History of ichnology

William Buckland not only was an eccentric scientist either liked or disliked by his peers but, in the early 1800s, was also the foremost authority on coprolites. The latter were a source of considerable amusement to some of his friends.     

History of ichnology

The animal (as opposed to the fucoidal) origin of Rusophycus and numerous other traces was well understood by Dawson nearly a decade before the appearance of the first writings by Nathorst on this subject. Dawson also understood the toponomic processes by which trilobite traces were preserved as sole casts or hypichnia.     

家蚕抗菌肽CM4对大肠杆菌超微结构影响的研究*(简报)

The effect of antibacterial peptide CM4 of Bombyx mori against E. coll K12 was investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultrastructural changes of E. coli K12 were observed by the challenge of the purified antibacterial peptide CM4. The results showed that the antibacterial peptide caused a series of pathological changes on E. coli. SEM and TEM revealed aggregates of bacteria and SEM revealed wrin-kled bacterial surfaces in the early stage. Thereafter, plasmolysis was observed with irregular holes appearing in the two ends of bacteria and the cytoplasmic contents of the cells leaking out. Finally, bacteria became empty vesicles and disintegrated into small fragments subsequently. Comparatively, the bacterial membrane was normal and the bacterial structure remained intact in the control group.     

猪肠毒素源性大肠杆菌K88ac粘附抗原的核苷酸序列分析

 本文对国内流行的猪肠毒素源性大肠杆菌K88ac抗原的结构基因的核苷酸序列进行了测定。该基因由849对核苷酸组成,编码了283个氨基酸的蛋白亚单位及21个氨基酸的信号肽。与国外报道的K88ac序列的不同是我们发现一个碱基的点突变,导致在抗原决定簇内一个氨基酸的改变。从核苷酸序列推导出的氨基酸序列与另两种亚型进行了比较。     

大肠杆菌K5产肝素前体heparosan的研究进展

肝素是一种被广泛临床应用的抗凝血药物多糖。Heparosan是某些细菌荚膜中的GAG成分,其二糖骨架结构与脊椎动物中的肝素类似,可以作为肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素的生物合成前体。本文综述了肝素及肝素前体heparosan的功能与应用,heparosan在大肠杆菌K5中合成转运相关酶的研究,以及发酵法生产heparosan的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Ammonium and Methylammonium Transport in Egeria densa Leaves in Conditions of Different H+ Pump Activity

Previous data in Egeria densa leaves demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect of Cs⁺ on passive K⁺ influx and on K⁺-induced, ATP-dependent electrogenic proton extrusion. In this paper we analyzed, using the same material, the effects of Cs⁺ on ammonium (NH₄⁺) and methylammonium (CH₃NH₃⁺) transport in order to elucidate whether a common transport system for K⁺ and NH₄⁺ could be demonstrated. The effects of Cs⁺ on NH₄⁺- and CH₃NH₃⁺-induced titratable H⁺ extrusion (–ΔH⁺) and on transmembrane electrical potential difference (E_m) in E. densa leaves were analyzed in parallel. All experiments were run either in the absence or presence of fusicoccin, corresponding to low or high H⁺-ATPase activity and membrane hyperpolarization and leading, in this material, to respectively active or passive transport of K⁺. The results suggest the presence in E. densa leaves of two distinct pathways for NH₄⁺ uptake: one in common with NH₄⁺ and (with lower affinity) CH₃NH₃⁺, insensitive to Cs⁺, and a second system, operating at higher H⁺-ATPase activity and E_m hyperpolarization, strongly inhibited by Cs⁺ and impermeable to CH₃NH₃⁺. In agreement with this hypothesis, Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with the KAT1 RNA of Arabidopsis thaliana were permeable to K⁺ and NH₄⁺, but not to CH₃NH₃⁺.     

K88大肠杆菌菌毛蛋白发酵工艺条件优化研究

分别采用LB培养基、牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基、强化营养培养基、玉米浆培养基对大肠杆菌K88进行发酵培养,选出最适于大肠杆菌K88生长的玉米浆培养基;采用正交实验对玉米浆培养基的C／N、K2HPO4／KH2PO4、Mg^2＋的配比进行优化,筛选最适于大肠杆菌K88生长的营养配比;研究生长曲线、接种量以及菌体和菌毛生产量的相关性,根据实验结果优化发酵培养条件,确定菌种的最佳发酵工艺,以收获最多的K88菌毛蛋白。研究表明,K88大肠杆菌在玉米浆培养基C／N、K2HP04／KH2PO4的配比分别为5／11、1／1,Mg^2＋为0．1g/mL,pH值为7．2,转速为200r／min,接种量为4．5％的条件下发酵26个小时,菌体和菌毛生产量均达到高峰,同时得出菌毛蛋白产生量和菌体量成正相关。     

细菌在阴离子交换树脂上的吸附研究

报道了细菌 (E .coliK12和S .aureus)在阴离子交换树脂 (SuperQ和DEAE)上的静态吸附行为。采用静态法测定 30℃以及 37℃下E .coliK12和S .aureus在SuperQ和DEAE上的吸附等温线 ,分别用Freundlich和Langmuir方程拟合。实验表明 ,用Fre undlich方程拟合 ,得到较为满意的结果 ,其相关系数最大为 0 .995 ,最小为 0 .991;Freundlich等温线指数 1/n =0 .3～ 0 .4 ;而且在30℃下比在 37℃下更有利于吸附。同样采用静态法测定了吸附量随pH值的变化趋势。结果表明 ,对E .coliK12和S .aureus在SuperQ上的吸附 ,pH >6 .0～ 7.0的吸附量较pH2 .0～ 5 .0之间的多。     

The History and Theory of the Zagorsk Experiment

This paper is the first of a series of articles dealing with the history and theory of the Zagorsk experiment. A number of philosophers and psychologists have realized the importance of rearing and educating deaf-blind children in the Soviet Union as they believe it reveals the secret of the origin of the human personality. This paper also examines the Zagorsk experiment’s “canonical version,” the Marxist philosophical and psychological interpretations of educating deaf-blind children, and raises the question of whether the facts fit these interpretations. It contends that the Zagorsk experiment expressed the spirit and metaphysics of the Soviet epoch.     

In vitro activation of yeast pro-carboxypeptidase Y expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli

The genes encoding pro-carboxypeptidase Ys (pro-CPYs) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula polymorpha were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Most of the expressed pro-CPY was present in the form of inclusion bodies, accounting for about 35% of the total cellular protein. The inclusion bodies solubilized in 6 M guanidinum chloride were renatured by dilution 1:60 into renaturation buffer. Further refolding and activation were followed by the addition of 60 g ml_–1 proteinase K into the diluted solution. The specific activities of in vitro activated S. cerevisiae and H. polymorpha CPYs were found to be similar, representing about 25% of that of native S. cerevisiae CPY.     

Polymorphism and inheritance of swine small intestinal receptors mediating adhesion of three serological variants of Escherichia coli-producing K88 pilus antigen

Summary. Brush borders, enterocytes, or both preparations obtained from the small intestine of 345 pedigreed pigs, carrying components of seven breeds, were tested by adhesion assay in vitro with 6–32 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, each expressing one of the three K88 pilus antigens, K88ab, K88ac and K88ad. With few exceptions, all pigs were classified as belonging to one of four adhesion phenotypes: I – corresponding to K88ab(-),ac(-),ad(-); II – K88ab(-),ac(+),ad(+); III – K88ab(+),ac(+),ad(-); and IV – K88ab(+),ac(+),ad(+). The non-adhering phenotype I was found to be the most frequent among the pigs tested, with the exception of one commercial herd, and this phenotype seems to be inherited as a recessive trait. The remaining three phenotypes are adhering, or are susceptible to adherence by one K88 variant, K88ad (phenotype II), by two variants, K88ab,ac (phenotype III), or by all three K88 variants, K88ab,ac,ad (phenotype IV). Phenotype II was found to be at low frequency, whereas III and IV occurred with similar frequencies. While the prevailing phenomenon was the bacterial adhesion to all, or none, of the brush borders, some pigs exhibited both adhering and non-adhering brush borders, a mixed adherence phenotype. Preliminary segregation data, obtained from the F1 generation, seem to indicate that phenotypes III and IV correspond to two haplotypes with genes at two or three closely linked loci respectively. An alternative hypothesis is that the phenotypes [II and IV are expressions of alleles at a single locus, each allele specifying a receptor able to bind two or three different serological types of K88 E. coli.     

糖化终末产物对大肠杆菌增殖与粘附的影响

糖化终末产物(AGEs)具有广泛的致病作用,但对细菌的生物学特性有何影响尚未见报道.通过倾注培养计数菌落数、E.coli K12β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定和计数E.coli K12粘附尿道上皮细胞的数目等,观察了培养液中加入不同浓度AGEs,对E.coli K12增殖与粘附的影响.与对照组相比,实验组平板中菌落数明显增多,E.coli K12β半乳糖苷酶活性明显升高,尿道上皮细胞粘附的细菌数显著增多,并随AGEs的浓度增高而增加.表明AGEs能够促进E.coli K12增殖,增强E.coli K12对尿道上皮细胞粘附的能力.结果提示AGEs可能对E.coli K12致病过程中有一定的促进作用.     

Two New Species and Rivision of two Specific names of Euonymus

In this paper,two new species of Euonymus are described from China. They are Euonymus jinfoshanensis Z. M. Gu and Euonymus xylocarpus C. Y.Cheng et Z. M. Gu. And the specific names of two species are revised.     

Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing recombinant K99 adhesive fimbriae has an inhibitory effect on adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

The most common enteric colibacillosis in neonatal and newborns is caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC). Colonization of ETEC in the small intestine is associated with adhesions using fimbriae, which is known as a specific adhesion factor and provides highly specific means for anchoring and prerequisite for an infectious agent. In the present study we have engineered Lactobacillus acidophilus to produce recombinant K99 fimbriae, which is used for the colonization to the intestine of pigs. The expression of K99 fimbrial protein was confirmed using SDS-PAGE, immunoblot and agglutination analyses. To evaluate a function of the K99 fimbrial protein, inhibition and competition tests were performed on pre-screened intestinal brush border from pigs. The tests showed that recombinant L. acidophilus, not control L. acidophilus, had a significant inhibitory effect to and competition against K99+ E. coli in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, we demonstrated that recombinant K99 fimbriae producing L. acidophilus was able to prevent E. coli binding to intestinal brush border.     

钙结合蛋白D-9K基因原核表达载体的构建、表达产物纯化及其多克隆抗体的制备

本研究构建了pBV220/CabpD-9k-βhCG表达质粒,在大肠杆菌TG-1中进行表达,得到了CabpD-9k-βhCG融合蛋白。SDS-PAGE分析显示融合蛋白的分子量约为34.5KD。Western blot结果表明,融合蛋白与兔抗人hCGIgG特异结合。用纯化的融合蛋白免疫C57BL小鼠,制备了多克隆抗体,这为进一步研究钙结合蛋白D-9K在着床中的功能和子宫内膜Ca2+信号转导奠定了基础。     

Androdioecy in Kryptolebias killifish and the evolution of self‐fertilizing hermaphroditism

Kryptolebias marmoratus is an important experimental fish, and is considered to represent the only vertebrate species comprising self‐fertilizing hermaphroditic individuals. Subsequent to the discovery of this unusual mode of reproduction, approximately 50 years ago, K. marmoratus has been the focus of a series of studies. However, little is known about the evolution of this rare reproduction mode, and data on the biology of closely related species are still unavailable. The present study aimed to histologically analyse the gonads of three K. marmoratus congeners (i.e. Kryptolebias ocellatus, Kryptolebias caudomarginatus, and Kryptolebias brasiliensis) to check the distribution of features related to hermaphroditism that are useful for forming hypotheses about the origin and evolution of the self‐fertilization mode of reproduction through the available phylogenies. The data obtained demonstrate that populations of K. caudomarginatus consist of males and hermaphrodites, which supports the hypothesis that hermaphroditism arose at the base of the clade containing K. caudomarginatus, K. marmoratus, and K. ocellatus as a first step towards a more advanced condition, uniquely shared by both K. marmoratus and K. ocellatus, in which males are rare or absent in natural populations, with the subsequent occurrence of self‐fertilization. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99 , 344–349.     

New Taxa of Epimedium L. from China

Three new species and a new variety, Epimedium coactum, E. coactum var. longtouhum, E. trunctum, E. glandulosopilosum are described in this paper. The morphological characters of trichomes, cuticle of leaf surface and pollen grains of the new species and theirallies were studied under LM and SEM, and shown in plates 1-3.