Penicillin-binding proteins in Proteus species.

Penicillin-binding proteins in three species of Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, P. morganii, and P. rettgeri, were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Penicillin-binding proteins in these Proteus species were compared with those in Escherichia coli K-12. An approximate correlation between penicillin-binding proteins in E. coli and those in Proteus species was shown by several criteria: electrophoretic mobilities; affinities of several beta-lactam antibiotics which show characteristic patterns of binding to penicillin-binding proteins in E. coli; relation between affinities of antibiotics to the proteins and effects on morphological changes in Proteus species; location of beta-lactamase activity among penicillin-binding proteins; and thermostability. The electrophoretic mobilities and several other characteristics of penicillin-binding proteins among the Proteus species examined were found to be similar from species to species and differed only slightly from those of E. coli.     

Study of the soluble white muscle tissue proteins from fifteen Sparidae species

Soluble proteins of white skeletal muscle tissue of 15 species of Sparidae were analysed. Species-specific electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing patterns were found. Some bands exhibited the same mobility at genus level or at subfamily level, others differed significantly.
Considerable similarity was observed in the species of the genera Spams, Pagellus and Diplodus . Significant differences in the protein bands were noted between the contained subfamilies Denticinae, Sparinae and Boopsinae, confirming the existence of three separate phyletic lines within the family Sparidae.
This study has shown that in these species there is a similarity between classifications based on morphological data and those derived from biochemical studies.
Variation within species can be corrected for by carrying out multiple inter-specific comparisons and determining the variance of the similarity coefficients. Closely related species have similar patterns and, thus, higher similarity coefficients.
The discrepancy in similarity matrices based on morphology and white skeletal muscle tissue proteins of sea bream species shows that electrophoretic methods provide additional information relevant to the systematics of fishes.
Further work on comparison on soluble red muscle proteins of these species is proposed.     

Characterization of ribosomal proteins from different tissues and species of animals by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel

Summary Proteins from ribosomes of different tissues and animals were characterized by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. The proteins from ribosomes of different tissues from the same animal are qualitatively similar. The results of the experiments with ribosomes from the livers of different species of animals exhibit clear differences, in the electrophoretic patterns of the proteins.     

表型相似的热带假丝酵母和麦芽糖假丝酵母在脉冲电泳核型上的差异

热带假丝酵母Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ （Ｃａｓｔｅｌｌａｎｉ ）Ｂｅｒｋｈｏｕｔ和麦芽糖假丝酵母Ｃ． ｍａｌｔｏｓａＫｏｍａｇａｔａ, Ｎａｋａｓｅ ＆ Ｋａｔｓｕｙａ是两种可利用烃类作为碳和能量来源的酵母菌,前者还是一种条件致病菌,可引起系统感染。这两种假丝酵母菌在形态和生理生化性状上非常相似,用常规分类方法不易准确地鉴别。本研究对Ｃ． Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ和Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ的模式菌株以及中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心（ＣＧＭＣＣ）保藏的归于这两个种名下的其它菌株进行了脉冲电泳核型比较分析。发现这两个表型相似的种具有明显不同的染色体ＤＮＡ分子带型,而同一种内的不同菌株却具有相同或相似的分子核型。Ｃ．Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ的特异染色体ＤＮＡ分子带谱为２条８．５—１．２ Ｍｂ的带, ４条２．３－３．４ Ｍｂ的带。 Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ的特异带谱为： ３～４条分子量在１．１－１．３Ｍｂ范围内的带, １条约为２．２Ｍｂ的带以及２－３条大小为３．２－３．５Ｍｂ的带。 Ｃ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ与Ｃ ｍａｌｔｏｓａ在染色体ＤＮＡ分子带型上的差异与二者在可溶性淀粉的同化能力和４０℃下的生长能力上的差异具有明显的相关性…     

Species-specific features of the protein patterns of diploid cotton seeds with A and D genomes and of some amphidiploids

Differences between species were revealed in electrophoretic patterns of seed proteins of various diploid cotton species with A and D genomes and some amphidiploids. Reference spectra and electrophoretic formulas were compiled for representatives of diploid and amphidiploid species, and the electrophoretic spectra were visually evaluated. They would allow identification of various cotton species, varieties, and lines. Homology between cotton species was estimated from the results of electrophoretic protein studies. The homology between species of a single genome group was shown to be closer than between species belonging to different genome groups.     

Species-specific features of the protein patterns of diploid cotton seeds with A and D genomes and of some amphidiploids

Differences between species were revealed in electrophoretic patterns of seed proteins of various diploid cotton species with A and D genomes and some amphidiploids. Reference spectra and electrophoretic formulas were compiled for representatives of diploid and amphidiploid species, and the electrophoretic spectra were visually evaluated. They would allow identification of various cotton species, varieties, and lines. Homology between cotton species was estimated from the results of electrophoretic protein studies. The homology between species of a single genome group was shown to be closer than between species belonging to different genome groups.     

Systematics of the Irish pollan (Coregonus pollan Thompson): an electrophoretic comparison with other Holarctic Coregoninae

Evidence is presented on the genetic relationships of 35 coregonine populations from Alaska, Britain, Ireland, Finland and Sweden. This evidence is derived from an electrophoretic analysis of 27 enzyme loci and additional 'general protein loci'. The Irish pollan C. pollan and the Alaskan C. autumnalis gave identical electrophoretic patterns for all proteins suggesting that they are conspecific and separated only since the last glaciation. C. peled, C. albula and the ' C. lavaretus' complex gave unique patterns for a number of proteins. The F_n C. oxyrhynchus X C albula hybrids, from a lake where no other coregonines occur gave a unique pattern for the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase but all other enzymes were electrophoretically identical to the C. oxyrhynchus parent and the mean gill raker number was closer to this species than in the F₁ hybrid.     

Identification of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium beijerinckii by gas-liquid chromatography and sugar fermentation: correlation with DNA homologies and electrophoretic patterns

Sixty-five strains of clostridia of the butyricum group were studied by DNA-DNA hybridization, electrophoresis of cell proteins, gas-liquid chromatography, and fermentation of glycerol, inositol and ribose. The DNA--DNA hybridization results confirmed that strains of this group belong to two main species, Clostridium butyricum and C. beijerinckii. Five strains did not hybridize with the reference strains of these two species. Most of the strains could be identified by quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic analysis combined with fermentation patterns. The other strains could be identified by their protein electrophoretic patterns.     

Mycoplasma taxonomy studiedy electrophoresis of cell proteins

The electrophoretic patterns of cell proteins in polyacrylamide gels were used for the study of several taxonomic problems in the Mycoplasmatales. The patterns of five Mycoplasma hominis strains showed marked differences that corresponded with their known serological and nucleic acid heterogeneity. The patterns of three M. mycoides var. mycoides strains isolated in different countries were essentially identical. The electrophoretic patterns of several caprine strains resembled those of M. mycoides var. mycoides, supporting their classification as M. mycoides var. capri. Strain B3, a swine isolate, accordingly was tentatively identified as M. mycoides var. capri. The bovine mastitis strain M. agalactiae var. bovis possessed a pattern basically similar to that of the goat mastitis strain M. agalactiae, supporting the inclusion of both strains in one species. Three M. pulmonis strains isolated from rats or tissue cultures showed nearly identical patterns. The pattern of the toxigenic M. neurolyticum (Sabin A) strain resembled but was not identical with that of the nontoxigenic PG28 strain. The avian Mycoplasma species, M. gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, M. synoviae, M. gallinarum, and M. iners showed easily distinguishable and specific patterns, supporting their present classification in different species. Several improvements in the electrophoretic technique are described, and its advantages and limitations as a taxonomic tool are discussed.     

ACIDIC PROTEINS IN RAT BRAIN NUCLEI: DISC ELECTROPHORESIS

—Disc electrophoretic patterns of soluble, acidic proteins in brain and liver nuclei and in the respective tissue homogenates were studied. In brain nuclei, a fast component moving with the electrophoretic front constitutes a relatively large amount of the acidic proteins which migrate toward the anode. Electrophoretic patterns obtained with fractionated brain nuclei (neuronal, astrocytic and glial) were similar to those obtained with total brain nuclei. The S-100 protein could not be detected in any of the nuclei examined. Protein patterns in brain and liver nuclei markedly differed both quantitatively and qualitatively.     

Classification of Seven Species of Cactaceae Based on Their Chemical and Biochemical Properties

Fast protein liquid and ion-exchange chromatography, fluorescence, FT-IR spectra, and elemental and electrophoretic analyses were used to characterize proteins from seven species of Cactaceae, which can be divided into three groups based on their chemical and biochemical properties. Some cactus juice proteins precipitated by ammonium sulfate yielded complex electrophoretic patterns where the major bands correspond to approximately 24,000 Da and 32,000 Da in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) patterns did not differ by the year of sample collection (1986 and 1992). Chromatographic analysis showed that protein characterization of cactus juices may be useful in cactus taxonomy at the family level. Fluorescence emission and FT-IR spectra of studied cacti species were measured to compare protein structure. Differences in the emission peak response and fluorescence intensity, as well as the changes in amide band content were found.     

Phosphoproteins crosslinked to poly(A) + heterogeneous nuclear RNA after irradiation with ultraviolet light

Isolated liver nuclei or whole lymph node lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A in culture were irradiated with ultraviolet light. The crosslinked structures of poly(A)+ heterogeneous nuclear RNA and protein were purified on oligo(dT)-cellulose after labelling irradiated nuclei in the presence of adenosine 5'-[gamma-32P]triphosphate and analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The liver and lymphocyte nuclear proteins included about 17-19 species of 35-150 kDa and were shown to produce quite similar electrophoretic band patterns. Two proteins of 110-120 and 40-42 kDa were phosphorylated. Using partial proteolytic digestion the large-size crosslinked phosphoprotein has been identified as the 110 kDa component described previously (Schweiger, A. and Kostka, G. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 782, 262-268). The 40-42 kDa band was presumably related to the group C species of main proteins associated with heterogeneous nuclear RNA. In crosslinked nuclear structures from rats treated with low doses of alpha-amanitin for 1 h the relative amount of the 110-120 kDa phosphoprotein was reduced while the labelling with [32P]ATP was almost abolished.     

The use of electrophoresis of the water-soluble (sarcoplasmic) proteins of fish muscle to differentiate the closely related species of hake (Merluccius sp.).

1. Electrophoretic separation patterns of water-soluble proteins of five species of hake, Merluccius merluccius; M. australis; M. productus; M. bilinearis and M. angustimanus, have been examined. 2. The patterns were reproducible within each species and distinguishable from one another. 3. The frequency distribution of numbers of vertebrae and of gillrakers were obtained for the same fish. 4. Only the electrophoretic patterns gave an unequivocal identification of the species.     

Differentiation of Citrobacter strains using electrophoretic protein patterns

The aim of this study was checking of the usefulness of electrophoretic protein patterns in differentiation of Citrobacter strains. For analysis of whole-cell proteins 181 Citrobacter strains were prepared. Electrophoresis was performed in Mini Protean Duall Slab Cell (Bio-Rad) apparatus. Electrophoresis was carried out in 10% polyacrylamide gel according to the SDS-PAGE method of Laemmli. Whole-cell proteins of all tested Citrobacter strains gave after electrophoresis 12 to 20 bands. Patterns consisting of 12 to 20 fragments ranging in size from 70,000 to 14,000 and smaller, were not distinguishable. There were no significant differences between electrophorograms of Citrobacter strains belonging to the different species, useful for species differentiation. Identical protein band patterns were observed in the case of selected strains e.g. strains C. sedlakii studied in this study, coming from an outbreak, having the some phenotype.     

Electrophoretic studies of Australasian, North American and European isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and related species.

Forty-seven isolates of Sclerotinia species, collected from a variety of crops growing in Australia, New Zealand, North America and Europe, have been classified into three distinct groups on the electrophoretic patterns for soluble proteins, arylesterase, acid phosphatase, tetrazolium oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-linked) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase. There were only small intra-group differences. The electrophoretic patterns of an isolate of Whetzelinia (= Sclerotinia) tuberosa were characteristically different from those of the other isolates. These results support the findings from previous studies when ontogenetic, electrophoretic and mycelial-interaction criteria were used to group a smaller number of isolates from New South Wales, Australia. It is concluded that S. sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum and S. minor are three distinct species.     

Ribosomal proteins of sea urchin eggs

Summary Ribosomal proteins from unfertilized eggs of three sea urchin species, Pseudocentrotus depressus, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, and Anthocidaris crassispina, were analyzed. Species-specific differences were observed in the profiles of large subunit proteins on two-dimensional slab gels, though the number of ribosomal proteins and the molecular weights of their counterparts were the same. The small subunit proteins revealed similarities in the electrophoretic profiles and in the phosphorylation patterns among these three species.     

Cell-wall protein profiles of dairy thermophilic lactobacilli

SDS–PAGE fingerprinting of cell-wall proteins extracted from 119 strains belonging to different species of lactic acid bacteria have been compared. The method of extraction and electrophoretic separation utilized in this work was found to be a reliable and rapid way for characterizing thermophilic lactobacilli species and strains. A protein of approximately 50 kDa was found to be characteristic for all the Lact. helveticus strains, and two cell-wall proteins of about 20 and 30 kDa were typical of the species Lact. delbrueckii , but the discrimination between the subspecies lactis and bulgaricus was not possible by the electrophoretic technique used. The other thermophilic species studied in this work presented cell-wall protein patterns that permitted their differentiation from both Lact. helveticus and Lact. delbrueckii .     

Electrophoretic patterns of chorion proteins and their relation to phylogeny of eleven Drosophila species of the melanogaster group

The electrophoretic patterns of chorion proteins coded by four chorion genes in eleven Drosophila species of the melanogaster group have been studied. We found that, in spite of the specific characteristics of this unique set of genes, the electrophoretic patterns are, in general, in accordance to the proposed phylogenies.     

Biological and serological comparisons of eel herpesvirus in Formosa (EHVF) and Herpesvirus anguillae (HVA)

A comparative study between EHVF (eel herpesvirus in Formosa) and HVA ( Herpesvirus anguillae ) was performed. Similar syncytia were produced by each virus in cell lines infected with the viruses and similar viral yields were obtained. Significant cross-reactivity was observed in neutralization tests between HVA and EHVF but HVA and EFVF were distinctly different from channel catfish virus (CCV). An electrophoretic analysis of the structural proteins of EHVF and HVA produced similar electrophoretic patterns. Western blotting analysis of the viral proteins, using antiserum against EHVF, supported the results obtained in the cross-neutralization test. In conclusion, the isolates of HVA and EHVF are tightly clustered.     

An altered ribosomal protein in an edeine-resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary The r-proteins of an edeine-resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared to those of the wild-type strain by using two different two-dimensional electrophoretic techniques: (1) the Kaltschmidt-Wittmann method and, (2) the Kaltschmidt-Wittmann system, in the first dimension and the Na Dodecyl-SO₄ system in the second.With the first technique, the results indicate that the patterns of basic ribosomal proteins are similar in the two strains. However, the pattern of acidic ribosomal proteins of the mutant revealed an additional protein band with respect to the normal one. Using the other technique, the patterns of basic and acidic ribosomal proteins of the mutant demonstrated a similarity to the corresponding pattern of the wild-type strain.The data disclose that an acidic ribosomal protein of the mutant may have two forms with different electrophoretic mobilities and similar molecular weights.