Osteogenic potential: comparison between bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Bone tissue engineering(BTE) is now a promising re-search issue to improve the drawbacks from traditional bone grafting procedure such as limited donor sources and possible complications. Stem cells are one of the major factors in BTE due to the capability of self re-newal and multi-lineage differentiation. Unlike embry-onic stem cells, which are more controversial in ethical problem, adult mesenchymal stem cells are considered to be a more appropriate cell source for BTE. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) are the ear-liest-discovered and well-known stem cell source using in BTE. However, the low stem cell yield requiring long expansion time in vitro, pain and possible morbidities during bone marrow aspiration and poor proliferation and osteogenic ability at old age impede its' clinical ap-plication. Afterwards, a new stem cell source coming from adipose tissue, so-called adipose-derived stemcells(ASCs), is found to be more suitable in clinical ap-plication because of high stem cells yield from lipoaspi-rates, faster cell proliferation and less discomfort and morbidities during harvesting procedure. However, the osteogenic capacity of ASCs is now still debated be-cause most papers described the inferior osteogenesis of ASCs than BMSCs. A better understanding of the osteogenic differences between ASCs and BMSCs is crucial for future selection of cells in clinical application for BTE. In this review, we describe the commonality and difference between BMSCs and ASCs by cell yield, cell surface markers and multiple-differentiation poten-tial. Then we compare the osteogenic capacity in vitro and bone regeneration ability in vivo between BMSCs and ASCs based on the literatures which utilized both BMSCs and ASCs simultaneously in their articles. The outcome indicated both BMSCs and ASCs exhibited the osteogenic ability to a certain extent both in-vitro and in-vivo. However, most in-vitro study papers verified the inferior osteogenesis of ASCs; conversely, in-vivo research reviews revealed more controversies in this issue. We expect the new researchers can have a quick understanding of the progress in this filed and design a more comprehensive research based on this review.     

Human marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells

A number of adult mesenchymal tissues contain subpopulations of undifferentiated cells, which retain the capacity to differentiate along multiple lineages. These mesenchymal progenitor cells may be cultured in an undifferentiated state and, when given the appropriate signals, differentiate into an expanding list of several mesenchymal and a few ectodermal derived tissues. The maintenance and propagation of the multipotential nature of these progenitor cell populations are crucially dependent on the isolation protocol, the culture expansion conditions, particularly the properties of the fetal bovine serum supplement in the culture medium. This article describes a method for selection of the appropriate serum lot, and introduces a simplified isolation technique to optimize the yield of progenitor cells that maintain the capability of undergoing multilineage differentiation in response to appropriate cues. Cell populations isolated and culture expanded in this manner, by virtue of their multiple differentiation potential, should serve as ideal candidate cells for tissue engineering applications for the repair and regeneration of tissue damaged by disease and or trauma.     

Sonic hedgehog enhances the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) may be promising seed cells for tissue regeneration because of their self-renewal and multi-differentiation potential. Shh (sonic hedgehog) is involved in the skeletal formation during embryo development and skeletal regeneration. However, how Shh regulates the biological characteristics of BM-MSCs (bone marrow-derived MSCs) is poorly understood. We have investigated the effect of rShh-N (recombinant N-terminal Shh) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBM-MSCs (rat BM-MSCs) in vitro. rBM-MSCs were treated with rShh-N at concentrations up to 200 ng/ml. Proliferation and colony-forming ability of rBM-MSCs were increased in a dose-dependent manner. rShh-N increased the ratio of cells in S and G2/M phase, as well as the number of Ki-67+ cells. In addition, ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity and matrix mineralization were enhanced by 200 ng/ml rShh-N. Real-time PCR showed that rShh-N (200 ng/ml) up-regulated the expression of genes encoding Cbfa-1 (core-binding factor α1), osteocalcin, ALP and collagen type I in rBM-MSCs. This information reveals some potential of rShh-N in the therapeutics of bone-related diseases.     

Human umbilical cord blood serum promotes growth, proliferation, as well as differentiation of human bone marrow-derived progenitor cells

Summary Felal calf serum (FCS) is conventionally used for animal cell cultures due to its inherent growth-promoting activities. However animal welfare issues and stringent requirements for human transplantation studies demand a suitable alternative for FCS. With this view, we studied the effect of FCS, human AB serum (ABS), and human umbilical cord blood serum (UCBS) on murine islets of Langerhans and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal-like cells (hBMCs). We found that there was no difference in morphology and functionality of mouse islets cultured in any of these three different serum supplements as indicated by insulin immunostaining. A comparative analysis of hBMCs maintained in each of these three different serum supplements demonstrated that UCBS supplemented media better supported proliferation of hBMCs. Moreover, a modification of adipogenic differentiation protocol using UCBS indicates that it can be used as a supplement to support differentiation of hBMCs into adipocytes. Our results demonstrate that UCBS not only is suitable for maintenance of murine pancreatic islets, but also supports attachment, propagation, and differentiation of hBMCs in vitro. We conclude that UCBS can serve as a better serum supplement for growth, maintenance, and differentiation of hBMCs, making it a more suitable supplement in cell systems that have therapeutic potential in human transplantation programs.     

氯化锂对兔骨髓间充质干细胞增殖影响

目的研究Wnt/β-catenin通路激活剂氯化锂（LiCl）对兔骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrowmesen-chymal stem cells,BMSCs）增殖的影响。方法体外纯化培养兔BMSCs,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗体,以不同浓度的LiCl作用兔骨髓间充质干细胞24h后,采用Cell Counting Kit-8（CCK-8）检测各组细胞的增殖活性。结果低浓度LiCl促进兔BMSCs增殖,高浓度LiCl抑制兔BMSCs增殖。结论低浓度LiCl抑制GSK3β,模拟激活Wnt/β-catenin信号途径,从而促进细胞增殖,而高浓度LiCl增加了对细胞的毒性而抑制其增殖。     

In vitro chondrogenesis of human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells: optimal condition and comparison with bone marrow-derived cells

There are increasing reports that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in various tissues other than bone marrow, including synovium. Here we investigated the optimal conditions for in vitro chondrogenesis of human synovium-derived MSCs and compared these cells with bone marrow-derived MSCs, especially in terms of their chondrogenesis potential. Synovium and bone marrow were harvested from six donors during knee operations for ligament injuries. Digested synovium cells or nucleated cells from bone marrow were expanded clonally. A pellet culture system was used for chondrogenesis, and the best combination of up to three cytokines of the seven assessed. Synovium-derived MSCs plated at a lower density expanded more rapidly. Contrary to previous reports, a combination of TGFbeta and dexamethasone was not sufficient to induce chondrogenesis. However, addition of BMP2 to TGFbeta and dexamethasone dramatically increased cartilage pellet size and the synthesis of cartilage matrix. The cartilage pellets were also analyzed by electron microscopy and immunohistology. DNA content per pellet decreased during chondrogenesis, indicating the pellet increased its size through the accumulation of newly synthesized extracellular matrix. Sequential chondrogenic gene expression was demonstrated by RT-PCR. Synovium-derived MSCs looked similar to the bone marrow-derived MSCs in their surface epitopes and proliferation potential; however, cartilage pellets from synovium were significantly larger than those from bone marrow in patient-matched comparisons. We demonstrated that the combination of TGFbeta, dexamethasone, and BMP2 was optimal for in vitro chondrogenesis of synovium-derived MSCs and that the synovium-derived MSCs have a greater chondrogenesis potential than bone marrow-derived MSCs.     

骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化的研究

无论是在体外实验、还是在体内实验,MSCs都可以向中枢神经系统(CNS)神经细胞分化,但争议颇多。因为功能性神经元不仅要具有典型神经元的形态、特异性标记,还要求具有可兴奋性、能和其他神经元形成突触联系、产生突触电位等,所以对于骨髓间充质干细胞是否能诱导出真正具有功能的神经元存在很大分歧。在此对MSCs向神经细胞诱导分化研究的现况、存在的问题及发展前景给以综述。     

Distinct osteoblastic differentiation potential of murine fetal liver and bone marrow stroma-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are able to differentiate into osteoblasts under appropriate induction. Although MSC-derived osteoblasts are part of the hematopoietic niche, the nature of the stromal component in fetal liver remains elusive. Here, we determined the in vitro osteoblastic differentiation potential of murine clonal fetal liver-derived cells (AFT024, BFC012, 2012) in comparison with bone marrow-derived cell lines (BMC9, BMC10). Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, an early osteoblastic marker, in AFT024 and 2012 cells, whereas dexamethasone had little or no effect. BMP2, but not dexamethasone, increased ALP activity in BMC9 cells, and both inducers increased ALP activity in BMC10 cells. BMP2 increased ALP mRNA in AFT024, 2012 and BMC9 cells. By contrast, ALP was not detected in BMC10 and BFC012 cells. BMP2 and dexamethasone increased osteopontin and osteocalcin mRNA expression in 2012 cells. Furthermore, bone marrow-derived cells showed extensive matrix mineralization, whereas fetal liver-derived cell lines showed no or very limited matrix mineralization capacity. These results indicate that the osteoblast differentiation potential differs in bone marrow and fetal liver-derived cell lines, which may be due to a distinct developmental program or different microenvironment in the two hematopoietic sites.     

Isolation and characterisation of mesenchymal stem cells from adult mouse bone marrow

The future use of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for human therapies depends on the establishment of preclinical studies with other mammals such as mouse. Surprisingly, purification and characterisation of murine MSCs were only poorly documented. The aim of this study was to purify mouse MSCs from adult bone marrow and to functionally characterise their abilities to differentiate along diverse lineages. Adherent cells from adult C57Bl/6J mouse bone marrow were depleted of granulo-monocytic cells and subsequently allowed to grow on fibronectin-coated dishes in presence of fetal bovine serum and growth factors. The growing fibroblastoid cell population primarily consisted of spindle- and star-shaped cells with significant renewal capacity as they were cultured until 30 passages (about 60 doubling population). We fully demonstrated the MSC phenotype of these cells by inducing them to differentiate along osteoblastic, adipocytic, and chondrocytic pathways. Mouse MSCs (mMSCs) sharing the same morphological and functional characteristics as human MSCs can be successfully isolated from adult bone marrow without previous mouse or bone marrow treatment. Therefore, mMSCs will be an important tool to study the in vivo behaviour and fate of this cell type after grafting in mouse pathology models.     

Timing of transplantation of autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells for treating myocardial infarction

It is still unclear whether the timing of intracoronary stem cell therapy affects the therapeutic response in patients with myocardial infarction.The natural course of healing the infarction and the presence of putative homing signals within the damaged myocardium appear to favor cell engraftment during the transendothelial passage in the early days after reperfusion.However,the adverse inflammatory environment,with its high oxidative stress,might be deleterious if cells are administered too early after reperfusion.Here we highlight several aspects of the timing of intracoronary stem cell therapy.Our results showed that transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells at 2 4 weeks after myocardial infarction is more favorable for reduction of the scar area,inhibition of left ventricular remodeling,and recovery of heart function.Coronary injection of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells at 2 4 weeks after acute myocardial infarction is safe and does not increase the incidence of complications.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞培养方法

骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSCs)是一种多潜能的成体干细胞,在细胞治疗和组织工程上具有广阔的应用前景。对供体年龄、分离方法、培养密度、培养基和培养基质表面性质对细胞增殖的影响进行了比较,重点阐述了用人自体血清结合多种细胞因子,替代胎牛血清培养BMMSCs的效果,转染端粒酶基因的BMMSCs的增殖能力和分化潜能,以及灌注培养反应器用于大规模培养的技术进展。     

生长因子对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖、分化的影响

骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stemcell,BMSC)是骨髓基质细胞的重要组成部分,由于其不但能与其他细胞一起支持造血干细胞造血,而且还具有较强的增殖功能及多向分化潜能,在一定诱导因素下可定向分化成骨细胞、软骨细胞和脂肪细胞等,近年来已成为生物学和医学的研究热点。本文简要介绍了不同生长因子如血管内皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、转化生长因子-β等对BMSC增殖、分化的影响。     

Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are resistant to HBV infection during differentiation into hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro

Hepatocyte-like cells induced from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) recover liver function in animal models with liver failure. Our initial findings revealed that human BMSCs improved liver function in hepatitis B patients with end stage liver disease. However, the susceptibility of BMSCs to HBV infection during induction toward hepatocytes remains unknown. We have assessed whether BMSCs-derived hepatocyte-like cells can function like liver cells and be infected by HBV. A new and efficient way to direct the differentiation of BMSCs into functional hepatocytes was developed. BMSCs obtained from hepatitis B patients were induced to differentiate into hepatocytes through exposure to HGF, FGF-4, and EGF. After 6 days of exposure, BMSCs-derived hepatocyte-like cells that expressed a subset of hepatic genes and showed hepatic functions were obtained. HBV was used to infect the differentiated cells, and subsequently these cells were assayed for the presence of HBeAg, HBsAg, and HBV DNA. BMSCs proved resistant to HBV infection, both in vitro and during differentiation into hepatocytes in vitro. This demonstrates that BMSCs are resistant to HBV infection. BMSCs are viable for transplantation and should facilitate further research exploring the in vivo HBV-resistance of the hepatocytes derived from BMSCs after transplantation, a characteristic that could form the basis for hepatocyte transplantation.     

Co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells increases proliferation and maintenance of haematopoietic progenitor cells

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been suggested to provide a suitable cellular environment for in vitro expansion of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPC) from umbilical cord blood. In this study, we have simultaneously analysed the cell division history and immunophenotypic differentiation of HPC by using cell division tracking with carboxyfluorescein diacetate N -succinimidyl ester (CFSE). Co-culture with MSC greatly enhanced proliferation of human HPC, especially of the more primitive CD34⁺CD38⁻ fraction. Without co-culture CD34 and CD133 expressions decreased after several cell divisions, whereas CD38 expression was up-regulated after some cell divisions and then diminished in fast proliferating cells. Co-culture with MSC maintained a primitive immunophenotype (CD34⁺, CD133⁺ and CD38⁻) for more population doublings, whereas up-regulation of differentiation markers (CD13, CD45 and CD56) in HPC was delayed to higher numbers of cell divisions. Especially MSC of early cell passages maintained CD34 expression in HPC over more cell divisions, whereas MSC of higher passages further enhanced their proliferation rate. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) impaired proliferation and differentiation of HPC, but not maintenance of long-term culture initiating cells. siRNA knockdown of N-cadherin and VCAM1 in feeder layer cells increased the fraction of slow dividing HPC, whereas knockdown of integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) and CD44 impaired their differentiation. In conclusion, MSC support proliferation as well as self-renewal of HPC with primitive immunophenotype. The use of early passages of MSC and genetic manipulation of proteins involved in HPC–MSC interaction might further enhance cord blood expansion on MSC.     

Evaluation of isolation methods and culture conditions for rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) are multipotent and preferred for cell therapy. However, the content of bMSCs is very low. To propagate a large number of primary bMSCs rapidly has become a prerequisite for bMSC study and application. Different methods of isolating and culturing bMSC were used and compared among groups: bMSCs of group A are isolated using direct adherence method and cultured by conventional medium changing; of group B are isolated using direct adherence method and cultured by low volume medium changing; of group C are isolated using density gradient centrifugation and cultured by conventional medium changing; of group D are isolated using density gradient centrifugation and cultured by low volume medium changing. The average population doubling time (PDT), average generation time and the cumulative cell doubling level were calculated for every group. bMSCs cultured with complete medium containing 10, 11 and 15 % FBS were allocated into group a, b and c separatedly. Cell numbers were counted everyday under a microscope, the population doubling level curve was plotted and PDT was calculated. The growth curve of bMSC in group a, b and c was made. Both density gradient centrifugation and direct adherence methods obtained relatively pure bMSCs. A larger quantity of primary bMSCs were obtained by direct adherence. bMSC proliferation was faster when cultured via the low volume medium changing method at a serum concentration of 11 % than the other methods. Isolating bMSC by direct adherence and culturing by low volume medium changing at a serum concentration of 11 % is preferential for bMSC propagation.     

Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on the proliferation and differentiation potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been used clinically to slow down osteoporosis and accelerate the healing of bone fractures for many years. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PEMFs on the proliferation and differentiation potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC). PEMF stimulus was administered to BMMSCs for 8 h per day during culture period. The PEMF applied consisted of 4.5 ms bursts repeating at 15 Hz, and each burst contained 20 pulses. Results showed that about 59% and 40% more viable BMMSC cells were obtained in the PEMF‐exposed cultures at 24 h after plating for the seeding density of 1000 and 3000 cells/cm², respectively. Although, based on the kinetic analysis, the growth rates of BMMSC during the exponential growth phase were not significantly affected, 20–60% higher cell densities were achieved during the exponentially expanding stage. Many newly divided cells appeared from 12 to 16 h after the PEMF treatment as revealed by the cell cycle analysis. These results suggest that PEMF exposure could enhance the BMMSC cell proliferation during the exponential phase and it possibly resulted from the shortening of the lag phase. In addition, according to the cytochemical and immunofluorescence analysis performed, the PEMF‐exposed BMMSC showed multi‐lineage differentiation potential similar to the control group. Bioelectromagnetics 30:251–260, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Vitreous cryopreservation of tissue engineered bone composed of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and partially demineralized bone matrix

Cryopreservation of tissue engineered products by maintaining their structure and function is a prerequisite for large-scale clinical applications. In this study, we examined the feasibility of cryopreservation of tissue engineered bone (TEB) composed of osteo-induced canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (cBMSCs) and partially demineralized bone matrix (pDBM) scaffold by vitrification. A novel vitreous solution named as VS442 containing 40% dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO), 40% EuroCollins (EC) solution and 20% basic culture medium (BCM) was developed. After being cultured in vitro for 8 days, cell/scaffold complex in VS442 was subjected to vitreous preservation for 7 days and 3 months, respectively. Cell viability, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of cBMSCs in TEB after vitreous cryopreservation were examined with parallel comparisons being made with those cryopreserved in VS55 vitreous solution. Compared with that cryopreserved in VS55, cell viability and subsequent proliferative ability of TEB in VS442 after being rewarmed were significantly higher as detected by live/dead staining and DNA assay. The level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and osteocalcin (OCN) deposition in VS442 preserved TEB was also higher than those in the VS55 group since 3 days post-rewarm. Both cell viability and osteogenic capability of the VS55 group were found to be declined to a negligible level within 15 days post-rewarm. Furthermore, it was observed that extending the preservation of TEB in VS442 to 3 months did not render any significant effect on its survival and osteogenic potential. Thus, the newly developed VS442 vitreous solution was demonstrated to be more efficient in maintaining cellular viability and osteogenic function for vitreous cryopreservation of TEB over VS55.