Two new species of Mallomonas (Synurophyceae) from the Ocala National Forest, Florida, U.S.A.

Two new species of Mallomonas, M. ocalensis and M. caerula , are described from a clearwater, acidic and oligotrophic waterbody in the Ocala National Forest, Florida, U.S.A. Mallomonas ocalensis , in the Series Doignonianae of the Section Torquatae, consists of relatively small cells with scales that have a series of parallel shield ribs with alternating thicknesses, collar scales with very short bristles and posterior scales with small protruding spines. Mallomonas ocalensis is most similar to Mallomonas dickii , but is distinguished from the latter species based on the highly variable thicknesses of the shield ribs and significantly larger scales. Mallomonas caerula , in the Series Mallomonas of the Section Mallomonas, consists of relatively large cells that bear large domed and dorneless scales, and long, robust and ribbed bristles. Bristles with and without helmets can be found. The shield, especially the distal portion, and the posterior flange of scales consists of series of more or less parallel ribs. Mallomonas caerula appears to be most closely related to Mallomonas acaroides var. acaroides and Mallomonas acaroides var. muskokana , but can be distinguished from the latter taxa on the basis of scale type, scale structure and bristle morphology. Both new species were found in the plankton and surface sediments of Blue Sink Pond.     

Mallomonas nieringii sp. nov., a new species of Synurophyceae from a suite of ponds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

A new species of Mallomonas, M. nieringii sp. nov., is described from a small, poorly buffered, acidic locality on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Cells are covered with uniquely sculptured scales, each scale of which may possess a single bristle. Cell, scale and bristle morphology all indicate that this new species should be placed within the series Punctiferae of the section Punctiferae, which now has four recognized species and one variety. Scales of the apical ring are highly asymmetric in design, each with a forward projecting triangular shaped spine. Collectively, the triangular shaped extensions of the apical ring of scales surround a single emergent flagellum. Body scales resemble those of Mallomonas punctifera and M. transsylvanica in shape and general morphology, but differ in lacking distinct secondary ribbing on the shield. Mallomonas nieringii was found in six waterbodies all situated within a small geographic area on the outer tip of the Cape Cod peninsula.     

Mallomonas wujekii (Synurophyceae), a new species from Florida, U.S.A.

A new species of Mallomonas, M. wujekii sp. nov., belonging to the Series Tonsuratae is described from a dilute, acidic locality in Florida, U.S.A. Bristle bearing domed scales are restricted to the anterior end, and scales are orientated with their longitudinal axes at a 60° to 90° angle with the longitudinal axis of the cell. Cells have three types of scales, domed anterior scales, domeless body scales and spined posterior scales. All scales possess papillae that are restricted to the shield and have one rib positioned on each end of the posterior flange. The new species is believed to be most closely related to Mallomonas tonsurata and M. galeiformis . The combination of characters of the bristles is unique among taxa of Mallomonas .     

Exploring Cryptic Diversity and Distribution Patterns in the Mallomonas kalinae/rasilis Species Complex with a Description of a New Taxon—Mallomonas furtiva sp. nov.

A complex of closely related Mallomonas taxa belonging to the section Papillosae, M. kalinae ?ezá?ová and M. rasilis Dürrschmidt, has been studied in detail by molecular and morphometric methods. Our investigations uncovered the existence of a new species found in water bodies in Vietnam, which we describe here as Mallomonas furtiva sp. nov. This taxon is morphologically very similar to M. kalinae , from which it differs by minute, but statistically significant morphological differences on the structure of silica scales. Indeed, the principal component analysis of morphological traits measured on silica scales significantly separates all three species in the complex. Mallomonas kalinae and M . furtiva differ by number of papillae on the shield and the dome, as well as by the scale sizes. Likewise, Mallomonas rasilis and M. furtiva are primarily differentiated by the absence of submarginal anterior ribs on silica scales of the former species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Mallomonas furtiva is closely related to M . kalinae , with which it formed a highly supported lineage. Distribution patterns of all three studied taxa are further discussed.     

Mallomonas connensis sp. nov., a new species of Synurophyceae from a small New England lake, U.S.A.

A new species of Mallomonas, M. connensis sp. nov., is described from a eutrophic locality in Connecticut, U.S.A. with a relatively high pH and specific conductance. Cells are covered with bristles and have scales that are orientated with their longitudinal axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cell. Each scale of the apical ring is highly asymmetrical with a forward projecting triangular shaped extension; collectively the extensions form an opening through which the flagellum emerges. Body scales possess a prominent Ushaped ridge that transverses the scale near the center and extends forward. A series of more or less concentric ribs cover the U-shaped ridge and dome, and circumscribe a more light and electron transparent region. The combination of characters of the bristles is unique among taxa of Mallomonas .     

Scaled chrysophytes (Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) from national park lakes in southern and central Finland

A total of 34 scaled chrysophyte taxa (18 Mallomonas spp., 6 Synura spp., 2 Chrysosphaerella spp., 6 Spiniferomonas spp. and 2 Paraphysomonas spp.) were recorded by SEM techniques in 61 samples from 59 lakes locating in 8 national parks of southern and central Finland in July 1987. Most of the lakes were small forest and peat bog lakes with acid (pH 4.6–7.2) and soft-water and with variable water colour (10–350 mg Pt/l). The number of taxa per lake varied from 0 to 15 and it correlated very significantly with the water pH. The species structure was rather typical for the oligotrophic and acid lakes. Besides the eurytypic and common species like Mallomonus caudata (fr. 72.1% of lakes), M. crassisquama (65.6%), M. allorgei (62.3%) and M. akrokomos (52.5%) also M. canina (41.0%) and M. hamata (21.3%) were frequently observed. M. calceolus, M. costata, M. papillosa, M. pugio and M. paludosa were more rare but typical for acid lakes. Synuru splendida which occurred in two lakes was the most rare and a new species for Finland.     

中国裸厉螨属1新种和1新记录（蜱螨亚纲：中气门目：厉螨科）

记述裸厉螨属1新种：古蔺裸厉螨Gymnolaelaps gulinensis sp．nov．和1新记录：奥地利裸厉螨Gymnolaelaps austrgacus（Sellnick,1935）。     

寄螨属1新种和新革螨属1新种(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目:寄螨科)

记述寄螨属1新种:棒毛寄螨Parasitus clavasetosus sp.nov.和新革螨属1新种:丛枝新革螨Neogamasus fasciculus sp.nov.     

维螨属2新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目:维螨科)

记述维螨属2新种:河南维螨Veigaia henanensis sp.nov.和福建维螨Veigaia fujianensis sp.nov.     

宁夏中气门螨调查报告（蜱螨亚纲）（1）及季氏寄螨形态描述

在宁夏采得中气门螨21种,其中宁夏新记录8种。并对季氏寄螨Parasitus tichomirovi Davydova进行形态描述。     

The taxonomy of problematic Mallomonas species (Synurophyceae). II. Mallomonas costata and M. galeiformis

Whole cells of Mallomonas costata and Mallomonas galeiformis with complete scale and bristle complements present few problems for their identification by TEM. Individual scales however, such as those usually encountered in paleolimnology, have often been difficult to identify in isolation. Both species occur in collections from Ontario, Canada, but M. galeiformis is apparently more acidophilic than M. costata . Several differences in structure of scales from both species are described which, if used as criteria for distinguishing between the two species, should facilitate identification of individual scales.     

SEPERATION OF MALLOMONAS DUERRSCHMIDTIAE SP. NOV. FROM M. CRASSISQUAMA AND M. PSEUDOCORONATA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL RESEARCH1

A new species, Mallomonas duerrschmidtiae, with characteristics common to both Mallomonas crassisquama (Asmund) Fott and Mallomonas pseudocoronata Prescott, is described from acidic lakes low in specific conductance and total phosphorus concentration. Characteristics of scales, bristles and spines serve to separate the three taxa. The length and area of scales of M. duerrschmidtiae are significantly larger than those of M. crassisquama but smaller than those of M. pseudocoronata. Although the anterior submarginal ribs of scales of M. duerrschmidtiae may become extended to form short wings, the scales lack the large forward projecting anterior wings characteristic of scales of M. pseudocoronata. Features of the dome and junction between the arms of the V-rib and anterior submarginal ribs also serve to distinguish between the three species. Cells of M. duerrschmidtiae also possess long, smooth and thick spines on their posterior scales and lack helmet bristles. M. duerrschmidtiae has different maxima along pH, temperature, specific conductance, total phosphorus and seasonal gradients than either M. crassisquama or M. pseudocoronata. Discriminant analysis, based on nine morphological characters, was used to successfully classify body scales of the three species. The importance of M. duerrschmidtiae as a bioindicator in future lake monitoring and paleolimnological inference studies is discussed.     

Morphological variation and ecology of Mallomonas crassisquama (Chrysophyceae)

Siver, P. A. & Skogstad, A. 1988. Morphological variation and ecology of Mallomonas crassisquama (Chrysophyceae). - Nord. J. Bot. 7: 99–107. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.
Mallomonas crassisquama is one of the most common and widely distributed species of Mallomonas . In this study we compare the morphology and ecology of the species based on 309 collections from 67 localities in Connecticut (U.S.A.) and Norway. The taxon produces a very complex siliceous coat consisting of four scale and two bristle types all of which have considerable structural variation. A new variety, M. crassisquama var. papillosa is described. Bristle production was found to be temperature dependent where cells formed serrated or helmet bristles under cold or warm conditions, respectively. M. crassisquama was found to exist over wide temperature, conductivity, phosphorus and pH ranges, however, was absent in samples with a pH <5.5.     

Mallomonas jejuensis sp. nov. (Synurophyceae) from Jeju Island,South Korea

A new species of Mallomonas (Synurophyceae), Mallomonas jejuensis sp. nov., has been found in Jeju Island, South Korea. This species is placed in the series Mangoferae (section Torquatae) because it has a collar of elongated domed scales, domeless body scales, rear scales with spines and all scales ornamented with papillae. The morphological characteristics of the scales and bristle of the new species are described by EM and compared with those reported for the other species of the series Mangoferae.     

革板螨属3新种和派伦螨属1新种（蜱螨亚纲：中气门目：派盾螨科）

记述革板螨属3新种和派伦螨属1新种：井冈山革板螨Gamasholaspis jinggangshanensis sp．nov．,何氏革板螨Gamasholaspis hochyicheni sp．nov．,新阿革板螨Gamasholaspis novakimotoi sp．nov．和沙县派伦螨Parholaspulus shaxianensis sp．nov．     

短毛下盾螨雌螨与后若螨描述（蜱螨亚纲：中气门目：厉螨科）

描述短毛下盾螨Hypoaspis brevipilis Hirschmann,1969雌螨与后若螨。     

STUDIES ON ULTRASTRUCTURE AND THREE‐GENE PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS MALLOMONAS (SYNUROPHYCEAE)1

The genus Mallomonas, a common and often abundant member of the planktic community in many freshwater habitats worldwide, consists of 180 species divided into 19 sections and 23 series. Classification of species is based largely on ultrastructural characteristics of the siliceous scales and bristles that collectively form a highly organized covering over the cell. However, the relative importance of the different siliceous features of the scales, such as the dome, V rib, and secondary structures, as well as the different types of scales, in understanding the evolution and phylogeny of the genus is little known. In this study, we investigated the scale and bristle ultrastructure, along with sequences of three genes, for 19 isolates (18 species) of Mallomonas (18 isolates were from Korean habitats). The isolates represented nine of the 19 sections. Sequences for both the nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA and plastid LSU of RUBISCO (rbcL) genes for each of the 19 Mallomonas isolates and four outgroups were determined. Bayesian and maximum‐likelihood (ML) analyses of the data revealed that Mallomonas consists of two strongly supported clades. Mallomonas bangladeshica (E. Takah. et T. Hayak.) Siver et A. P. Wolfe was at the base of the first clade that included taxa from the sections Planae and Heterospinae, both of which lack a V rib on the shield of the scales. Our results indicated that the sections Planae and Heterospinae should be combined. The second clade, with Mallomonas insignis Penard and Mallomonas punctifera Korshikov at the base, contained taxa from the sections Mallomonas, Striatae, Akrokomae, Annulatae, Torquatae, Punctiferae, and Insignes, all of which have V ribs or well‐developed marginal ribs on the scales. Sister relationships between Mallomonas and Striatae were strongly supported, but interrelations among the remaining sections were not resolved, probably due to inclusion of too few species. Our results suggest that the current classification of the genus Mallomonas at the section level will require some revision. Additional species will need to be added in future analyses.     

SECRETION AND DEPLOYMENT OF BRISTLES IN MALLOMONAS SPLENDENS (SYNUROPHYCEAE)1

Mallomonas splendens (G. S. West) Playfair has a cell covering of siliceous scales and bristles. Interphase cells bear four anterior and four posterior bristles that each articulate, at their flexed basal ends via a complex of labile fibers (the fibrillar complex), on a specialized body scale (a base-plate scale). Body scales, base-plate scales and bristles are formed independently of each other and at different times in silica deposition vesicles (SDVs) that are associated with one of the two chloroplasts. The fine structure of scale and bristle morphogenesis in M. splendens agrees with that previously described for Synura and Mallomonas. Four new posterior bristles are formed at late interphase with their basal ends towards the cell posterior. The fibrillar complex is formed in situ on the bristle in the SDV. Mature bristles are secreted one by one onto the surface of the protoplast, beneath the layer of body scales, where the basal ends of the bristles adhere to the plasma membrane via the fibrillar complex. The extrusion of posterior bristles and their deployment onto the cell surface was monitored with video. A fine cellular protuberance accompanies the bristles as they are extruded from beneath the scale layer with their basal ends leading. When distant from the cell, the basal ends of the bristles appear attached to the protuberance, possibly by way of their fibrillar complexes. Once bristles are fully extruded, and their tips free in the surrounding environment, the bristle bases are drawn back to the posterior apex of the cell, apparently by the now shortening protuberance. Thus a 180° reorientation of the posterior bristles has been effected outside the cell. Thin-sections of cells that are extruding bristles show a threadlike, cytoplasmic extension of the cell posterior which may be analogous to the protuberance seen in live cells. Four new posterior base-plate scales are secreted after the bristles have reoriented. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the fibrillar complex is involved in positioning the bristles onto their respective base-plate scales. Anterior bristles are formed in new daughter cells in the same orientation as the posterior bristles; thus they are extruded tip first and no reorientation is required.     

派伦螨属1新种和革板螨属1新种及都匀革板螨雄螨描述(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目:派盾螨科)

记述派伦螨属1新种:遵义派伦螨Parholaspulus zunyiensis sp.nov.和革板螨属1新种:江西革板螨Gamasholaspis jiangxiensissp.nov.,并描述都匀革板螨Gamasholaspis duyunensis Chen,Guo et Gu,1994雄螨.