四川肺吸虫形态学与生活史的进一步研究

本文对四川肺吸虫进行了一系列补充观察和研究,进一步证明四川肺吸虫确是一个能使人致病的独立新种,与陈氏1960年报告的斯氏肺吸虫截然不同。科学根据概括如下: 1.虫体宽长比,轻压标本平均为1:2.8,未压标本平均为1:3.3,与斯氏1:2.2者不同。 2.卵巢分枝比卫氏及克氏者复杂,比大平及怡乐村者简单,为两者间的过渡型。 3.睾丸在自然形态上为长条状,呈“天”或“王”字形,纵行、并列,侧立于虫体后1/3处。 4.皮棘为混生型,即在虫体前部为单生,向后则丛生者渐增多,介于卫氏、克氏单生型及大平、怡乐村丛生型间的过渡型。本虫皮棘在脱囊蚴为单生,在童虫有2—3并生者,在成虫则为5—6丛生,此种演变可能与虫龄有关,值得注意。与斯氏单生型绝不相同。 5.从人工感染猫、猴和果子狸的粪便中以及大白鼠肺囊内所获得的340个虫卵来看,其大小平均为82.4×48.4微米,宽长比为1:1.71。其中两只果子狸粪便所得虫卵的大小平均值分别为84.1×50.3及82.4×47.2微米,与陈氏1960年报告的从果狸获得斯氏肺吸虫虫卵大小为71×48微米者有明显差别。 本虫开始排卵时间在家猫接种后55—64天,每虫平均排卵1,732—6,662个/天。 6.本种虫卵在28℃温水中经21—23天可孵出毛蚴。毛蚴四列纤毛板排列为6.7.3.1。 7.至此,四川肺吸虫成虫形态,第一     

小鼠中性粒细胞在抗体及补体参与下对日本血吸虫童虫杀伤作用的体外实验

用光镜及电镜观察小鼠中性粒细胞及中性粒细胞依赖抗体及补体对体外培养的日本血吸虫童虫 的作用。结果表明：单纯中性粒细胞很少粘附到童虫表面,仅个别十分疏松地粘附在童虫表面,被粘附 的童虫结构正常。提示：单纯中性粒细胞对童虫无明显作用,在抗体及补体协同下,中性粒细胞成群且 紧密地粘附在童虫体表,在细胞集聚的周围,虫体体被出现隧道样及火山口样变化,紧贴童虫的中性 粒细胞伸出伪足,虫体体棘紊乱,皮层变平,体被剥脱,虫体变形,说明中性粒细胞在抗体及补体协同 下,对童虫有杀伤作用、文中对杀伤机制进行了扼要的讨论。     

小鼠中性粒细胞在抗体及补体参与下对日本血吸虫童虫杀伤作用的体…

用光镜及电镜观察小鼠中性粒细胞及中性粒细胞依赖抗体及补体对体外培养的日本血吸虫童虫的作用。结果表明,单纯中性粒细胞很少粘附到童虫表面,仅个别发疏松地粘附在童虫表面,被粘附的童虫结构正常,提示：单纯中性粒细胞对童虫无明显作用,在抗体及补体协同下,中性粒细胞成群且紧密地粘附在童虫体表,在细胞集聚的周围,虫体体被出现隧道样及火山口样变化,紧贴童虫的中性粒细胞伸出伪足,虫体体棘紊乱,皮层变平,体被剥脱,虫     

异盘并殖吸虫囊蚴的观察

对人致病的并殖吸虫(肺吸虫)在亚洲有3种,即卫氏并殖、斯氏并殖和异盘并殖吸虫。异盘并殖吸虫对人致病的特点是:童虫可在人体皮下游走,形成包块,并且可以在人体肺部组织发育成熟,形成虫囊,与人类疾病有密切关系。 关于异盘并殖吸虫(Paragonimus heterotremus Chen and Hsia,1964)囊蚴的记述先后有     

日本血吸虫信号转导蛋白Sjwnt_4基因的克隆、表达及功能分析

由Wnt基因家族产物与其它相关基因产物构成的Wnt信号通路,是细胞发育和生长调节的一个关键途径,对动物的发育特别是生殖系统的发育起重要的调节作用。在人类和小鼠中,Wnt4蛋白是性腺分化过程中主要调节因子,在胚胎发育中起着关键作用。利用RACE技术从日本血吸虫19d童虫中首次扩增到一个Wnt家族基因,序列分析表明该基因的完整编码框含1311bp,编码436个氨基酸,理论分子量49.6kD。同源性分析结果表明,该基因的氨基酸序列具有典型Wnt家族蛋白特征,与日本三角涡虫、人Wnt4的氨基酸序列相似性分别达43％、37％,推测为血吸虫的Wnt4基因,命名为Sjwnt4（GenBank登陆号DQ643829）。实时定量PCR分析显示该基因在14d童虫、19d童虫、31d虫体、44d雌虫及44d雄虫中均有表达,其中19d童虫中的表达量明显高于其它发育阶段,44d雌虫中的表达量明显高于雄虫。构建了该基因的原核表达载体pGEX_4T_2_Sjwnt4,应用大肠杆菌系统进行了表达,表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在,Western印迹显示表达产物能被日本血吸虫成虫粗抗原免疫血清所识别。Sjwnt4基因及其表达产物的获得,为探索Wnt信号通路对血吸虫发育、生殖的调节提供了重要基础。     

日本血吸虫信号转导蛋白Sjwnt-4基因的克隆、表达及功能分析

由Wnt基因家族产物与其它相关基因产物构成的Wnt信号通路,是细胞发育和生长调节的一个关键途径,对动物的发育特别是生殖系统的发育起重要的调节作用。在人类和小鼠中,Wnt4蛋白是性腺分化过程中主要调节因子,在胚胎发育中起着关键作用。利用RACE技术从日本血吸虫19d童虫中首次扩增到一个Wnt家族基因,序列分析表明该基因的完整编码框含1311bp,编码436个氨基酸,理论分子量49.6kD。同源性分析结果表明,该基因的氨基酸序列具有典型Wnt家族蛋白特征,与日本三角涡虫、人Wnt4的氨基酸序列相似性分别达43%、37%,推测为血吸虫的Wnt4基因,命名为Sjwnt4(GenBank登陆号DQ643829)。实时定量PCR分析显示该基因在14d童虫、19d童虫、31d虫体、44d雌虫及44d雄虫中均有表达,其中19d童虫中的表达量明显高于其它发育阶段,44d雌虫中的表达量明显高于雄虫。构建了该基因的原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2-Sjwnt4,应用大肠杆菌系统进行了表达,表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在,Western印迹显示表达产物能被日本血吸虫成虫粗抗原免疫血清所识别。Sjwnt4基因及其表达产物的获得,为探索Wnt信号通路对血吸虫发育、生殖的调节提供了重要基础。     

日本血吸虫信号转导蛋白Sjwnt_4基因的克隆、表达及功能分析

由Wnt基因家族产物与其它相关基因产物构成的Wnt信号通路,是细胞发育和生长调节的一个关键途径,对动物的发育特别是生殖系统的发育起重要的调节作用。在人类和小鼠中,Wnt4蛋白是性腺分化过程中主要调节因子,在胚胎发育中起着关键作用。利用RACE技术从日本血吸虫19d童虫中首次扩增到一个Wnt家族基因,序列分析表明该基因的完整编码框含1311bp,编码436个氨基酸,理论分子量49.6kD。同源性分析结果表明,该基因的氨基酸序列具有典型Wnt家族蛋白特征,与日本三角涡虫、人Wnt4的氨基酸序列相似性分别达43％、37％,推测为血吸虫的Wnt4基因,命名为Sjwnt4（GenBank登陆号DQ643829）。实时定量PCR分析显示该基因在14d童虫、19d童虫、31d虫体、44d雌虫及44d雄虫中均有表达,其中19d童虫中的表达量明显高于其它发育阶段,44d雌虫中的表达量明显高于雄虫。构建了该基因的原核表达载体pGEX_4T_2_Sjwnt4,应用大肠杆菌系统进行了表达,表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在,Western印迹显示表达产物能被日本血吸虫成虫粗抗原免疫血清所识别。Sjwnt4基因及其表达产物的获得,为探索Wnt信号通路对血吸虫发育、生殖的调节提供了重要基础。     

日本血吸虫Sj Cyclophilin B基因的克隆、表达及免疫保护效果分析

本研究克隆和表达了日本血吸虫Cyclophilin B(Sj CyPB)编码基因的cDNA,分析其在日本血吸虫不同发育阶段虫体的表达情况,评估该重组抗原在小鼠体内诱导的抗血吸虫免疫保护效果。本研究以日本血吸虫童虫cDNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增其基因全长cDNA,提交序列到NCBI,登录号为GQ403665。荧光实时定量PCR分析该基因在日本血吸虫不同发育阶段虫体的表达情况,构建重组表达质粒,表达纯化重组蛋白。利用Western blotting检测重组蛋白的抗原性。以重组抗原免疫小鼠,评估其对小鼠诱导的免疫保护效果。结果表明,RT-PCR获得了Sj CyPB编码基因的全长cDNA,其开放阅读框为672bp。经分析确定其为CyPs家族中的CyPB基因,命名为Sj CyPB。荧光实时定量PCR分析表明,该基因在18d童虫期表达量最高,32d次之。构建了重组表达质粒pGEX-6P-1-SjCyPB,并在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达产物分子量为49.5kDa。Western blotting试验显示该重组蛋白具有良好的抗原性,在小鼠免疫试验中,与空白对照组比较,免疫组小鼠获得31.5%的减虫率和41.01%的肝脏减卵率。本研究获得了日本血吸虫童虫期高表达的Sj CyPB基因的全长cDNA,成功构建了Sj CyPB原核重组表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌中成功表达,证实该重组抗原在小鼠体内诱导产生了部分免疫保护效果。     

东方田鼠骨髓基因池的构建及抗日本血吸虫抗性相关基因的筛选

利用表达克隆法,从东方田鼠骨髓细胞中克隆出抗日本血吸虫抗性相关基因．首先提取高质量的mRNA,逆转录成cDNA,将cDNA与哺乳动物细胞瞬时表达载体pcDNA1．1／Amp连接,建立表达cDNA文库;将cDNA文库分成A—H8个基因池,转染HEK293细胞,48h后收集培养上清,获得条件培养基．将条件培养基与日本血吸虫童虫一起培养,观察杀虫效应,取对童虫抑制作用最强的基因池E再分成8个亚基因池E1-8,分别转染HEK293细胞,并将条件培养基与血吸虫童虫一起培养,获得具有明显抑制血吸虫童虫活性的亚基因池E77,按上述方法反复进行筛选,直到获得有抑制作用的单个克隆,该技术的建立为克隆东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫抗性相关基因以及研究其作用机制奠定基础．     

日本血吸虫的组织化学研究 Ⅰ.成虫体内核酸、氨基酸、糖元和磷酸酶的分布

1.应用组织化学的方法研究了从小白鼠肠系膜静脉内取出的日本血吸虫成虫体内核酸、氨基酸、糖元和磷酸酶的分布情况。 2.成虫体内核酸的分布虽较广泛,但以雄虫的睾丸、雌虫的卵巢和卵黄腺中的含量为最高。在睾丸中主要为DNA,而卵巢和卵黄腺中则为RNA。 3.虫体的肌纤维、卵巢和睾丸中的生殖细胞核、卵黄细胞和肠管上皮细胞对显示酪氨酸、色氨酸和组氨酸的偶联重氮反应呈现阳性。角皮下肌层、实质组织细胞和卵黄细胞的颗粒滴呈强的溴酚蓝阳性反应。而对铁氰化物的反应仅卵黄细胞的颗粒滴呈现阳性。 4.糖元主要分布于虫体的实质组织和各种肌纤维内,尤以雄虫抱雌沟附近的实质组织内含量最多。在生殖器官中,仅成熟的卵细胞胞浆含有少许。 5.成虫体表角皮含有大量的碱性磷酸酶,而卵模上皮细胞、卵黄细胞和排泄管壁亦呈阳性反应。酸性磷酸酶主要分布于虫体的角皮下肌层、实质组织细胞核、肠管上皮细胞、雌雄生殖细胞和卵黄细胞内。 6.对于日本血吸虫体内各器官组织中所含的上述各种化学物质的生理意义进行了讨论,并认为血吸虫除肠道摄食外,尚可通过体表角皮吸收碳水化合物等营养物质。     

Tissue- and species-specific expression patterns of class I,III, and IV Adh and Aldh1 mRNAs in rodent embryos

Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ADHs and ALDHs) may be of interest in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) because of their role in protection against toxins and in retinoid metabolism, which is required for growth and development of the mesencephalic dopamine system. In the present study, the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Adh1, Adh3, Adh4, and Aldh1 mRNAs in embryonic C57BL/6 mice (E9.5-E19.5) and Sprague-Dawley rats (E12.5-P0) have been investigated by using radioactive oligonucleotide in situ hybridization. High expression of Aldh1 mRNA was found in the developing mesencephalic dopamine neurons of both mice and rats. Expression of Adh1 and Adh4 mRNAs was observed in adrenal cortex and olfactory epithelium in mice. Additionally, Adh1 was expressed in epidermis, liver, conjunctival, and intestinal epithelium. In rat embryos, expression was less extensive, with Adh1 mRNA being found in liver and intestines. Adh3 expression was ubiquitous in both mouse and rat embryos, suggesting a housekeeping function of the gene. Consistent with previous studies in adult rats and mice, our data suggest that Adh3 is the only ADH class present in rodent brain. Adh and Aldh gene activity in mouse and rat embryos indicate the possible involvement of the respective enzymes in retinoid metabolism and participation in defense against toxic insults, including those that may be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Parkinson Foundation, the Swedish Brain Foundation, Karolinska Institutet funds, AstraZeneca, and the US Public Health Service.     

GATA6 Is Required for Proliferation, Migration, Secretory Cell Maturation, and Gene Expression in the Mature Mouse Colon

Controlled renewal of the epithelium with precise cell distribution and gene expression patterns is essential for colonic function. GATA6 is expressed in the colonic epithelium, but its function in the colon is currently unknown. To define GATA6 function in the colon, we conditionally deleted Gata6 throughout the epithelium of small and large intestines of adult mice. In the colon, Gata6 deletion resulted in shorter, wider crypts, a decrease in proliferation, and a delayed crypt-to-surface epithelial migration rate. Staining techniques and electron microscopy indicated deficient maturation of goblet cells, and coimmunofluorescence demonstrated alterations in specific hormones produced by the endocrine L cells and serotonin-producing cells. Specific colonocyte genes were significantly downregulated. In LS174T, the colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, Gata6 knockdown resulted in a significant downregulation of a similar subset of goblet cell and colonocyte genes, and GATA6 was found to occupy active loci in enhancers and promoters of some of these genes, suggesting that they are direct targets of GATA6. These data demonstrate that GATA6 is necessary for proliferation, migration, lineage maturation, and gene expression in the mature colonic epithelium.     

Distribution of the serine protease HtrA1 in normal human tissues.

The human HtrA family of proteases consists of three members: HtrA1, HtrA2, and HtrA3. In bacteria, the chief role of HtrA is recognition and degradation of misfolded proteins in the periplasm, combining a dual activity of chaperone and protease. In humans, the three HtrA homologues appear to be involved in diverse functions such as cell growth, apoptosis, allergic reactions, fertilization, control of blood pressure, and blood clotting. Previous studies using RNA blot hybridization have shown that the expression of HtrA1 is ubiquitous in normal human tissues. Here we show by immunohistochemistry (IHC) that HtrA1 is widely expressed, although different tissue distributions and/or levels of expression were detected in the different tissues examined. In particular, high to medium HtrA1 expression was detected in mature layers of epidermis, in secretory breast epithelium, in liver, and in kidney tubules of cortex, in concordance with its secretory properties. Furthermore, we show a higher protein expression level in the epithelium of proliferative endometrium, in contrast to epithelium of secretory endometrium, which is almost completely negative for this protein. This suggests a possible role for HtrA1 in the modulation of tissue activity in this organ. The various expression levels in human tissues indicate several possible roles for HtrA1 in different cell types.     

Transient appearance of CRES protein during spermatogenesis and caput epididymal sperm maturation

In previous studies we identified an epididymal gene that exhibits homology to the cystatin family of cysteine protease inhibitors. The expression of this gene, termed CRES (cystatin-related epididymal and spermatogenic), was shown to be highly restricted to the proximal caput epididymal epithelium with less expression in the testis and no expression in the 24 other tissues examined. In this report, studies were carried out to examine CRES gene expression in the testis as well as to characterize the CRES protein in the testis and epididymis. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that within the testis CRES gene expression is stage-specific during spermatogenesis and is exclusively expressed by the round spermatids of Stages VII-VIII and the early elongating spermatids of Stages IX and X. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that CRES protein was transiently expressed in both the testis and epididymis. Within the testis the protein was localized to the elongating spermatids, whereas within the epididymis CRES protein was exclusively synthesized by the proximal caput epithelium and then secreted into the lumen. Surprisingly, the secreted CRES protein had completely disappeared from the epididymal lumen by the distal caput epididymidis. Western blot analysis of testicular and epididymal proteins showed that the CRES antibody specifically recognized a predominant 19 kDa CRES protein and a less abundant 14 kDa form. These observations suggest that the CRES protein performs a specialized role during sperm development and maturation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Estrogen induces expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in rat uterus

In rodents, the steroid hormone estrogen (E) profoundly influences the early events in the uterus leading to embryo implantation. It is thought that E triggers the expression of a unique set of genes in the endometrium that in turn control implantation. To identify these E-induced genes, we employed a delayed implantation model system in which embryo attachment to rat endometrium is dependent upon E administration. Using a gene expression screen method, we isolated a number of cDNAs representing mRNAs whose expression is either turned on or turned off in response to an implantation-inducing dose of E. We identified one of these cDNAs as that encoding secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an inhibitor of serine proteases. The expression of SLPI mRNA was induced in the uteri of ovariectomized rats in response to E, confirming the hormonal regulation of this molecule. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed a biphasic pattern of expression of SLPI mRNA during early pregnancy. A considerable amount of SLPI mRNA was detected in the uterine epithelium on Day 1 of pregnancy. The level of this mRNA, however, declined sharply on Days 2 and 3 of gestation. Interestingly, on Day 4 of gestation, there was a marked resurgence in SLPI mRNA expression in the uterine epithelium. This second burst of SLPI expression diminished by Day 6 of pregnancy. The transient induction of SLPI mRNA during Days 4 and 5 overlapped with the window of implantation in the rat. Although the precise function of SLPI in the uterus eludes us presently, its known effects as a serine protease inhibitor in other tissues and its hormone-induced expression in the rat uterus immediately preceding implantation lead us to propose that this gene plays an important role in controlling excessive proteolysis and inflammation during a critical phase of early pregnancy.     

The serine protease marapsin is expressed in stratified squamous epithelia and is up-regulated in the hyperproliferative epidermis of psoriasis and regenerating wounds

The trypsin-like serine protease marapsin is a member of the large protease gene cluster at human chromosome 16p13.3, which also contains the structurally related proteases testisin, tryptase epsilon, tryptase gamma, and EOS. To gain insight into the biological functions of marapsin, we undertook a detailed gene expression analysis. It showed that marapsin expression was restricted to tissues containing stratified squamous epithelia and was absent or only weakly expressed in all other tissues, including the pancreas. Marapsin was constitutively expressed in nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelia of human esophagus, tonsil, cervix, larynx, and cornea. In the keratinizing stratified squamous epidermis of skin, however, its expression was induced only during epidermal hyperproliferation, such as in psoriasis and in murine wound healing. In fact, marapsin was the second most strongly up-regulated protease in psoriatic lesions, where expression was localized to the upper region of the hyperplastic epidermis. Similarly, in the hyperproliferative epithelium of regenerating murine skin wounds, marapsin localized to the suprabasal layers, where keratinocytes undergo squamous differentiation. The transient up-regulation of marapsin, which closely correlated with re-epithelialization, was virtually absent in a genetic mouse model of delayed wound closure. These results suggested a function during the process of re-epithelialization. Furthermore, in reconstituted human epidermis, a model system of epidermal differentiation, members of the IL-20 subfamily of cytokines, such as IL-22, induced marapsin expression. Consistent with a physiologic role in marapsin regulation, IL-22 was also strongly expressed in re-epithelializing skin wounds. Marapsin's restricted expression, localization, and cytokine-inducible expression suggest a role in the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes in hyperproliferating squamous epithelia.