真菌学报第十五卷1966年总目录

第一期南方铁杉上斑痣盘菌科一新种—铁杉小双梭抱盘菌··············.···……曹恒生侯成林黄力群叶要清(l)贵州灵芝属的种类及一新种·······.················.···························‘······················……吴兴亮张小青(4)大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌生物种的研究·,···········.··.····.···.··........······……贺伟秦国夫沈瑞祥(9)黑鳞乳菇—乳菇属一新种···················…     

Coliform concentrations in Lake Erie — 1966 to 1970

Total coliform concentrations obtained from cruises of Lake Erie, conducted from the Canada Centre for Inland Waters between 1966 and 1970, have been analysed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of total coliforms in the lake. Although year to year comparisons were made on a qualitative level due to the limitations in the data, some consistent seasonal features of the spatial distribution are evident. The location of zones of higher concentration have been attributed to proximity to large urban areas and lake currents. The contribution of fecal coliforms to the total coliform concentration has been examined with the conclusion that, at the low total coliform concentrations ( 30 per 100 ml) observed in much of the lake, there is no relationship between the two concentrations but, over a broader range, fecal coliforms increase with total coliform concentrations and, at very high total coliform concentrations (1000 per 100 ml), fecal coliforms are always present. The analysis demonstrates 1) the value of examining observed and fitted distributions to compare subsets of a large collection of data and 2) a clustering procedure which is generally applicable to data consisting of counts.     

再论三叶虫Megapalaeolenus Chang,1966属的无效地位

作者2004年根据保存于法国的模式标本和产自我国三峡地区的新材料以及对以往所发现的化石材料的研究,认为Megapalaeolenus Chang,1966一属不能成立,是Palaeolenus Mansuy,1912的晚出异名;其模式种Palaeolenus deprati Mansuy,1912也是Palaeolenus的模式种Palaeolenus douvillei,Mansuy,1912的晚出异名.提出属名Megapalaeolenus Chang和种名Palaeolenusdeprati Mansuy均应废弃的结论.最近,罗惠麟等发表了一系列采自模式标本产地附近的标本,为笔者的上述结论提供了更有力的证据.根据这些新材料,笔者不同意罗惠麟等认为Megapalaeolenus继续有效、Palaeolenusdeprati能够成立的观点.     

蓝细菌光敏色素Alr1966GAF2及其突变体的表达与光化学性质研究

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻（Anabaena sp.PCC7120）中扩增蓝细菌光敏色素基因片段alr1966gaf2,将alr1966gaf2插入到pET-30a（+）载体中,构建表达质粒pET-alr1966gaf2。最后将Alr1966GAF2与HO1、PcyA在E.coli BL21（DE3）中共表达获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2,并对该蛋白的光化学性质进行分析。结果显示,色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2结合色素为藻蓝胆素（phycoerythrobilin,PCB）或藻紫胆素（phycoviolobilin,PVB）,在3种不同吸收态15Z-P_{428 nm}、中间态和15E-P_{514 nm}之间具有顺序可逆光效应。通过定点突变技术将DXCF基序中的保守性Cys突变为Ala,获得了突变体Alr1966GAF2（C72A）。将Alr1966GAF2（C72A）与HO1、PcyA共表达,获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2（C72A）。研究结果表明Alr1966GAF2（C72A）结合色素为PCB,Alr1966GAF2（C72A）-PCB具有较强的荧光活性,其荧光量子的产率高达0.11。Alr1966GAF2（C72A）不仅能够共价结合PCB,还可以结合胆绿素（Biliverdin,BV）,均具有较强的红色荧光活性。     

蓝细菌光敏色素Alr1966GAF2及其突变体的表达与光化学性质研究

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp. PCC7120)中扩增蓝细菌光敏色素基因片段alr1966gaf2,将alr1966gaf2插入到pET-30a(+)载体中,构建表达质粒pET-alr1966gaf2。最后将Alr1966GAF2与HO1、PcyA在E. coli BL21(DE3)中共表达获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2,并对该蛋白的光化学性质进行分析。结果显示,色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2结合色素为藻蓝胆素(phycoerythrobilin,PCB)或藻紫胆素(phycoviolobilin,PVB),在3种不同吸收态15Z-P428 nm、中间态和15E-P514 nm之间具有顺序可逆光效应。通过定点突变技术将DXCF基序中的保守性Cys突变为Ala,获得了突变体Alr1966GAF2(C72A)。将Alr1966GAF2(C72A)与HO1、PcyA共表达,获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2(C72A)。研究结果表明Alr1966GAF2(C72A)结合色素为PCB,Alr1966GAF2(C72A)-PCB具有较强的荧光活性,其荧光量子的产率高达0.11。Alr1966GAF2(C72A)不仅能够共价结合PCB,还可以结合胆绿素(Biliverdin,BV),均具有较强的红色荧光活性。     

Recovery of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in Cumbria,UK, 1966–99

Capsule Since pesticide controls, it has expanded from a pre-pesticide baseline of 41 pairs to over 100 pairs.

Aims To describe the population's pattern of recovery and identify constraints on its annual productivity.

Methods Occupancy and productivity data were collected from all known and new ranges in Cumbria, UK. Statistical methods were employed to describe temporal and spatial patterns. Possible effects of weather were investigated using meteorological data.

Results The population recovered from eight pairs, with birds preferentially recolonizing 41 traditional ranges. The highest occupancy levels were 100 ranges in 1997 and 1998. Many new ranges were in peripheral and atypical locations, although some resulted from the splitting of traditional ones. The central core now has the highest recorded density (> 9 pairs per 100 km²). As occupied ranges increased, the mean nearest neighbour distance declined to an asymptote (approximately 3.5 km). Simultaneously, maximum values were observed for the percentages of known and occupied ranges in which eggs were laid. The mean number fledged by occupied ranges peaked in the early 1990s. New ranges seem to be more susceptible to the effects of May rainfall but overall there was little evidence that new and traditional ranges differ in productivity. Persecution has continued, with over 10% of examined ranges experiencing intentional disturbance in the worst years.

Conclusion The recovery of the Cumbrian population seems to be related to two processes: (1) greater productivity and survival forcing birds to occupy more peripheral and atypical sites; (2) a very high density in the central core possibly due to increased food supply resulting from the channelling of prey through its valley systems.     

1966~2005年中国14个省、市C群脑膜炎球菌比较基因组学分析

脑膜炎球菌是世界范围内引起细菌性脑膜炎和败血症的主要病原体, 在中国一直以A群流行为主, 未发生过B群和C群的流行. 2003年以来, 安徽省出现多次由C群脑膜炎球菌引起的流行性脑膜炎爆发, 而且在全国其他省、市也有大量病例出现. 多位点序列分型结果表明, 序列型(sequence type, ST)4821菌株主要引起了这些爆发. 在完成我国C群脑膜炎球菌的代表株053442的全基因组序列测定工作的基础上, 我们构建了全基因组DNA微阵列, 对1966~2005年分离于中国14个省、市的81株C群脑膜炎球菌进行了比较基因组杂交分析. 结果显示: 绝大部分菌株的基因组组成相似, 部分基因有一定的缺失和变异, 而且很多缺失基因是推测的保守基因.为深入了解我国C群脑膜炎球菌的基因组组成特点, 为初步揭示其遗传背景奠定了基础.     

Long-term changes in numbers and distribution of wintering waterbirds in the Czech Republic, 1966–2008

Capsule?Of 26 species of wintering waterbirds, 18 showed an increase in numbers, five showed a decrease and two showed no change.

Aim?To assess long-term trends in the numbers and distribution of the 26 most abundant wintering waterbird species in the Czech Republic.

Methods?We used International Waterbird Census data from between 48 and 639 wetland sites which had been counted annually in the Czech Republic from 1966 to 2008. From these data long-term changes in numbers and distributions were determined. Log-linear Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate missing data using trim software. The distribution of each species was described as the ratio of the number of sites occupied by that species to the total number of sites investigated.

Results?Increasing trends were found for 18 species, five species were found to be declining, one species was stable and two species were found with uncertain trends. Wintering distributions (the ratio of sites occupied by a given species to the total number of sites counted) increased in 16 species and decreased in two species, broadly correlated with the species changes in numbers.

Conclusion?In most species changes in numbers as well as changes in distribution followed the Western Palearctic population trends. Those species which increased were mainly piscivores and included geese, ducks and gulls. Scarcer species also exhibited an increase in numbers. The changes in numbers (both positive and negative) were more frequent among species associated with running water, whereas species which showed uncertain trends were more frequently recorded on standing water, which is more affected by variable weather conditions.     

New Population and Life Expectancy Estimates for the Indigenous Population of Australia's Northern Territory, 1966–2011

Background

The Indigenous population of Australia suffers considerable disadvantage across a wide range of socio-economic indicators, and is therefore the focus of many policy initiatives attempting to ‘close the gap’ between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Unfortunately, past population estimates have proved unreliable as denominators for these indicators. The aim of the paper is to contribute more robust estimates for the Northern Territory Indigenous population for the period 1966–2011, and hence estimate one of the most important of socio-economic indicators, life expectancy at birth.

Method

A consistent time series of population estimates from 1966 to 2011, based off the more reliable 2011 official population estimates, was created by a mix of reverse and forward cohort survival. Adjustments were made to ensure sensible sex ratios and consistency with recent birth registrations. Standard life table methods were employed to estimate life expectancy. Drawing on an approach from probabilistic forecasting, confidence intervals surrounding population numbers and life expectancies were estimated.

Results

The Northern Territory Indigenous population in 1966 numbered between 23,800 and 26,100, compared to between 66,100 and 73,200 in 2011. In 1966–71 Indigenous life expectancy at birth lay between 49.1 and 56.9 years for males and between 49.7 and 57.9 years for females, whilst by 2006–11 it had increased to between 60.5 and 66.2 years for males and between 65.4 and 70.8 for females. Over the last 40 years the gap with all-Australian life expectancy has not narrowed, fluctuating at about 17 years for both males and females. Whilst considerable progress has been made in closing the gap in under-five mortality, at most other ages the mortality rate differential has increased.

Conclusions

A huge public health challenge remains. Efforts need to be redoubled to reduce the large gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.     

Characterization of serogroup C meningococci isolated from 14 provinces of China during 1966—2005 using comparative genomic hybridization

Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis and septicemia worldwide. In China, serogroup A strains were responsible for over 95% of the cases, while serogroup B strains were mainly the cause of localized outbreaks and sporadic cases. Before 2003, serogroup C strains were only re-covered from a few sporadic cases. However, a sudden increase in the number of cases due to sero-group C strains occurred during 2003—2005 in Anhui Province, China. Many cases were found in other provinces at the same time. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results indicated that the unique se-quence type 4821 clone meningococci, a new hyper-virulent lineage, was responsible for the serogroup C meningitis outbreaks. We have completed the project of sequencing the whole genome of the Chi-nese N. meningitidis serogroup C representative isolate 053442. We fabricated a whole-genome mi-croarray of N. meningitidis isolate 053442 and analyzed the genome composition differences among 81 serogroup C isolates which were isolated from 14 provinces of China during 1966—2005. The com-parative genomic hybridization (CGH) result shows that the genome compositions of nearly all sero-group C isolates are similar to that of 053442. The products of many absent open reading frames (ORFs) are conserved hypothetical proteins. The results will provide a valuable resource from which one can analyze the genome composition and genetic background of serogroup C meningococci in China.     

Characterization of serogroup C meningococci isolated from 14 provinces of China during 1966–2005 using comparative genomic hybridization

Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis and septicemia worldwide. In China, serogroup A strains were responsible for over 95% of the cases, while serogroup C strains were only recovered from a few sporadic cases. However, a sudden increase in the number of cases due to serogroup C strains occurred during 2003–2005 in Anhui Province, China. Many cases were found in other provinces at the same time. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results indicated that the unique sequence type 4821 clone meningococci, a new hyper-virulent lineage, was responsible for the serogroup C meningitis outbreaks. We have completed the project of sequencing the whole genome of the Chinese N. meningitidis serogroup C representative isolate 053442. We fabricated a whole-genome microarray of N. meningitidis isolate 053442 and analyzed the genome composition differences among 81 serogroup C isolates which were isolated from 14 provinces of China during 1966–2005. The comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) result shows that the genome compositions of nearly all serogroup C isolates are similar to that of 053442. The products of many absent open reading frames (ORFs) are conserved hypothetical proteins. The results will provide a valuable resource from which one can analyze the genome composition and genetic background of serogroup C meningococci in China.     

Characterization of serogroup C meningococci isolated from 14 provinces of China during 1966—2005 using comparative genomic hybridization

Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis and septicemia worldwide. In China, serogroup A strains were responsible for over 95% of the cases, while serogroup B strains were mainly the cause of localized outbreaks and sporadic cases. Before 2003, serogroup C strains were only re-covered from a few sporadic cases. However, a sudden increase in the number of cases due to sero-group C strains occurred during 2003—2005 in Anhui Province, China. Many cases were found in other provinces at the same time. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results indicated that the unique se-quence type 4821 clone meningococci, a new hyper-virulent lineage, was responsible for the serogroup C meningitis outbreaks. We have completed the project of sequencing the whole genome of the Chi-nese N. meningitidis serogroup C representative isolate 053442. We fabricated a whole-genome mi-croarray of N. meningitidis isolate 053442 and analyzed the genome composition differences among 81 serogroup C isolates which were isolated from 14 provinces of China during 1966—2005. The com-parative genomic hybridization (CGH) result shows that the genome compositions of nearly all sero-group C isolates are similar to that of 053442. The products of many absent open reading frames (ORFs) are conserved hypothetical proteins. The results will provide a valuable resource from which one can analyze the genome composition and genetic background of serogroup C meningococci in China.     

Farmers’ Preference for Rice Traits: Insights from Farm Surveys in Central Luzon,Philippines, 1966-2012

Many modern rice varieties (MVs) have been released but only a few have been widely adopted by farmers. To understand farmers’ preferences, we characterized MVs released in the Philippines from 1966 to 2013 and identified important characteristics of the varieties that were widely adopted in Central Luzon using farm surveys conducted in 1966–2012. We found that farmers adopt MVs that are high yielding, mature faster, and have long and slender grains, high milling recovery, and intermediate amylose content. The amylose content of adopted varieties has been declining, suggesting value in developing softer rice. To have a high potential for adoption, new MVs should have characteristics within the ranges of values observed for the adopted MVs. In addition, new MVs should have higher head rice recovery, less chalky grains, and better resistance to pests and diseases. Most MVs released in 2005–2013 compared poorly in these three traits. To reduce the risk of severe outbreaks, broad spectrum resistance should be incorporated into new MVs. This analysis of five decades of farm surveys provides insights into the varietal characteristics preferred by farmers which could contribute to the establishment of a product profile for developing improved MVs that are more targeted and, hence, would have high potential for adoption by farmers in Central Luzon and similar areas. We recommend a similar analysis be done in other major rice growing regions to aid the development of MVs that are more responsive to farmers’ needs and preferences.     

Canadian-trained Physicians in United States Internships and Residencies: “Operation Retrieval” and Report of Statistics, 1966-1968

In response to a shortage of medical teachers and scientists, A.C.M.C. began “Operation Retrieval” in 1967 in an effort to contact and to survey graduates of Canadian medical schools who are interns and residents in the United States. This paper describes the publications produced for these graduates, and the concerns of graduates as discovered by on-site visits to Los Angeles, Boston and New York. These concerns centre around difficulties in communication with Canada. This paper also gives a statistical report on the numbers of graduates who are interns and residents in the United States, and the locations, fields of specialization and years of graduation of residents. The decreasing numbers are believed to reflect improving Canadian facilities as well as difficulties associated with the American military draft.     

Locating genetic disease: the impact of clinical nosology on biomedical conceptions of the human genome (1966–1990)

The variability of disease expression often complicates clinical classification. Since the 1960s, medical geneticists have sought to address this problem by associating diseases with discrete locations in the human genome. While this nosological approach was quite successful in the 1980s, unanticipated complications arose. In 1987, two historically distinct disorders, Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, were unexpectedly associated with the same genomic “address.” Does genomic overlap imply nosological sameness? This paper explores the clinical and biological implications of this finding, and argues that the process by which it was resolved represented new modes of thinking and practice in late-twentieth-century biomedicine. In the decades before the completion of the Human Genome Project, the genome was understood to be, at once, a standardized scientific object and an observable part of the human anatomy. Depicted and analyzed at the level of chromosomes, the genome became an important conceptual space and experimental system for late-twentieth-century biomedicine, producing novel research questions that drew the attention of both clinically oriented physicians and basic laboratory geneticists.     

Étude de la cohorte nord-finlandaise de 1966: facteurs prédictifs et conséquences de la schizophrénie

Subtle motor, emotional, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities are often present in apparently healthy children and adolescents who later develop schizophrenia. This suggests that some aspects of causation are established long before psychosis becomes manifest. We aim to assess the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia focusing mainly on genetic factors, pregnancy and delivery complications, early development and scholastic performance, as well as later educational, social and health consequences. This is done by reviewing the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, its scientific activities, publications and work in progress.     

Genetics and demography: Notes on the third Princeton conference (Princeton,N.J., October 20–22, 1966)

Abstract

A method is presented for the analysis of deviations from random mating. Kinship, demographic, social, and spatial characteristics observed among married couples have been compared with the distributions expected if mates were chosen at random from all possible pairs of mates. This procedure has been used to investigate both failure to mate and patterns of assortative mating for cohorts born on Sanday, Orkney Islands, between 1885 and 1924. Differences in mating opportunity were observed. The 315 males who eventually married on the island differed from the 446 never‐married males in birth order and sibship size as well as geographic and kinship “distances” measured between ego and all females available for marriage. Comparison of wives with the potential mates of married males indicated that mating was assortative with respect to kinship, demographic, social, and geographic characteristics. Further implications of this nonrandom pattern of mate choice are discussed and application of this method to other populations suggested.     

Myoglis meini (de Bruijn, 1965 [1966]) (Mammalia: Gliridae) aus dem Miozän von Hambach 6C (NW-Deutschland)

One of the liehest oecurrences of the rare glirid genusMyoglis is described from the middle Miocene of the open-cast lignite mine Hambach. Morphological and morpho-metrical investigation of overall 33 cheek teeth admit the attribution toM. meini. The Variation and trends in development of the dental pattern of this large species are analysed and documented. The Hambach 6C speeimens are some of the oldest representants (MN 5) ofM. meini. This is also morphologically confirmed by only few, weak developed accessory ridges which indicate an early evolutionary stage. The comparison of the Hambach speeimens with material ofM. meini from 12 European localities as well as with the other fourMyoglis species verifies a close relationship between the middle MioceneM. meini and the lower MioceneM. antecedens. TheMyoglis speeimens from Hambach 6C are part of a taxonomically diverse and unusually composed vertebrate fauna. The fossil material was aecumulated within a Channel fill (“Mittel 6C”) which is interealated in the Rhenish Main Seam (Ville Series). The estuarine influenced Channel crossed the wide, swampy forests of the Rhenish Tertiary.