Effect of melatonin and gibberellic acid foliar application on the yield and quality of Jumbo blackberry species

Not many chemical hormone studies does exist in our country especially in berry fruits. Foliar application of melatonin and gibberellic acid hormones was performed in 2016 and 2017 in order to analyze the effects of different doses of hormone applications on fruit quality and yield. Pheonologic, pomological and some bioactive content analyses of these hormones were studied. According to the research results, while M?+?GA10 ppm (240.50; 3.9) and M?+?GA 5?ppm (226.50; 3.6) applications have the highest fruit number and weight (g), the highest fruit size was obtained from GA 5?ppm (21.21?mm fruit length, 16.56?mm fruit width) and M 10?ppm (21.10?mm fruit length, 16.20?mm fruit width) chemical applications in Jumbo blackberry species. The highest values in Ph, soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity averages were obtained from GA 5?ppm (3.69; 10.80; 2.42) and GA 10?ppm (3.68; 10.70; 2.40) applications; the highest total antioxidant activity in bioactive characteristics averages was found in G 10?ppm 143.21?mg/g, the highest total phenolics was identified in G 5?ppm 72.68?ppm/GAE and the highest total flavonoids was determined in G 10?ppm 4925.75?ppm/QE.     

半干旱地区地膜覆盖对作物产量和氮效率的影响

在年降水量415mm的半干旱地区黄绵土上,以春小麦为供试作物进行大田试验,研究地膜覆盖进程(包括不覆膜、播种后覆膜30d、覆膜60d和全程覆膜)、底墒和施N对作物产量和N效率的影响．结果表明,增加底墒、地膜覆盖和施N均会显著增加作物产量和吸N量(α＜0.01),其影响顺序为N肥＞底墒＞覆膜．覆膜对产量的效应因底、施N和覆膜进程而异．从平均看,在低底墒时,各种覆膜处理产量虽有增加,但与不覆膜处理间的差异并不显著,而在高底墒时,以覆膜60d的产量最高,以不覆膜最低．由于覆膜和底墒影响作物产量和吸N量,因而也影响N效率．在低底墒时,以不覆膜和覆膜30d时N效率最高,而在高低墒时,30d、60d和全程覆膜处理间差异不显著．综合作物产量和N效率,全生育期覆膜并没有多少实际意义．     

不同灌水模式对冬小麦籽粒产量和水、氮利用效率的影响

在田间试验条件下,以冬小麦品种泰农18为材料,设置灌底墒水(CK)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+越冬水与灌浆水交替灌溉(越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式,W2)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(优化传统灌溉模式,W3)、底墒水+越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水(传统灌溉模式,W4)5种灌溉模式,每处理每次灌水量均为600 m3·hm-2,研究了山东泰安偏旱年份(2009-2010年)不同灌溉模式对小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明:在小麦全生育期119.7 mm降水量条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)与传统灌溉模式(W4)籽粒产量差异不显著,但水分利用效率显著高于传统灌溉模式,与灌水量相同的优化传统灌溉模式(W3)相比,其小麦籽粒产量明显提高,水分利用效率无显著差异;越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式和传统灌溉模式的氮肥偏生产力最高,且籽粒收获后越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式在0 ～100 cm土层的硝态氮积累量显著高于传统灌溉模式和优化传统灌溉模式,降低了硝态氮的淋溶损失.在本试验条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)是可以兼顾小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的最佳灌溉模式.     

Effect of inoculation ofAzospirillum lipoferum on nitrogen fixation in rhizosphere soil,their association with root,yield and nitrogen uptake by mustard (Brassica juncea)

Summary A microplot field experiment was conducted in the presence or absence of P and N application to evaluate the influence of the seed inoculation of mustard (cv. Baruna T₅₉) withAzospirillum lipoferum on N₂-fixation in rhizosphere, association of the bacteria with the roots and grain yield and N uptake. Inoculation significantly increased the N content in rhizosphere soil particularly at early stage (40 days) of plant growth, which was accompanied by the increased association of the bacteria (A. lipoferum) in rhizosphere soil, root surface washing and surface-sterilized macerated root. A significant increase in grain yield and N uptake was also observed due to inoculation. Application of P particularly at the 20 kg. ha^–1 level further enhanced the beneficial effect ofAzospirillum lipoferum inoculation, while N addition markedly reduced such an effect.     

楝树籽提取物对土壤供氮和氮肥利用率的影响

研究了楝树籽不同方式的提取物（NI,NⅡ）对普通铁质淋溶土壤,简有水耕人为土壤供N和N肥利用率的影响。NI可在一定程度上抑制两种土壤产生NO3－N,NⅡ在两种土壤上前期均能显著固定NH4^ -N并在后期释放出NH4^ -N。如果NI和NⅡ2种提取物同时与化肥N施入土壤,则可明显改善土壤的供N状况,使这与作物需N过程更吻合。盆栽实验证明,NⅡ可显著提高肥旱耕人为土壤上作物对N肥的利用率。     

Effects of potassium and gibberellic acid on stem growth of whole sunflower plants

Abstract The effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on whole sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants grown at three potassium (K) levels (0.0, 0.5 and 5.0 mM) were studied. A tenfold increase in the length of the first internode was observed when plants grown without K were treated with GA₃. The uneven K distribution along the plant (higher K content in the higher internodes) was enhanced by GA₃ treatment. Gibberellic acid increased the content of reducing sugars, especially in K-deficient plants. An increase in the K level in the nutrient solution resulted in a decrease of the osmotic potential of stem segments. Osmotic potential differences within the elongating first internode were increased by GA₃ treatment.     

Effects of gibberellic acid on sucrose accumulation and sucrose biosynthesizing enzymes activity during banana ripening

During banana ripening there is a massive conversion into sugars, mainly sucrose, which can account for more than 10% of the fresh weight of the fruit. An ethylene burst is the trigger of the banana ripening process but there is evidence that other compounds can act as modulators of some biochemical pathways. As previously demonstrated, gibberellic acid (GA₃) can impair the onset of starch degradation and affect some degradative enzymes, but effects on the sucrose biosynthetic apparatus have not yet been elucidated. Here, the activity and amount of sucrose synthase (SuSy; E.C. 2.4.1.13) and sucrose–phosphate synthase (SPS; E.C. 2.4.1.14), respiration rates, ethylene production, and carbohydrate levels, were evaluated in GA₃-infiltrated and non-infiltrated banana slices. The exogenous supply of gibberellin did not alter the respiration or the ethylene profile but delayed sucrose accumulation by at least 2 days. While SuSy activity was similar in control and treated slices, SPS increase and sucrose accumulation was related in treated slices. Western blotting with specific antiserum showed no apparent effects of GA₃ on the amount of SuSy protein, but impaired the increase in SPS protein during ripening. The overall results indicate that although GA₃ did not block carbohydrate mobilisation in a irreversibly way, it clearly affected the triggering of starch breakdown and sucrose synthesis. Also, the delayed sucrose accumulation in GA₃-infiltrated slices could be explained by the disturbance of SPS activity. In conclusion, gibberellins can play an important role during banana ripening and our results also reinforce the idea of multiple regulatory components in the ripening pathway, as evidenced by the GA₃ effects.     

Decomposition of aqueous solutions of gibberellic acid on autoclaving

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the decomposition of unbuffered and buffered (pH 3–8) aqueous solutions of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on autoclaving is recorded. The identified products, which vary in composition with pH, are iso-GA₃ (II), iso-GA₃ hydroxy acid (III), gibberellenic acid (IV), allogibberic acid (V), epiallogibbe detected after autoclaving in all cases. The identified products, in all cases, account for not less than 95% of the decomposition product, Dehydroallogibberic acid has not previously been recorded as an aqueous decomposition product of GA₃ and its biological activity in the lettuce hypocotyl test is recorded.     

Effects of root applications of gibberellic acid on photosynthesis and growth in C3 and C4 plants

The effects of root applications of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on growth and photosynthesis of 12 species of plants including C₃ monocots (Triticum aestivum L., wheat, Hordeum vulgare L., barley and Avena sativa L., oat), C₃ dicots (Vigna radiata L., mung bean, Cucurbita moschata L., squash and Capsicum annuum L., pepper), C₄ monocots (Zea mays L., corn, Sorghum vulgare L., sorghum and Panicum ramosum L., millet) and C₄ dicots (Amaranthus retroflexus L., pigweed, Kochia scoparis L., kochia and Gomphrena celosoides L., gomphrena) were evaluated. Relative growth rates (RGR) of barley, oat, squash, pepper, corn, sorghum, millet, pigweed and kochia were increased above the control by 12.7%, 9.9%, 11.3%, 10.7%, 19.2% 10.1%, 11.5%, 16.4% and 32.7% respectively, four days following optimum GA₃ treatments. There was no effect of GA₃ on RGR in wheat, mung bean, and gomphrena. Gibberellic acid decreased the chlorophyll content expressed on an area basis by 20.0%, 13.9%, 20.9%, 17.1%, 11.9% and 28.0% in barley, squash, pepper, sorghum, pigweed and kochia, respectively, while that of oat, wheat, mung bean, corn, millet and gomphrena remained unchanged. When photosynthetic rates were expressed per mg of chlorophyll, it showed that GA₃ could stimulate photosynthesis in barley, squash, pepper, sorghum, millet, pigweed and kochia by 20.4%, 20.6%, 16.5%, 17.4%, 10.4%, 24.2%, and 29.4%; while there was no effect in oat, wheat, mung bean, corn and gomphrena. An increase in leaf blade area and/or length of sheath were observed in GA₃ treated plants of oat, barley, mung bean, squash, pepper, corn, sorghum, millet and kochia. The transpiration rate remained unchanged following GA₃ treatment in all 12 species.This work was supported in part by the Fair Funds administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Contribution No. 39, Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University. Authorized for publications as paper no. 6886 in the journal series of the Pennsylvania Agricultual Experiment Station.Research assistant and assistant professor respectively.     

Effects of gibberellic acid and temperature on growth and root carbohydrates of Delphinium seedlings

Delphinium Blue Bird seedlings weregrown in heated (air temperature >15) and unheatedglasshouses in winter and treated with foliar sprays of gibberellic acid(GA₃) or drenched with uniconazole (UZ). The unheated seedlings wereexposed to temperatures as low as 5. Under bothheated and unheated growing conditions, leaf differentiation was retarded by theGA₃ application. Leaves of the unheated seedlings showed very littleexpansion, but the GA₃ application stimulated leaf expansion underchilled conditions. Root starch and mannitol decreased and root sucroseincreased during cold acclimation. These changes were less in theGA₃-treated seedlings than in the non-treated seedlings. The higherstarch and mannitol contents in GA₃-treated seedlings indicates thatthe GA₃ application inhibits starch and mannitol utilization orconversion to sucrose. Chilling hastened flowering but the GA₃application did not. GA₃ application during the chilling periodincreased spike volume, probably because under chilled conditions, the seedlingsto which GA₃ was applied expanded their leaves and were able toassimilate more than the seedlings not receiving GA₃. These results suggest that exogenous GA₃ apparently breaksthe rosette by means of rapid enlargement of already differentiated tissues andthat the action of exogenous GA₃ is, essentially, different from thatof the chilling treatment.     

Effect of gibberellic acid and nitrogen on carbonic anhydrase activity and mustard biomass

In mustard(Brassica juncea L.) addition of 20 mM nitrogen (in the form of NaNO₃) inhibited after 50 d the activities of carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase and net photosynthetic rate. However, when nitrogen was applied in association with the foliar spray of gibberellic acid, the inhibition was reversed and the above parameters and also leaf area index and dry mass were enhanced.     

Influence of gibberellic acid and different salt concentrations on germination percentage and physiological parameters of oat cultivars

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is one of the plant growth regulators which improve salt tolerance and mitigate the salt stress impact on plants. The extant analysis was carried out to study the effect of GA₃ and different salt concentrations on seed germination and physiological parameters of oat cultivars. Oats is substantially less tolerant to salt than wheat and barley. Experimentation was conducted as factorial with Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates. Different concentration of NaCl salt ((25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) were used in test control group and 100 and 150 ppm of GA₃ were used in two group by pre-treated (after 24 h of the seed soaking) and plants were analyzed on 15th day. Results indicate that increasing salinity would decrease the germination percentage and growth parameter in three oat cultivars. Quotes data indicating a 13%, 19.9% and 32.48% in cultivars NDO-2, UPO-212 and UPO-94 germination reduction when soil salinity reaches 50 mM. A 36.02%, 47.33% and 56.365 reduction in germination is likely when soil salinity reaches 100 mM respectively same cultivars. Seeds treated with GA₃ significantly promoted the percentage of germination, shoot and root length, total fresh and dry weight of seedling, tissue water content and seedling vigor index by NDO-2 and UPO-212 under different saline concentration. The maximum average of germination and growth parameters were observed from 150 ppm GA₃ treated seeds. But this concentration was significantly inhibited root length in sensitive cultivar UPO-94 at 75 and 100 mM salt as compared to 100 ppm. We observed that, the high concentration of GA₃ was not suitable for sensitive oat cultivars. Because the plant root are the real workforce behind any plants success. Thus, it may be concluding that, GA₃ treatment could curtail the toxic effect of salinity by increasing germination percentage and shoot and root length, total fresh and dry weight, tissue water content and seedling vigor index in tolerant cultivar.     

Effects of a short-term p-hydroxybenzoic acid application on grain yield and yield components in different tiller categories of spring barley

The aim of these experiments was to evaluate how thresholds for phytotoxic substances obtained in seedling bioassays relate to yield losses or changes in yield components of mature barley crops after a short-term exposure to p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Under laboratory conditions a treatment with 1.81 mM p-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly reduced the radicle length of barley, whereas coleoptile elongation was less sensitive. The inhibition of the radicle length and coleoptile elongation was greater if the pH of the test solution was not buffered at pH 5.5. In a glasshouse trial the effect of p-hydroxybenzoic acid on the radicle and coleoptile elongation of spring barley was compared with the yield response after a three day exposure either during germination or at the double ridge stage of apex development. Applications of 0.72 mM, 1.44 mM and 3.62 mM p-hydroxybenzoic acid averaged over the treatments during germination or at the double ridge stage of development caused a yield reduction in the single ear weight of 5%, 13% and 19% in comparison with the control, respectively. The higher tiller categories in general showed a greater sensitivity towards an application of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and, therefore, could not compensate for the yield decrease of the main stem tiller. A single application of p-hydroxybenzoic acid either at germination or at the double ridge stage may cause yield losses, as reported from no-till systems or cereal monocultures. The data have implications for the interpretation of seedlings bioassays in allelopathic research and their applicability in estimating yield losses caused by phytotoxic substances. ei]Section editor: R Merckx     

Effects of gibberellic acid and environmental factors on cytosolic calcium in wheat aleurone cells

Gibberellins (GAs) control a wide range of physiological functions in plants from germination to flowering. The cellular mechanisms by which gibberellic acid (GA₃) acts have been most extensively studied in the cereal aleurone. In this tissue, alterations in cellular calcium are known to be important for the primary response to GA, which is the production and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. The extent to which cytosolic Ca²⁺ mediates the early events in GA action, however, is not known. In order to address this question, changes in cytosolic Ca²⁺ in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Inia) aleurone cells that occur rapidly after treatment with GA were characterized. In addition, GA-induced changes were compared with changes induced by three environmental stimuli that are known to modify the GA response: osmotic stress, salt (NaCl), and hypoxia. The Ca²⁺-sensitive dye fluo-3 was used to photometrically measure cytosolic Ca²⁺. It was found that GA₃ induced a steady-state increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ of 100–500 nM. This increase was initiated within a few minutes of treatment with GA and was fully developed after 30–90 min. The changes in cytosolic Ca²⁺ that were induced by GA were distinct from those induced by mannitol, NaCl, or hypoxia. Mannitol caused a steady-state decrease whereas NaCl and hypoxia both increased cytosolic Ca²⁺. In the case of NaCl this increase was transient but for hypoxia the increase was prolonged as long as hypoxic conditions were maintained. Gibberellin-induced changes in cytosolic Ca²⁺ were not induced by the inactive GA, GA₈, nor did the GA-insensitive wheat mutant, D6899, respond to active GA₃ with altered cytosolic Ca²⁺. It is concluded that changes in cytosolic Ca²⁺ are an early and integral part of the GA response in aleurone cells. The data also indicate, however, that changes in Ca²⁺ are not sufficient, by themselves, to induce the GA response of aleurone cells.Abbreviations AM acetoxymethyl ester - GA gibberellin - GA₃ gibberellic acid - Mes 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid - PM plasma membrane The author is very grateful to Dr. T-h. D. Ho for his gift of D6899 grain and to Dr. R. Hooley for supplying the inactive GA₈. This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant DCB-9206692.     

休闲期深翻覆盖对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和产量的影响

采用大田试验研究了旱地小麦休闲期不同时间深翻、不同材料覆盖对植株氮素吸收和转运分配、水分和氮利用效率的影响.结果表明:前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻覆盖较15d提高了拔节期、孕穗期、成熟期植株含氮率,提高了各生育时期植株氮积累量和各生育阶段氮吸收速率,提高了花前氮素转移量、转移率,提高了液态地膜覆盖和不覆盖条件下花前氮素转运对籽粒氮的贡献率,提高了籽粒氮积累量及其所占的比例,降低了叶片、茎秆、颖壳+穗轴中氮积累量所占的比例,且均以采用渗水地膜覆盖效果较好;前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻覆盖较15 d增加了产量和水分利用效率,提高了氮素吸收效率、氮素生产效率.总之,休闲期等雨后深翻覆盖有利于植株氮素吸收、积累,有利于花前植株中贮存氮素向籽粒的转移,促进籽粒中氮素积累,降低其他器官中的氮素,最终提高产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率及氮素生产效率,且以渗水地膜覆盖效果较好.     

Effect of gibberellic acid on flowering and the thebaine yield of different clones of Papaver bracteatum

Two foliar applications of gibberellic acid (GA₃, 250 mg l^–1) enhanced the flowering in various clones of Papaver bracteatum. The most pronounced effects were obtained in late flowering clones in which GA₃ increased significantly the number and weight of the capsules and thebaine yield per plant.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 1267-E, 1984 series.     

Hydrodynamics, mass transfer and rheological studies of gibberellic acid production in an airlift bioreactor

Although a lot of research has been done into modelling microbial processes, the applicability of these concepts to problems specific for bioreactor design and optimization of process conditions is limited. This is partly due to the tendency to separate the two essential factors of bioreactor modelling, i.e. physical transport processes and microbial kinetics. The deficiencies of these models become especially evident in industrial production processes where O₂ supply is likely to become the limiting factor, e.g. production of gibberellic acid and other organic acids. Hydrodynamics, mass transfer and rheology of gibberellic acid production by Gibberella fujikuroi in an airlift bioreactor is presented in this work. Important hydrodynamic parameters such as gas holdup, liquid velocity in the riser and in the downcomer, and mixing time were determined and correlated with superficial gas velocity in the riser. Mass transfer was studied evaluating the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, which was determined as a function of superficial gas velocity in the riser and as a function of fermentation time. Culture medium rheology was studied through fermentation time and allowed to explain the volumetric mass transfer coefficient behaviour. Rheological behaviour was explained in terms of changes in the morphology of the fungus. Finally, rheological studies let us obtain correlations for gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient estimation using the superficial gas velocity in the riser and the culture medium apparent viscosity.     

Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance

A sand culture experiment assessed whether gibberellic acid(GA₃) could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on thegrowth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheatcultivars, Barani-83 (salt sensitive) and SARC-I (salt tolerant).Three-week-oldplants of both cultivars were exposed to 0, 100 and 200 molm^–3 NaCl in Hoagland's nutrient solution. Threeweeks after the initiation of salt treatments, half of the plants of eachcultivar were sprayed overall with 100 mg L^–1GA₃ solution. Plants were harvested 3 weeks after theapplication of GA₃. Fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, plantheight and leaf area were decreased with increasing supply of salt, butgibberellic acid treatment caused a significant ameliorative effect on both thecultivars with respect to these growth attributes. However, GA₃caused no significant change in grain yields but increased grain size in boththe cultivars. Saline growth medium caused a marked increase in theconcentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^– in shoots androots of both the lines. However, with the application of GA₃accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^– was enhanced inboth shoots and roots of both wheat lines, but more ions accumulated in saltsensitive Barani-83 than in salt tolerant SARC-1. Net CO₂assimilation rate (A) of both wheat lines decreased consistently withincreasingsupply of NaCl, but application of GA₃ alleviated the effect of saltstress on this variable in both the cultivars. However, the ameliorative effectof the hormone was more pronounced in Barani-83 than in SARC-1. Althoughwater-use efficiency (A/E=CO₂assimilation/transpiration) and intrinsic water use efficiency(A/g_s=CO₂ assimilation/stomatalconductance) decreased significantly with increasing salt concentration of thegrowth medium in both the cultivars, GA₃ was more effective inenhancing both the water-use attributes in Barani-83 than in SARC-1. Overall,GA₃ treatment stimulated the vegetative growth of both cultivars ofwheat under salt stress, but it caused a slight reduction in grain yield.GA₃ treatment enhanced the accumulation of Na⁺ andCl^– in both shoots and roots of wheat plants under saltstress.It also caused a significant increase in photosynthetic capacity in both linesat the vegetative stage under both saline and non-saline media.