腾格里沙漠东南缘不同植被类型土壤种子库多样性

为探究荒漠地区不同植被类型土壤种子库动态与分布规律,揭示不同植被类型群落的植被演替趋势与多样性特征,以腾格里沙漠东南缘胡杨群落、柠条群落、赖草群落和沙蓬群落为对象,采集0～2、2～5、5～10、10～20 cm土层土样,研究土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明: 4个植被类型的土壤种子库中共发现13种植物,隶属于3科12属,1、2年生草本植物种子占多数,藜科植物较多;土壤种子库密度较低,呈现柠条群落＞赖草群落＞胡杨群落＞沙蓬群落;种子库密度和植物种类整体随土壤剖面的加深而降低;综合Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数和Patrick丰富度指数进行分析,土壤种子库物种多样性呈现胡杨群落＞赖草群落＞柠条群落＞沙蓬群落,柠条群落土壤种子库与地上植被相似性系数最高,沙蓬群落次之,胡杨群落和赖草群落最低。总体上,以胡杨群落为代表的乔木林较为稳定,以沙蓬群落为代表的沙地生态系统最为脆弱。     

Changes in soil and vegetation following stabilisation of dunes in the southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert, China

Properties of the soil and sand-binding vegetation were measured at five sites plus a control on dunes of the Tengger Desert stabilized for periods of up to 50 years. In the topsoil, fine particles, total N, P, K and organic matter increased significantly with increasing site age. However, there were no significant changes in deeper soil profiles (>0.4 m depth). Soil pH, calcium carbonate content, and total salt content tended to increase with age. Soil water in the topsoil changed little with increasing age, but was closely related to rainfall during the 50-year period. For deeper soil layers (0.4–3.0 m) soil water decreased significantly with age. After revegetation, the number of herbaceous species increased up to 30 years and then levelled off to 12–14 species, whereas the number of shrub species decreased from the 10 initial sand-binding species to only 3 species. Shrub cover decreased from a highest average of about 33% to the current 9%, whereas cover and biomass of herbaceous species increased throughout succession from 1956 to 2006. The development of soil and cryptogamic crusts on the surface of stabilized dunes enhanced the colonization and establishment of herbaceous plants due to increasing water availability, clay and silt content and soil nutrients. We propose that changes in properties of the surface soil led to increased interception of water, favoring shallow rooted grasses and forbs over perennial shrubs.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙质草地灌丛化对地表径流及氮流失的影响

以腾格里沙漠东南缘沙质草地和灌丛生境为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨实验对草地样方、灌丛间裸地样方及含灌丛斑块样方的产流及氮流失过程进行观测,揭示了地表径流及其引起的氮流失对沙质草地灌丛化的响应.结果表明:(1)草地样方出现表面积水和地表径流的时间及开始产流需要的降雨量均大于含灌丛斑块样方和灌丛间裸地样方,裸地样方最小;灌丛生境径流系数为34.46％,显著小于裸地样方,大于含灌丛样方,产流量是沙质草地生境的2.26倍;表明灌木入侵造成的植被盖度下降引起了土壤水分入渗率的减小和地表产流的增加.(2)含灌丛样方单位体积径流含氮量瞬时值大于裸地样方,小于草地样方,三类样方瞬时值与单位时间径流量均呈线性负相关;草地样方单位时间氮流失量略小于含灌丛样方,两者均显著小于灌丛间裸地样方;灌丛生境氮流失总量为0.23 g/m2,是草地生境的2.09倍,灌丛和草地生境单位体积径流含氮量总体平均值分别为0.011 g/L、0.012 g/L;表明沙质草地灌丛化引起了养分流失的显著增加.     

腾格里沙漠草方格固沙林土壤颗粒组成、分形维数及其对土壤性质的影响

为了明确草方格人工固沙造林植被恢复过程中土壤颗粒组成、分形维数及对土壤理化性质的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘2016年(1 a)、2013年(4 a)和1987年(30 a)草方格固沙林为研究样地,以周围流动沙地为对照(CK),研究了草方格固沙造林后植被恢复过程中土壤颗粒组成、分形维数及与土壤理化性质的作用关系.结果表明: 100～250、250～500 μm土壤颗粒含量较高,分别为42.5%～80.1%、12.5%～42.2%;50～100 μm土壤颗粒含量居中,为0.2%～20.8%;<2和2～50 μm的土壤颗粒含量次之,分别在0～1.3%和0～22.7%;而500～1000 μm的土壤颗粒含量较低,在0.3%以下.<2和2～50 μm土壤颗粒仅在30 a固沙林有分布;50～100 μm土壤颗粒分布为30 a最高,4 a和1 a居中,而CK最低;100～250 μm土壤颗粒分布依次为4 a>1 a>CK>30 a;250～500 μm土壤颗粒分布为CK>1 a>4 a>30 a;但500～1000 μm土壤颗粒在各样地分布均较少,且不同样地之间无显著差异.研究区土壤颗粒分形维数为0.54～2.59,并且不同样地间存在显著差异,表现为30 a最高,4 a与1 a居中,而CK最低.土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤黏粒、粉粒、极细砂粒含量呈极显著正相关,而与土壤中砂粒呈极显著负相关.土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤电导率、有机碳、全氮和碳氮比均呈极显著正相关,而与土壤pH和含水量无相关性.土壤中<2、2～50、50～100 μm颗粒与土壤电导率、有机碳、全氮和碳氮比均呈极显著正相关,而250～500 μm土壤颗粒与上述4个土壤指标和土壤含水量呈显著负相关.500～1000 μm土壤颗粒与土壤含水量亦呈极显著负相关.在腾格里沙漠东南缘地区利用草方格进行人工固沙植被建设,可有效促进土壤颗粒细粒化,长期演变导致土壤黏粒和粉粒及土壤分形维数显著增加,促使土壤有机碳和全氮含量提高,有利于土壤理化性质改善和促进沙漠化治理.     

On the Evolution of the Palynoflora and Climatic Environment During Late Pleistocence in Tengger Desert,China

Palynoflora studies on the Duantouliang section, located at 39º40'N, 103º55'E in Northwestern Tengger Desert, China showed that, based on the spore-pollen assemblages, the major vegetation and climatic environment between 42 000 to 23 000 a BP could be divided into the following different periods: Ⅰ. From 42 000 to 38 000 a BP, the spore-pollen assemblages displayed that the mixed conifer/deciduous broad-leaved forests developed on the mountain and its foothill regions where the bare Gobi-desert are at present; At that time, Populus and Salix forests and grassland surrounded the Paleaolake, the climate condition was much warmer and humid than today; Ⅱ. From 38 000 to 37 000 a BP, the climate was warm and moist, it was the most suitable period for the plant growth, the studied area was dominated by the temperate and warm-temperate mixed broad-leaf deciduous and needleleaf forest, there was meadow spreaded on the river sides and lake beaches; Ⅲ. From 31 000 to 30000 a BP, the needleleaf forests and cold-temperate Salix oritrepha shrubs were flourishing, and the climate at that time was relatively cold;Ⅳ. From 30000 to 28000 a BP, the temperatures began increasing, the high lake levels was formed during this time, and the vegetations were meadows and swamps; V. From 28 000 to 23 000 a BP, temperate Cupressaceae and Betula mixed conifer/deciduous forests grew on mountain and foothill region, grassland developed on plain areas, Salix was on lake and river sides. This indicates a warm and moist climate condition but it was drier than the earliest period.     

北方农牧交错带植被重建中适宜乔、灌、草种的生态区划

因遭受滥垦及过度放牧破坏的中国北方农牧交错带亟待进行植被的恢复和重建.本文从为该区域植被的恢复与重建提供植物物种上的支持出发,对适宜该区域生长与分布的乔、灌、草种进行了生态区划.生态区划的原则概括为4条:生态保育优先、有利生产发展、适地适树适草以及参考行政区划边界.在该原则指导下,依据限定农牧交错带植物生长和分布的主要生态因子:年最低日均温、年大于0℃积温、湿润度指数(年降水量与年大于0℃积温之比)、反映区域地表组成物质、地形及气候特征影响的土壤类型等,将农牧交错带划分为7个不同的生态区域,依次为:Ⅰ.松辽平原西部及大兴安岭山地区,Ⅱ.辽河上游风沙区,Ⅲ.蒙古高原中、东部及冀西北山地区,Ⅳ.吕梁山、太行山、燕山山地区,Ⅴ.鄂尔多斯高原风沙区,Ⅵ.陕北、陇东黄土高原区,Ⅶ.陇中及青海高原东部黄土区.在上述分区的基础上,对以往文献报道中出现的适宜该区域生长和分布的乔、灌、草,包括乡土种和人工栽培或引种的外来种,按其生态习性分别进行了细致的甄别选择,并在文中择其精要予以列出.     

北方农牧交错带植被重建中适宜乔、灌、草种的生态区划

因遭受滥垦及过度放牧破坏的中国北方农牧交错带亟待进行植被的恢复和重建。本文从为该区域植被的恢复与重建提供植物物种上的支持出发,对适宜该区域生长与分布的乔、灌、草种进行了生态区划。生态区划的原则概括为4条：生态保育优先、有利生产发展、适地适树适草以及参考行政区划边界。在该原则指导下,依据限定农牧交错带植物生长和分布的主要生态因子：年最低日均温、年大于0℃积温、湿润度指数(年降水量与年大于O℃积温之比)、反映区域地表组成物质、地形及气候特征影响的土壤类型等,将农牧交错带划分为7个不同的生态区域,依次为：I．松辽平原西部及大兴安岭山地区,II．辽河上游风沙区,In．蒙古高原中、东部及冀西北山地区,Ⅳ．吕梁山、太行山、燕山山地区,V．鄂尔多斯高原风沙区,Ⅵ．陕北、陇东黄土高原区,Ⅶ．陇中及青海高原东部黄土区。在上述分区的基础上,对以往文献报道中出现的适宜该区域生长和分布的乔、灌、草,包括乡土种和人工栽培或引种的外来种,按其生态习性分别进行了细致的甄别选择,并在文中择其精要予以列出。     

固沙植被区土壤呼吸对反复干湿交替的响应

由降水的不连续性引起的土壤干湿交替是荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸的重要影响因子。在恒温培养条件下,研究了固沙植被区土壤呼吸对不同降雨量(5、10、20 mm)条件下以10 d为降水周期的多重干湿交替过程的响应,结果表明:3个降雨量条件下的多重干湿交替过程中,土壤呼吸速率均在降雨后迅速增大,并在降雨0.5 h后达到最大值,尔后,随着土壤含水量的下降而逐渐减小并恢复到降雨前水平。随着干湿交替过程的依次进行,最大和平均土壤呼吸速率及累积碳释放量均呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。3个干湿循环周期平均呼吸速率和土壤碳释放量均随着降雨量的增加逐渐增大,土壤呼吸速率峰值表现为第1个干湿循环周期土壤呼吸速率峰值随着降雨量的增加而增大,而第2、3个周期各降雨处理下的土壤呼吸速率峰值显示出随着降雨前期土壤含水量的增加而减小的趋势。说明干湿交替过程对土壤呼吸具有显著的激发作用,且干湿交替程度(即降雨前后土壤含水量的变化)以及土壤前期所经历的干湿交替过程是影响荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸对干湿交替响应的重要因素。     

Distribution and storage of soil organic carbon across the desert grasslands in the southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert,China

荒漠生态系统环境的复杂性及其高度的空间异质性是土壤碳储量估算结果不确定性的重要因素。通过调查取样和室内分析, 研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘10种主要荒漠草地群落各土壤层(0-5、5-10、10-20、20-30、30-50、50-70和70-100 cm土层)的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、垂直分布特征和影响因素, 以及0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)。结果显示, 灌木群落是SOC含量的重要影响因素, 各土层SOC含量在10种群落间均存在显著差异。从土壤表层到深层, SOC含量主要表现为由高至低和先升高后降低两种特征。SOC含量与黏粉粒含量、全氮(N)、全磷(P)和电导率呈显著的正相关关系, 与砂粒含量呈显著的负相关关系。各群落之间, 0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的SOCD均存在显著差异, 其平均值分别为0.118、0.478、1.159和1.936 kg·m ^-2。这一结果低于全球和全国草地SOCD的平均值, 利用全国数据或该研究的平均值可能会高估或低估区域土壤有机碳储量, 因此利用不同群落的SOCD能增加荒漠地区土壤有机碳储量估算的确定性。     

沙坡头人工植被演替过程的土壤呼吸特征

为探讨人工植被演替过程对土壤呼吸速率的影响,本文利用碱液吸收法同步测定了腾格里沙漠东南缘1956、1964、1981、1987、1989、2007年始植的人工植被区和2007年新铺设的草方格固沙区及流沙区的土壤呼吸速率变化,同时分析了土壤水分和温度对上述不同样地土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:1) 总体而言,土壤呼吸速率随着人工植被演替时间的延长而逐渐增大。当土壤含水量较高时,不同始植年代人工植被区的土壤呼吸速率具有显著的差异(P<0.05);当土壤含水量较低时,不同始植年代植被区的土壤呼吸速率没有显著的差异(P>0.05)。2)土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量呈正相关关系,且相关系数随着人工植被演替时间的延长而逐渐增大。3)利用土壤呼吸速率-土壤温度指数函数关系计算得到不同人工植被演替阶段土壤呼吸速率的Q₁₀值均较低(平均值仅为1.02)。土壤温度对1987、1989年人工植被区内的土壤呼吸速率产生了显著影响(P<0.05),而对其他样地的土壤呼吸速率影响不显著 (P>0.05)。综合说明,人工植被的演替过程改变了土壤呼吸速率大小及其对土壤水分和温度的响应。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠草地不同群落类型土壤有机碳分布及储量特征

荒漠生态系统环境的复杂性及其高度的空间异质性是土壤碳储量估算结果不确定性的重要因素。通过调查取样和室内分析, 研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘10种主要荒漠草地群落各土壤层(0-5、5-10、10-20、20-30、30-50、50-70和70-100 cm土层)的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、垂直分布特征和影响因素, 以及0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)。结果显示, 灌木群落是SOC含量的重要影响因素, 各土层SOC含量在10种群落间均存在显著差异。从土壤表层到深层, SOC含量主要表现为由高至低和先升高后降低两种特征。SOC含量与黏粉粒含量、全氮(N)、全磷(P)和电导率呈显著的正相关关系, 与砂粒含量呈显著的负相关关系。各群落之间, 0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的SOCD均存在显著差异, 其平均值分别为0.118、0.478、1.159和1.936 kg·m ^-2。这一结果低于全球和全国草地SOCD的平均值, 利用全国数据或该研究的平均值可能会高估或低估区域土壤有机碳储量, 因此利用不同群落的SOCD能增加荒漠地区土壤有机碳储量估算的确定性。     

Experimental Studies on the Natural Restoration and the Artificial Culture of the Moss Crusts on Fixed Dunes in the Tengger Desert, China

Soil microbiotic crusts cover extensive portions of the arid and semiarid regions of the world and play an important ecological role. Moss is one of the major components in the crusts. The reproduction and establishment of the mosses are crucial to the formation of moss crusts. Bryum argenteum is the dominant species of moss crusts in the Shapotou region (104°57′E, 37°27′N) of the Tengger Desert. In search for the characteristics of natural reproduction and establishment of the mosses, 10 quadrates (10×10 cm for each) were obtained by removing the moss crusts in different positions of fixed dunes. These 10 quadrates were observed for 3 years depending on the species’ components and coverage. Meanwhile, in the third year, two quadrates (1×1 m for each) were set up in a crust-absent area and two different experiments of the asexual reproduction (broadcast planting and offshoots) were conducted, respectively. The reproductive process was observed under the microscope, and the morphological indicators of the new individuals were measured. The results were compared with the ones from indoor experiments using the same methods. All the results showed the following: (1) 70% of the quadrates (i.e., 7 of the 10 quadrates) were recovered within 3–4 years; thus, the quick recovery might be due to the dispersal and reproduction of the fragments of stems and leaves of B. argenteum; (2) as for the two quadrates in the artificial reproduction test, the new plants occupied the uncovered space of the quadrates in 1 month, and there were two main reproduction approaches, one of which was that the stems continually branched and produced young plants, and the other was that the young plants and the fragments of the stems and leaves repeatedly and extensively reproduced protonema, which finally developed into a large number of new plants; (3) the reproductive characteristics were identical, though the protonema in the field was more robust and had more branches than the ones indoors. Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(1) (in Chinese)     

Experimental Studies on the Natural Restoration and the Artificial Culture of the Moss Crusts on Fixed Dunes in the Tengger Desert,China

Soil microbiotic crusts cover extensive portions of the arid and semiarid regions of the world and play an important ecological role.Moss is one of the major components in the crusts.The reproduction and establishment of the mosses are crucial to the formation of moss crusts.Bryum argenteum is the dominant species of moss crusts in the Shapotou region (104°57'E,37°27'N) of the Tengger Desert.In search for the characteristics of natural reproduction and establishment of the mosses,10 quadrates (10×10 cm for each) were obtained by removing the moss crusts in different positions of fixed dunes.These 10 quadrates were observed for 3 years depending on the species' components and coverage.Meanwhile,in the third year,two quadrates (1×1 m for each) were set up in a crustabsent area and two different experiments of the asexual reproduction (broadcast planting and offshoots) were conducted,respectively.The reproductive process was observed under the microscope,and the morphological indicators of the new individuals were measured.The results were compared with the ones from indoor experiments using the same methods.All the results showed the following:(1) 70% of the quadrates (i.e.,7 of the 10 quadrates) were recovered within 3-4 years;thus,the quick recovery might be due to the dispersal and reproduction of the fragments of stems and leaves of B.argenteum;(2) as for the two quadrates in the artificial reproduction test,the new plants occupied the uncovered space of the quadrates in 1 month,and there were two main reproduction approaches,one of which was that the stems continually branched and produced young plants,and the other was that the young plants and the fragments of the stems and leaves repeatedly and extensively reproduced protonema,which finally developed into a large number of new plants;(3) the reproductive characteristics were identical,though the protonema in the field was more robust and had more branches than the ones indoors.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被演替地面节肢动物群落多样性分布特征

在腾格里沙漠东南缘选取2、5、8、34 a和57 a的不同年限人工固沙植被区为研究样地,以流动沙地为对照,利用陷阱诱捕法调查了不同样地地面节肢动物的群落组成及多样性特征,阐明了固沙植被区地面节肢动物多样性对植被演替的响应规律。结果表明：(1)此次调查共获得地面节肢动物15685头,隶属于15目40科44个类群。随固沙年限的增加,地面节肢动物优势类群数基本无变化,常见类群数和稀有类群数分别增加了0.5—2.5倍和0.25—2.75倍;捕食性、植食性和杂食性地面节肢动物类群数均呈上升趋势,分别增加了0.5—3倍、0.2—4.2倍和0.3—1.67倍。(2)地面节肢动物总个体数表现为8 a和57 a固沙植被区显著高于流动沙地(P<0.05),分别是流沙地的3.85倍和3.03倍;类群数和多样性指数均表现为57 a和34 a固沙植被区显著高于其他年限固沙植被区(P<0.05),且57 a固沙植被区地面节肢动物类群数显著高于34 a固沙植被区(P<0.05)。(3)草本植物密度、土壤有机碳和灌木高度是影响固沙植被区地面节肢动物群落组成及多样性分布的主要因子,解释率分别为48.1...     

Vegetation Restoration and Its Effects on Carbon Balance in Guangdong Province, China

The significance of the regional carbon (C) balance of vegetation restoration to global change was studied in Guangdong Province, one of the most populated provinces in China. The percentage of the province in forestland cover increased steadily from 26.23% in 1979 to 50.11% in 1998 owing to restoration of forests. During this period, the area increase in the conifer forest was 424.83 × 10⁴ ha, whereas the area in broad-leaved, mixed, and other forests increased by 68.82 × 10⁴, 18.94 × 10⁴, and 60.46 × 10⁴ ha, respectively. C sequestration by forest soils from 1979 to 1998 was 389.36 Mt, equivalent to 1.43 Pg fixed carbon dioxide (CO₂). The total annual CO₂ sequestration by forests and the soils was 118.05 Mt, which was about half of the annual CO₂ emission in Guangdong. The role of forest management and restoration in improving the carbon balance is discussed.     

The effects of sand stabilization and revegetation on cryptogam species diversity and soil fertility in the Tengger Desert, Northern China

Cryptogamic crusts have long been regarded as important components of desert ecosystems. In order to reduce and combat the hazards of sandstorm and desertification, it is critical to conserve cryptogamic crusts in arid desert and semiarid regions. In this study, we characterized soil physical and chemical properties after revegetation on sanddunes stabilized with straw checkerboard. Revegetation accelerated the improvement of environmental conditions leading to the establishment and propagation of cryptogams on sanddunes in the Tengger desert region. Since revegetation began 44 years ago, 24 species of algae and 5 species of moss have established on fixed sanddunes in the Shapotou region in the northwest of China, but no lichens have been observed. Algal cover and species richness were found to be positively correlated with soil pH, contents of silt and clay, concentrations of HCO₃ ^–, Cl^–, SO₄ ^2-, Mg²⁺, soil organic carbon and N contents (p < 0.01), but were only weakly correlated with concentration of Ca²⁺, electrical conductivity (EC) and potassium content (K₂O). The number of species and cover of mosses were positively correlated with soluble K⁺ and Na⁺ but no other relationships were apparent. The percent sand in composition of soil particle sizes, and soil bulk density were both negatively correlated to species number and cover for both cryptogam organisms. This study represents a successful example of restoration of cryptogam species diversity in arid desert regions.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘白刺种群性状对沙埋的响应

运用实验生态学和数量生态学方法,研究了腾格里沙漠东南不同沙埋程度的白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)种群特征,并就各特征与沙埋深度的关系进行了分析.结果表明:强沙埋条件(湖盆低地)白刺种群特征均值都大于弱沙埋条件(山前冲积扇),但白刺种群各特征变异却是强沙埋条件小于弱沙埋条件;除弱沙埋条件白剌种群密度外,其他各性状都与沙埋有着显著相关关系;强沙埋条件的种群各性状发育最适沙埋深度均大于弱沙埋条件下;不论沙埋深度强弱和最适沙埋深度的高低,白刺种群各性状发育均受最适沙埋深度制约;低于最适沙埋深度,沙埋深度增加促进种群性状发育,高于最适沙埋深度,沙埋深度增加抑制种群性状发育.白刺种群各性状对沙埋深度的响应主要体现在高生长和生物量上:盖度和密度的发育不仅受沙埋的影响,更主要是受沙埋深度影响下的其他资源特别是水分的限制.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘可培养微生物群落数量与结构特征

以腾格里沙漠东南缘沙漠化土壤为研究对象,研究了不同沙漠化修复程度土壤结皮及结皮下微生物分布特征及多样性。结果表明:研究区域可培养细菌数量随沙漠化生态修复进程呈升高趋势,随采样深度呈下降趋势。数量以节杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属为主,其含量随沙漠化修复程度分别呈降低与升高趋势。修复过程中可培养土壤微生物数量与土壤碳、氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与pH值呈极显著负相关关系,说明微生物数量与沙漠化土壤改良程度密切相关。通过16S rDNA基因测序及构建系统发育树,研究区域可培养细菌归类为18个属,分属于6个系统发育组:高G+C革兰氏阳性类群、低G+C革兰氏阳性类群、α-变形菌、β-变形菌、γ-变形菌和CFB类群,序列比对显示菌株功能多样。     

腾格里沙漠人工植被区固沙灌木影响深层土壤水分的动态模拟研究

灌木是我国沙漠地区主要的优势植物类型,固沙灌木的存在有益于沙丘的固定进而有利于退化沙漠生态系统的生态恢复。基于腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区50多年的人工植被区长期观测研究,建立生态-水文模型模拟了该地区固沙灌木盖度和深层土壤水分的动态变化过程,结果表明,固沙灌木的建立改变了沙区原有的生态-水文过程,在固沙灌木建立40多年后,固沙灌木的盖度和深层土壤水分达到了新的平衡状态。灌木盖度逐渐稳定在(10±0.9)%左右,而深层土壤水分稳定在(2.58±0.2)%左右。因此,在年均降雨量为186mm的腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区,土壤水分的最大植被承载力为:灌木和生物土壤结皮的盖度分别维持在10%和60%,深层土壤水分维持在3%左右。     

腾格里沙漠固沙植被区蚂蚁群落分布特征及其对土壤理化性质的影响

为了阐明固沙过程中蚂蚁群落结构分布特征及其对土壤性质的影响,在腾格里沙漠固沙植被区选取流动沙地以及5 a、8 a、34 a和57 a固沙植被区为研究样地,对不同样地蚂蚁群落的个体数、类群数以及蚁丘内外土壤理化性质进行测定,进而分析了不同样地蚂蚁群落分布特征及其与土壤因子间的关系。结果表明:(1)固沙植被区蚂蚁群落中的优势类群为掘穴蚁(Formica cunicularia),个体数占比为78.87%。(2)57 a固沙植被区蚂蚁密度显著低于8 a和34 a固沙植被区(P < 0.05);5 a固沙植被区蚂蚁类群数显著低于其他植被区(P < 0.05)。(3)57 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤含水量、土壤黏粒和土壤全钾显著高于非蚁丘,而土壤电导率和土壤粉粒显著低于非蚁丘(P < 0.05)。8 a和57 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤pH显著高于非蚁丘,8 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤有机碳显著高于非蚁丘,8 a和34 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤全氮显著高于非蚁丘(P < 0.05)。(4)蚂蚁群落组成与土壤粒径、电导率、pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量的相关关系显著;偏RDA 结果表明,蚂蚁类群数是影响固沙区土壤理化性质的主要限制因子。综合表明,腾格里沙漠不同固沙年限植被区蚂蚁群落组成差异较大,更丰富的蚂蚁群落有利于改善土壤质地,促进土壤理化性质向良好的方向发展,对实现荒漠生态系统恢复起到推进作用。