In vitro dendritic cell generation and lymphocyte subsets in myeloma patients: influence of thalidomide and high-dose chemotherapy treatment

While vaccination with antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) represents a promising therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma (MM), clinical benefit, so far, has been limited to individual patients. To identify potential problems with this approach, we have analyzed the influence of treatment parameters, in particular high-dose chemotherapy (HD-CTX) and thalidomide, on in vitro DC generation and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in MM patients. From a total of 25 MM patients, including 14 patients on thalidomide treatment and 11 after HD-CTX, in vitro DC generation from peripheral blood monocytes under serum-free condition was investigated. In addition, peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were assessed in 17 patients including 10 patients on thalidomide treatment and 9 patients after HD-CTX. Efficient in vitro generation of DCs (median 7.1×10⁶/100 ml peripheral blood; range 0.1–42.5×10⁶/100 ml peripheral blood) expressing DC-typical surface markers was observed in 23 MM patients (92%), although reduced expression of CD1a, CD40, CD83, and HLA-DR was observed in patients treated with thalidomide. With respect to lymphocyte subsets, MM patients showed significantly (p<0.05) reduced B and CD4+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. This effect was most prominent within 6 months of HD-CTX and in patients receiving thalidomide (usually in combination with CTX). CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly increased in MM patients. Thus, despite the well-known deficiencies in their immune system, adequate numbers of DCs can be generated in most myeloma patients. In patients treated with thalidomide, however, it remains to be seen whether the reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules has functional relevance.The study was supported by Internes Forschungsförderungsprogramm Essen (IFORES) and Förderverein Essener Tumorklinik e. V.     

TCD方案治疗MM疗效观察

目的观察TCD方案治疗初发多发性骨髓瘤的效果及其毒副作用。方法反应停400mg/d口服6个月,环磷酰胺每次0.2g,隔日静滴(至血WBC<3.0×109/L时停),地塞米松40mg/d于第1~4、9~12、17~20天静滴。1个月为1疗程,休息1个月后再行下1疗程治疗,共3~4个疗程。结果疗程结束时,完全缓解6例,部分缓解5例,轻微反应1例;总缓解率78.6%,总反应率85.7%。毒副反应较轻,未发生治疗相关性死亡。结论TCD方案治疗初发多发性骨髓瘤疗效较好,毒副反应轻。     

多发性骨髓瘤遗传学的研究进展

多发性骨髓瘤起源于后生发中心的B细胞,是一种不可治愈的慢性进展性骨髓浆细胞恶性肿瘤,约占血液系统肿瘤的10%。多发性骨髓瘤存在明显的遗传学改变,其早期的遗传学改变是免疫球蛋白重链基因位点的易位,而这些易位常常导致11q13区域的cyclin D1、4p16.3区域的FGFR3/MMSET、16q23区域的c-maf、6p21区域的cyclin D3等癌基因的失调,同时还存在抑癌基因位点13q14的丢失以及13号染色单体的缺失,这些染色体异常与疾病的预后密切相关。并且N-RAS、K-RAS的突变,以及c-Myc改变等继发性的改变和癌基因的活化等也与疾病的进展密切关联。近年来,随着医学技术的不断进步,人们对该病的遗传学改变认识进一步加深。本文对多发性骨髓瘤的遗传学改变研究进展进行综述,旨在为指导临床有效治疗多发性骨髓瘤,有效评估预后提供参考。     

Thalidomide as an anti-cancer agent

Thalidomide is a glutamic acid derivative initially introduced as a sedative hypnotic nearly forty years ago. It was withdrawn following numerous reports linking it to a characteristic pattern of congenital abnormalities in babies born to mothers who used the drug for morning sickness. It has gradually been re-introduced into clinical practice over the past two decades, albeit under strict regulation, since it was found to be useful in the management of erythema nodosum leprosum and HIV wasting syndrome. Recognition of its anti-angiogenic effect led to its evaluation in the treatment of various malignancies, where angiogenesis has been shown to play an important role. Numerous clinical trials done over the past four years have confirmed the significant anti-myeloma activity of this drug. It has also shown promise in preliminary trials in the treatment of a variety of different malignant diseases. The mechanisms of its antineoplastic effects continue to be the focus of ongoing research. It has become clear that even though its anti angiogenic effects play a significant role in the anti-tumor activity, there are other properties of this drug which are responsible as well. It also possesses anti-TNF alpha activity, which has led to its evaluation in several inflammatory states. In this concise review, we briefly describe the historical background and pharmacological aspects of this drug. We have concisely reviewed the current knowledge regarding mechanisms of its anti-neoplastic activity and the results of various clinical trials in oncology.     

艾迪注射液与沙利度胺对老年多发性骨髓瘤患者血清APRIL、beta2-m 和TPO水平的影响

目的：探讨艾迪注射液联合沙利度胺对老年多发性骨髓瘤患者血清中APRIL、beta2-m 和TPO水平变化的影响及其临床意义。方法：选取我院收治的老年多发性骨髓瘤患者80 例,根据治疗方案不同分为常规组及试验组。常规组患者采用长春新碱静、盐酸肾上腺素及醋酸地塞米松治疗,试验组患者采用艾迪注射液联合沙利度胺治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后骨髓浆细胞数、M蛋白、血红蛋白、免疫功能、肾功能及血清APRIL、beta2-m 和TPO 水平的变化情况。结果：与常规组比较,试验组采用患者的免疫功能及肾功能获得明显改善,肿瘤细胞活性得到显著抑制,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与常规组比较,试验组患者骨髓浆细胞数、M蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮水平降低,血红蛋白及CD4+/CD8+ 比值升高,血清APRIL、beta2-m 和TPO 水平降低,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：艾迪注射液联合沙利度胺可降低多发性骨髓瘤患者的肿瘤细胞活性,增强患者免疫力,且副作用小,值得临床推广应用。     

表达CD19^＋CD56^-的多发性骨髓瘤浆细胞免疫表型的鉴别

目的：研究多发性骨髓瘤患者浆细胞和对照组正常浆细胞免疫表型,有效地识别表达CD19^＋CD56^-的多发性骨髓瘤恶性浆细胞。方法：采用四色流式细胞仪（BD,FACSCalibur）检测44例MM患者浆细胞以及25例健康骨髓捐献者正常浆细胞膜上的抗原表达。采用CellQuest软件分析结果。细胞膜表面抗原表达率大于20％定义为表达阳性。阳性率为表达阳性的患者及健康对照者所占百分比。结果：44例MM患者浆细胞免疫表型表达频率为：CD^138＋;97．72％（43／44）、CD38^＋：100％（44／44）、CD56^＋：63．64％（28／44）、CD19：84．09％（37／44）、CD200^＋：77．27％（34／44）、CD28^＋：38．64％（17／44）;25例对照组正常浆细胞免疫表型表达频率为：CD138^＋：100％（25／25）、CD38^＋：100％（25／25）、CD56^＋-：100％（25／25）、CD19^＋：96％（24／25）、CD200^＋：0％（0／25）、CD28^＋：0％（0／25）。在44例MM患者中,9％（4／44）患者表达CD19^＋CD56^-,利用CD200检测4例表达CD19^＋CD56^-的患者,有3例患者伴有CD200阳性表达,可与正常浆细胞鉴别。结论：CD200有利于鉴别表达CD19＋CD56-MM恶性浆细胞与正常浆细胞。     

160 例多发性骨髓瘤患者免疫表型特征及其临床意义

目的:研究多发性骨髓瘤(MM)细胞免疫表型特征及其临床意义。方法:应用直接免疫荧光抗体染色方法,采用四色流式细胞仪分析160例多发性骨髓瘤患者瘤细胞免疫表型特征。结果:160例MM患者中CD38、CD138均为阳性,CD7、CD34、CD3、CD10均为阴性,其他抗体阳性率分别为CD56(61.5%)、CD117(18.8%)、CD19(6.5%)、CD20(12.5%)、c Kappa(71.0%)、c Lambda(76.3%)、CD81(58.1%)、CD45(46.9%)、CD27(14.3%)、CD28(17.4%)、CD33(21.4%)。CD20在小于60岁患者中的表达明显高于60岁以上患者[(78.91±16.84)%vs(38.31±11.29)%(P0.05),CD28在大于60岁患者中的表达明显高于小于60岁的患者[(70.81±19.44)%vs(43.97±11.25)%](P0.05)。CD28、CD45在女性患者中的表达明显高于男性患者[(71.75±25.20)%vs(47.25±12.04)%](P0.05)、[(74.04±19.07)%vs(48.42±25.10)%](P0.05)。CD20的表达在Ⅲ期患者明显高于Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期患者[(84.82±11.25)%vs(42.01±7.15)%](P0.05),而CD117的表达与此相反[(49.13±14.06)%vs(77.07±25.92)%](P0.05)。在女性患者中,CD81的表达在60岁以上的患者中明显升高[(43.87±24.43)%vs(74.59±22.94)%](P0.05)。在小于50岁的患者中,女性CD117的阳性率明显高于男性[(83.4±0.42)%vs(45.75±2.19)%](P0.05),而CD81的表达与此相反[(39.20±24.14)%vs(81.52±22.05)%](P0.05);在51~60岁的患者中,男性患者CD33的表达明显高于女性[(94.53±3.06)%vs(45.37±15.28)%](P0.05);在60~70岁的患者中,各分子的表达在男女之间无显著统计学差异。在大于70岁的患者中,男性CD117的表达明显高于女性[(70.40±31.40)%vs(53.50±29.98)%](P0.05),而c Kappa的表达与此相反[(32.58±13.90)%vs(76.98±22.42)%](P0.05)。结论:骨髓瘤细胞表达以CD38、CD138抗原为主,仅部分患者可伴有抗原CD56、CD117、CD19、CD20、cKappa、cLambda、CD81、CD45、CD27、CD28、CD33的表达。     

表达CD19~+CD56~-的多发性骨髓瘤浆细胞免疫表型的鉴别

目的:研究多发性骨髓瘤患者浆细胞和对照组正常浆细胞免疫表型,有效地识别表达CD19+CD56-的多发性骨髓瘤恶性浆细胞。方法:采用四色流式细胞仪(BD,FACSCalibur)检测44例MM患者浆细胞以及25例健康骨髓捐献者正常浆细胞膜上的抗原表达。采用CellQuest软件分析结果。细胞膜表面抗原表达率大于20%定义为表达阳性。阳性率为表达阳性的患者及健康对照者所占百分比。结果:44例MM患者浆细胞免疫表型表达频率为:CD138+:97.72%(43/44)、CD38+:100%(44/44)、CD56+:63.64%(28/44)、CD19-:84.09%(37/44)、CD200+:77.27%(34/44)、CD28+:38.64%(17/44);25例对照组正常浆细胞免疫表型表达频率为:CD138+:100%(25/25)、CD38+:100%(25/25)、CD56-:100%(25/25)、CD19+:96%(24/25)、CD200+:0%(0/25)、CD28+:0%(0/25)。在44例MM患者中,9%(4/44)患者表达CD19+CD56-,利用CD200检测4例表达CD19+CD56-的患者,有3例患者伴有CD200阳性表达,可与正常浆细胞鉴别。结论:CD200有利于鉴别表达CD19+CD56-MM恶性浆细胞与正常浆细胞。     

多发性骨髓瘤预后相关自噬基因筛选及建模

为探讨自噬相关基因(ARGs)在MM发生发展中的作用机制并建立相关的预后模型。基于MMRF与HADb数据库,通过R语言确定多发性骨髓瘤中自噬相关基因的差异表达,GO和KEGG分析自噬相关基因与多发性骨髓瘤发生发展的关系,使用COX回归算法建立多基因预后模型,Kaplan-Meier方法绘制生存曲线,ROC曲线评价预后模型的可靠性。最终从764例多发性骨髓瘤患者骨髓样本及4例正常骨髓样本中共发现104个基因的表达在多发性骨髓瘤样本中具有显著差异,其中上调基因46个,下调基因58个。GO富集主要集中在巨自噬、自噬调节、细胞对外部刺激的反应等本体学注释。KEGG富集主要集中在自噬、细胞凋亡、NOD样受体信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路。单因素COX分析发现33个自噬相关基因与多发性骨髓瘤患者整体生存明显相关。多因素COX回归筛选出13个预后相关自噬相关基因(NKX2-3、NCKAP1、BIRC5、PEX3、HGS、RUBCN、PARP1、ARSA、DNAJB9、HSP90AB1、EEF2、FKBP1B和CD46)建立多发性骨髓瘤自噬相关基因预后模型。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示...