蓝藻高CO2需求突变株的研究进展

对蓝藻CO2浓缩机制(CO2 concentrating mechanism,CCM)的认识,最终要揭示其作用的生理生化和分子生物学基础,蓝藻高CO2需求突变株的研究为这个目标的实现提供了一条最为有效的途径,1986年,Marcus等第一次把筛选光合作用突变株的方法加以修改,利用化学诱变筛选到第一个单细胞蓝藻Synechococcus PCC7942的高CO2需求突变株,为这一领域的研究在方法学上开辟了一个新的途径。       

绿藻CO2浓缩机制的研究进展

单细胞绿藻是淡水水体中浮游植物的重要组成部分,也是淡水生态系统中主要的初级生产者,其在适应外界CO2浓度变化的过程中,细胞内形成了一种主动转移无机碳的机制－CO2浓缩机制（CO2 concentrating mechanism,CCM）。该机制能使细胞在核酮糖－2－磷酸羧化氧化酶（rubiscol)固碳位点提高CO2浓度,以增加光合作用和减少光吸收。本文综述了这种机制中的无机碳转移模型和不同环境因子（光,温度,CO2浓度和营养水平）对它的调控作用,以期促进深入开展浮游植物对大气CO2浓度升高响应的研究。     

羧酶体结构及其CO_2浓缩机制研究进展

羧酶体(Carboxysome)是高效的固碳微体,在CO2浓缩机制(CO2-concentrating mechanism,CCM)中发挥重要作用。在蓝藻及某些化能自养菌中,羧酶体作为类细胞器包裹1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(RubisCO)和碳酸酐酶(Carbonic anhydrase,CA),它与无机碳转运蛋白共同在胞质中积累HCO3–,通过增加RubisCO周围的CO2浓度来提高固碳效率。随着羧酶体结构和功能的阐明,异源表达羧酶体已成功实现,并且已鉴定出编码羧酶体壳蛋白及内部组分的基因。首先简要介绍羧酶体的发现和种类,然后系统分析其结构及在CCM机制中的作用,并对其在代谢工程上的广阔应用前景进行了展望。     

蓝藻聚球藻高二氧化碳需求突变株的研究

利用化学诱变法获得了蓝藻聚球藻１０％ＣＯ２生长需求的突变株Ｎ１５０。突变株Ｎ１５０具较高的无机碳运输速率和无机碳库,表观光合作用对外源无机碳的亲和性与已知的其它高二氧化碳需求突变有显著区别。     

绿藻CO2浓缩机制的研究进展

单细胞绿藻是淡水水体中浮游植物的重要组成部分,也是淡水生态系统中主要的初级生产者,其在适应外界环境CO₂浓度变化的过程中,细胞内形成了一种主动转移无机碳的机制———CO₂浓缩机制(CO₂concentrating mechanism,CCM).该机制能使细胞在核酮糖2磷酸羧化氧化酶(rubisco)固碳位点提高CO₂浓度,以增加光合作用和减少光呼吸.本文综述了这种机制中的无机碳转移模型和不同环境因子(光、温度、CO₂浓度和营养水平)对它的调控作用,以期促进深入开展浮游植物对大气CO₂浓度升高响应的研究.     

蓝藻Anabaena sp.PCC7120 羧体碳酸酐酶的鉴定

在丝状蓝藻Anabaena sp.PCC7120细胞粗提液的碳酸酐酶(CA)分析中,发现了两种形式的CA活性.高CO_2下生长的细胞,在35μmol/L EZ(Ethoxyzolamide,碳酸酐酶的抑制剂)存在的情况下,CA总活性的85％左右被抑制,其半抑制浓度I_(50)为7.4μmol/L;随着EZ浓度的继续增加,CA活性在EZ浓度达到约150μmol/L处出现了第二个抑制峰,在250μmol/L处抑制程度达到最大,使CA总活性的15％被抑制,其半抑制浓度I_(50)为190μmol/L。在空气条件下生长的细胞中也出现了CA的两个抑制峰:低I_(50)为6μmol/L,高I_(50)为120μmol/L,对羧体的分离及体外测试表明,在羧体制备物中的CA活性只有一个EZ的抑制峰,而且在EZ浓度达到35μmol/L,正如所期望的那样,该CA活性全部被抑制。其半抑制浓度I_(50)为5.2μmol/L左右。这个值跟空气或高CO_2条件下生长的细胞粗提物中的低I_(50)(6μmol/L或7.4μmol/L)十分相似。说明低浓度的EZ可以特异性地抑制定位于羧体的CA活性。另外一种形式的CA,具有高I_50(120—190μmol/L),约占CA总活性的15—20％,则有可能定位于细胞质膜。     

丝状体蓝藻藻殖段的分化及其调节机制

本文介绍了丝状体蓝藻（亦称蓝细菌）的藻殖段的分化及其调节机制。藻殖段与正常藻丝体的区别在于细胞开状、细胞内存有气囊和可移动的短而真的藻丝链等。本文对许多环境因子包括光和营养因素等促进或抑制藻殖段的分化进行一讨论;还介绍了含球藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ）,单歧藻（Ｔｏｌｙｐｏｔｈｒｉｘ）和眉藻（Ｃａｌｏｔｈｒｉｘ）所具有复杂的细胞发育过程,即具气囊又可移动的藻殖段分化,异形胞分化以及营养细胞的被偿性色适应。这     

一种浓缩噬藻体的反冲超滤技术

噬藻体(Cyanophage)是一类感染蓝藻的病毒,形态上同于噬菌体,近期的研究表明,噬藻体作为水体环境中活跃的动态因子,在控制水体初级生产力和有害藻类水华(Harmful Algal Bloom,HAB)方面可能发挥着重要的作用,甚至影响水体生态系统中食物链的结构,因此研究水体中噬藻体的生理生态学特性对于了解其生态功能是非常重要的,但是由于自然水体中的噬藻体浓度往往较低,难以直接对其进行定性或定量研究,所以对天     

蓝藻对UV-B增强的响应与适应

平流层臭氧破坏导致地球表面紫外辐射(主要是UV-B)增强逐渐受到人们重视。由于蓝藻在生态系统中的重要性和在生物进化过程中的特殊性,用于研究UV-B对生物体的影响具有诸多优势。目前国内关于UV-B与蓝藻的研究报道较少,所以本文介绍了近年来国外该领域的相关研究,主要包括UV-B对蓝藻生物量、光合机构以及固氮等方面的影响,同时着重介绍了蓝藻对UV-B的适应策略。     

转PEPC基因水稻具有初级CO2浓缩机制的生理特点

以原种粳稻Kitaake为对照, 研究了转玉米PEPC基因水稻的PEPC的高表达和碳同化特性的关系. 结果显示: 与原种相比, 转PEPC基因水稻气孔导度和光合速率显著增加, 经统计分析, 气孔导度的增加与光合速率的增加并无相关性. 而在高光强下, 与CO2浓缩有关的PEPC, CA酶蛋白的表达显著增加. 因此在大气CO2浓度下可显著增加光合能力(50%); 无CO2条件下, 可减少叶内CO2释放量, 从而降低了CO2补偿点. 用专一的抑制剂DCDP处理, 证明转PEPC基因水稻叶内PEPC的高表达与碳同化能力的提高和Fv/Fm的稳定性有关. 用14C示踪20 s, 转PEPC基因水稻14C较多的分配在C4光合原初产物天冬氨酸中, 意味着叶内存在着一定的C4光合代谢途径. 上述结果说明, 用代谢工程可以在叶内构建初级的CO2浓缩机制, 为转基因的高光效育种技术提供了生理依据.     

Characterization of Odorous Compounds in Rotten Blue-green Algae

An ice-nucleating bacterium, strain KUIN-1, was isolated from the leaves of field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Strain KUIN-1 was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens from its taxonomical characteristics. Ice-nucleating activity was obtained when strain KUIN-1 was cultured aerobically in a medium containing Koser citrate broth (pH 7.0) for 24 hr at 18°C. The ice- nucleating activity did not appear until the bacterial cell concentration reached 10⁷ to 10⁸/ml. Nucleation at — 3.0°C was detected in suspensions (1.8 × 10⁹ cells/ml) of cells that had been grown on the medium containing Koser citrate broth. Strain KUIN-1 produced a lower nucleation frequency (i.e. the number of ice nuclei/cell) than did ice-nucleating Pseudomonas syringae No. 31 suspensions, particularly at temperatures above — 5°C. The nucleation frequency of strain KUIN- 1-suspensions was similar to that obtained for an ice-nucleating Erwinia herbicola No. 26 at — 5°C.     

Fixation of Elemental Nitrogen by Marine Blue-green Algae

Three blue-green algae, Calothrix scopulorum, Nostoc entophytum,and Oscillatoria brevis, isolated from the upper littoral andsupralittoral fringe of the sea-shore were obtained in pureculture and tested for fixation of elemental nitrogen. Appreciablefixation by Calothrix and Nostoc was detected, a proportionof the total nitrogen fixed being liberated into the culturemedium. There was no evidence of fixation by Oscillatoria. Thisappears to be the first evidence that blue-green algae isolatedin pure culture from marine habitats fix nitrogen.     

Inhibitory and Toxic Effects of Blue-green Algae on Daphnia

The effects of the planktonic blue-green algae, Aphanizomenon gracile, Synechococcus elongatus, and Microcystis aeruginosa, on survival, growth, and food uptake of Daphnia pulicaria were determined. Synechococcus and Aphanizomenon were unsuitable food when offered alone, but did not affect the daphnids negatively when mixed with Scenedesmus. Microcystis was the only one found to be toxic. In pure suspensions of this blue-green, the daphnids did not survive more than 48 hours; they lived a little longer if Scenedesmus was supplied additionally. Growth was markedly reduced when only 50 μg carbon/l of Microcystis was added to the normal Scenedesmus food. It ceased at a concentration of 250 μg C/l. This can be explained by the reduction of food uptake. Very small quantities of Microcystis (10 μg C/l) present in the normal food caused a significant reduction of the filtering rate. Filtering inhibition was associated with the cells. Filtrate of Microcystis suspensions was not effective. Thus, the daphnids must ingest the blue-green cells in order to become toxified. Dual-labelling experiments showed that Microcystis cells are filtered from the medium by Daphnia with the same efficiency as Scendesmus and are not rejected. Toxicity of Microcystis is considered to be an effective defence mechanism against grazing pressure.     

蓝藻叶绿素蛋白复合体的分离研究

蓝藻类囊体膜用声波超时处理,然后在4℃下用低浓度的LDS增溶,并经改进的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后被分离成15条绿色的带. 其中CPa1～CPa6有着相似的吸收光谱. 这6个组分的低温荧光光谱也很相似,其荧光发射光谱的发射峰都位于685 nm处,表明它们都属于光系统Ⅱ叶绿素a蛋白复合体. 该系统对光系统Ⅱ的分离能力是传统电泳的3倍.     

Salicylhydroxamic Acid (SHAM) Inhibition of the Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentrating Process in Unicellular Green Algae

Rates of photosynthetic O₂ evolution, for measuring K_0.5(CO₂ + HCO₃⁻) at pH 7, upon addition of 50 micromolar HCO₃⁻ to air-adapted Chlamydomonas, Dunaliella, or Scenedesmus cells, were inhibited up to 90% by the addition of 1.5 to 4.0 millimolar salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) to the aqueous medium. The apparent K₁(SHAM) for Chlamydomonas cells was about 2.5 millimolar, but due to low solubility in water effective concentrations would be lower. Salicylhydroxamic acid did not inhibit oxygen evolution or accumulation of bicarbonate by Scenedesmus cells between pH 8 to 11 or by isolated intact chloroplasts from Dunaliella. Thus, salicylhydroxamic acid appears to inhibit CO₂ uptake, whereas previous results indicate that vanadate inhibits bicarbonate uptake. These conclusions were confirmed by three test procedures with three air-adapted algae at pH 7. Salicylhydroxamic acid inhibited the cellular accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon, the rate of photosynthetic O₂ evolution dependent on low levels of dissolved inorganic carbon (50 micromolar Na-HCO₃), and the rate of ¹⁴CO₂ fixation with 100 micromolar [¹⁴C] HCO₃⁻. Salicylhydroxamic acid inhibition of O₂ evolution and ¹⁴CO₂-fixation was reversed by higher levels of NaHCO₃. Thus, salicylhydroxamic acid inhibition was apparently not affecting steps of photosynthesis other than CO₂ accumulation. Although salicylhydroxamic acid is an inhibitor of alternative respiration in algae, it is not known whether the two processes are related.     

压片法检查蓝藻液泡

鱼腥藻7120（Anabaena sp.PCC7120）在含0.1mol/L NaCl的条件下培养4d,90％以上细胞液泡化。若在正常条件下培养,1个多月之后部分细胞开始液泡化,随着培养时间延长,液泡化细胞比例逐渐提高。液泡化藻丝材料在玻片上经手指轻轻施压,细胞破袭,液泡从细胞破裂处释出。所释放液泡完全透明,大小不等,可在相关显微镜下显示,个别液泡可弹至细胞外远外。无机盐诱导的液泡化和细胞衰老引起的液泡化之间具有明显的平行性。     

蓝藻Anabaena 7120排氨的研究

蓝藻Anabaena7120在光下和暗中的排氨量显著不同,暗中比光下高。光下加光合抑制剂和光照强度减弱均促进蓝藻排氨。抑制固氮的CO和O_2也削弱蓝藻排氨。无论是在空气、分子氮和氩气中,还是在光和暗条件下,加MSX都促进蓝藻排氨,MSX和DCMU—同加入时,蓝藻排氨量更高。