是同步进行的。在多细胞花粉形成时逐渐变为不同步,生殖核的DNA合成不活跃,偶而能被标记上,个别合成DNA的生殖细胞形成类胚柄结构,当培养基中蔗糖浓度低（3％）时,培养早期小孢子内核的DNA合成正常进行,3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷比高糖浓度（9％）更易惨入小孢子,但经1－2次分裂后,核不再分裂,细胞壁不形成,所以3％的糖浓度中,多细胞花粉不能形成,主要不是DNA不能复制,而是细胞分裂和细胞壁的形成受阻所致。     

小麦花药培养中小孢子DNA合成的放射自显影研究

用放射自显影术研究小麦花药培养中小孢子的雄核发育,发现培养24小时后3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入单核晚期小孢子,2．5天后营养细胞核中有3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入,由A和B途径形成多细胞花粉的过程中,超始几次孢子体分裂,细胞的DNA合成是同步进行的。在多细胞花粉形成时逐渐变为不同步,生殖核的DNA合成不活跃,偶而能被标记上,个别合成DNA的生殖细胞形成类胚柄结构,当培养基中蔗糖浓度低（3％）时,培养早期小孢子内核的DNA合成正常进行,3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷比高糖浓度（9％）更易惨入小孢子,但经1－2次分裂后,核不再分裂,细胞壁不形成,所以3％的糖浓度中,多细胞花粉不能形成,主要不是DNA不能复制,而是细胞分裂和细胞壁的形成受阻所致。     

4-硫代胸腺嘧和4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷结构的光谱研究（英文）

采用拉曼和UV光谱研究了抗癌药物4-硫代胸腺嘧和4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷的特征结构,确定了药物在酸性、中性和碱性环境下的结构变化。研究结果表明,在酸性和中性溶液中,4-硫代胸腺嘧和4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷被强烈质子化,而在碱性环境中则是去质子化,同时,4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷的质子化和去质子化比4-硫代胸腺嘧弱,说明氢键的结合对4-硫代胸腺嘧的NH质子和溶液分子之间的相互作用具有重要影响。     

4-硫代胸腺嘧和4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷结构的光谱研究

采用拉曼和 UV 光谱研究了抗癌药物4-硫代胸腺嘧和4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷的特征结构,确定了药物在酸性、中性和碱性环境下的结构变化。研究结果表明,在酸性和中性溶液中,4-硫代胸腺嘧和4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷被强烈质子化,而在碱性环境中则是去质子化,同时,4-硫胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷的质子化和去质子化比4-硫代胸腺嘧弱,说明氢键的结合对4-硫代胸腺嘧的 NH 质子和溶液分子之间的相互作用具有重要影响。     

细胞培养中的支原体污染问题(续)

6.放射性同位素自显影方法可用~(?)H标记的胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷或尿嘧啶核苷自显影实验检查支原体的污染。此法的简单原理是:无污染的正常细胞在S期(DNA合成期)可摄取大量的胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷到细胞核中。而当细胞被污染后,培养液的胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷被支原体的嘌呤嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶     

BrdU抗体染色技术检测昆虫器官的细胞增殖

BrdU(5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine)是一种人工合成的核苷酸类似物,常用于标记活体组织的增殖细胞。它的结构类似于胸腺嘧啶,在细胞分裂的S期,可以取代胸腺嘧啶而插入正在复制的细胞DNA中。通过免疫组化手段,用BrdU抗体检测整合在细胞DNA中的BrdU分子,可以反映出细胞周期的活力,即细胞增殖的速率。本文介绍一种优化的BrdU染色流程,用来标记昆虫小器官的细胞增殖速率。通过这种技术,我们重新评估了Dpp信号通路中的转录抑制因子Brinker在翅芽发育过程中调控细胞增殖的作用,发现它并不是以前所认为的在翅囊区是一种生长抑制因子。     

姜黄素与DNA相互作用的电化学研究

目的:利用电化学方法研究姜黄素与小牛胸腺双链DNA的相互作用,考察离子强度对姜黄素与DNA相互作用方式的影响.探讨姜黄素与DNA相互作用的机理.方法:在5 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl(pH 7.0)溶液中,在不同离子强度下,考察姜黄素在ds-DNA修饰玻碳电极上的姜黄素氧化峰电流及式电位的变化情况.结果:在低离子强度下,姜黄素主要通过静电作用与DNA结合.高离子强度下,姜黄素主要通过嵌入作用与DNA结合.结论:电化学方法是研究姜黄素与电极表面固定化小牛胸腺双链DNA的相互作用的一种简单的方法.     

Inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha by gossypol

Our earlier studies have shown that gossypol is a specific inhibitor of DNA synthesis in cultured cells at low doses. In an attempt to determine the mechanism for the inhibition of DNA synthesis by gossypol we observed that gossypol does not interact with DNA per se but may affect some of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. These studies indicated that gossypol inhibits both in vivo and in vitro the activity of DNA polymerase alpha (EC 2.7.7.7), a major enzyme involved in DNA replication, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analysis revealed that gossypol acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha with respect to all four deoxynucleotide triphosphates and to the activated DNA template. Inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha does not appear to be due to either metal chelation or reduction of sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme. Gossypol also inhibited HeLa DNA polymerase beta in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on DNA polymerase gamma. These results suggest that inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha may account in part for the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the S-phase block caused by gossypol. The data also raise the possibility that gossypol may interfere with DNA repair processes as well.     

棉酚甲酸对金鱼精子质膜的影响

利用冷冻断裂-蚀刻制样技术,在超微结构水平上研究了棉酚甲酸对金鱼精子质膜内蛋白颗粒排列图式(包括晶格区)的影响.结果表明,棉酚甲酸能够使金鱼精子质膜内蛋白颗粒分布不匀:或者颗粒聚集成团,或者质膜内出现无颗粒区域;并且还能使质膜内特定部位晶格区的颗粒排列发生混乱.这些变化表明棉酚甲酸能使精子质膜的有序性降低,也即增加了质膜的流动性.     

Inhibition of DNA polymerase α by gossypol

Our earlier studies have shown that gossypol is a specific inhibitor of DNA synthesis in cultured cells at low doses. In an attempt to determine the mechanism for the inhibition of DNA synthesis by gossypol we observed that gossypol does not interact with DNA per se but may affect some of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. These studies indicated that gossypol inhibits both in vivo and in vitro the activity of DNA polymerase α (EC 2.7.7.7), a major enzyme involved in DNA replication, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analysis revealed that gossypol acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of DNA polymerase α with respect to all four deoxynucleotide triphosphates and to the activated DNA template. Inhibition of DNA polymerase α does not appear to be due to either metal chelation or reduction of sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme. Gossypol also inhibited HeLa DNA polymerase β in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on DNA polymerase γ. These results suggest that inhibition of DNA polymerase α may account in part for the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the S-phase block caused by gossypol. The data also raise the possibility that gossypol may interfere with DNA repair processes as well.     

Gossypol mediated DNA degradation

Gossypol, a polyphenolic compound isolated from cotton plant was found to degrade pBR322 DNA in vitro in a reaction which required the presence of a metal ion, a reducing agent (2-mercaptoethanol) and oxygen as revealed after agarose gel electrophoresis. Fe3+ and Co2+ showed maximum degradation whereas addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ prevented the gossypol mediated DNA damage. Gossypol caused degradation of rat liver DNA incubated in vitro even in the absence of added metal ions and 2-mercaptoethanol. Incubation of intact rat liver nuclei with gossypol revealed DNA degradation and nuclei isolated from rats treated with gossypol in vivo showed higher susceptibility to DNA fragmentation when incubated with gossypol in vitro than control nuclei. EcoR1 and AIuI digestion of DNA isolated from gossypol treated rats gave clear cut evidence for DNA degradation. These observations indicate that gossypol is genotoxic and considerable care has to be exercised in its use.     

棉酚对大鼠前列腺细胞增殖的影响

The effect of gossypol on prostate cells of rat was studied both in vitro and in vivo. For in vivo study, mature male Sprague Dawley rats were given gossypol orally, 5 mg/day, 5 times a week for one month. Then the prostates were examined histologically. By adding gossypol to the culture system directly, NbE-1 cells were used in vitro study. Several parameters, including histological structure, cell growth, DNA synthesis and mitotic cycle of cells were measured by different methods. The prostate size and weight in experimental rats decreased and significant differences between acini in controls and gossypol treated animals were noted. Acini of control prostate were full of protruding folds constituted by columnar epithelial cells, whereas, the most of the acini in treated animals were composing of cubic or square epithelial cells and epithelial folds were rarely seen. Thus, acini with normal appearance were about 14% less than that in controls. In the in vitro experiments, both cell proliferation and DNA synthesis decreased from 0 to 80% and from 0 to 90% respectively, when the concentrations of gossypol were increased from 0 to 20 micrograms/ml. It seems that 10 micrograms/ml of gossypol could cause the most significant inhibition in these two cellular functions. The cell mitotic assay showed that in treated groups, the cell number of S phase was decreased from 43 to 31%, this fact indicated that the inhibition on cell proliferation caused by gossypol might be due to preventing cells to enter S phase. Besides, inhibition effect on the proliferation of prostatic epithelial cells was dosage dependent and related to the duration of treatment.     

Understanding atomic bonding and electronic distributions of a DNA molecule using DFT calculation and BOLS-BC model

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an important molecule that has been extensively researched, mainly due to its structure and function. Herein, we investigated the electronic behavior of the DNA molecule containing 1008 atoms using density functional theory. The bond-charge (BC) model shows the relationship between charge density and atomic strain. Besides, the model mentioned above is combined with the bond-order-length-strength (BOLS) notion to calculate the atomic cohesive energy, the bond energy, and the local bond strain of the DNA chain. Using the BOLS-BC model, we were able to obtain information on the bonding features of the DNA chain and better comprehend the associated properties of electrons in biological systems. Consequently, this report functions as a theoretical reference for the precise regulation of the electrons and the bonding states of biological systems.     

Stereoselective coupling of hemigossypol to form (+)-gossypol in moco cotton is mediated by a dirigent protein

The terpenoid gossypol, a secondary metabolite found in the cotton plant, is synthesized by a free radical dimerization of hemigossypol. Gossypol exists as an atropisomeric mixture because of restricted rotation around the central binaphthyl bond. The dimerization of hemigossypol is regiospecific in cotton. In the case of some moco cotton, the dimerization also exhibits a high level of stereoselectivity. The mechanism that controls this stereoselective dimerization is poorly understood. In this paper, we demonstrate that a dirigent protein controls this stereoselective dimerization process. A partially purified protein preparation from cotton flower petals, which by itself is unable to convert hemigossypol to gossypol, converts hemigossypol with a 30% atropisomeric excess into (+)-gossypol when combined with an exogenous laccase, which by itself produces racemic gossypol.     

The binding of protamines to DNA; Role of protamine phosphorylation

The thermodynamics of protamine-DNA interaction was investigated with clupeine Z from herring labeled at its amino terminus with fluorescein. The ionic strength dependence, the influence of protamine phosphorylation, of the native DNA conformation, using native and heat-denatured DNA, and of the protamine primary structure, using two oligoarginine peptides of similar length as the clupeine, was thoroughly studied. The unusually high cooperativity of interaction found is strictly correlated to the native DNA conformation and the protamine primary structure. Cooperativity is explained by cross-linking of DNA segments resulting in an increase of the negative charge density. The importance of protamine phosphorylation lies in the fact that thermodynamically governed interaction with DNA and favorable cross-linking of DNA are shifted to physiologically reasonable ionic strengths.Abbreviations FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate - FTC-clupeine clupeine labeled at its amino terminus with fluorescein via a thiocarbamate bond     

Cytotoxic effect of gossypol on colon carcinoma cells

Gossypol, a male contraceptive drug extracted from cottonseeds, has been found to have antiproliferative activity on tumour cells and is thought to be a potential anticancer drug. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of gossypol-induced cell death on two colon carcinoma cell lines, HT29 and LoVo. Firstly, we studied the effect of gossypol on the colony forming ability of these tumour cells, which is the main target of chemotherapeutic drugs. Using clonogenic assays, flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis techniques, we have found that gossypol not only inhibited colony forming ability of these tumour cells, but we also observed cellular internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the cells treated with 3 doses of gossypol and this was accompanied by the appearance of a sub-G1 apoptotic peak and morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Our results suggest that the gossypol induced cell death is via an apoptotic pathway and the effect of gossypol may not be cell cycle specific. Using Western blotting analysis, we found that the gossypol-induced apoptosis may not be involved in the regulation of p53 but possibly associated with the regulation of bcl-2 and Bax expression. Our evidence indicates that gossypol may provide a potential therapeutic benefit for the treatment of colon carcinoma and understanding the mechanisms of gossypol-induced cytotoxicity on tumour cells is essential for including this drug in clinical use.