侧卧位经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下取石治疗上尿路结石56例报道

目的:探讨侧卧位施行经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下取石(MPCNL)治疗上尿路结石方法及疗效。方法:回顾分析56例上尿路结石侧卧位施行PCNL治疗的临床资料,其中肾铸形结石33例,输尿管上段结石23例。结果:56例均手术成功,无穿刺失败或中转开放手术。一次结石取净率80%,两次手术合计达96%。术中均无输血,无肠道损伤等并发症。结论:侧卧位施行MPCNL手术患者易耐受,手术更安全,术中碎石易排出。效果良好。     

难取性胆道结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨胆道难取性结石微创治疗的方法、疗效和安全性。方法：回顾分析2005年12月至2010年11月采用腹腔镜、胆道镜、体内微爆破碎石仪联合治疗难取性胆道结石72例患者的临床资料,观察碎石成功率、结石取净率和并发症发生率。结果：碎石成功率100%,结石取净率97.2%,无胆道大出血、穿孔及胆漏等严重并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜、胆道镜、体内微爆破碎石仪可显著提高胆道难取性结石的治疗效果,安全可靠,为临床治疗胆道结石提供了更多选择。     

酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊对胆道结石患者术后肠功能紊乱的治疗作用

目的观察酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊(商品名:阿泰宁)对胆道结石患者术后肠功能紊乱的疗效及对术后消化吸收功能的改善作用。方法选取40例行胆总管切开探查术且术后出现腹泻、腹胀、消化不良等肠功能紊乱的胆总管结石患者。随机分为观察组和对照组,每组20例。两组患者均予以生理盐水补液、止泻药止泻和低脂饮食等常规治疗,观察组患者加服酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊,3粒/次,2次/d,连用28d。观察两组患者用药后的临床疗效及不良反应。结果观察组患者临床总有效率(100.0%)显著高于对照组(80.0%)(P0.05);腹泻和腹胀的时间显著短于对照组(P0.01);同时治疗后观察组患者总胆固醇、甘油三酯、球蛋白水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),电解质紊乱发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗期间所有患者未见不良反应。结论酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊治疗胆道结石患者术后肠功能紊乱疗效显著,能够显著改善患者对脂质的消化吸收能力,对患者术后消化吸收功能的改善具有积极的作用,值得临床推广应用。     

Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) urolithiasis prevalence in North America

The prevalence of urolithiasis in the North American Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) population was determined through a retrospective survey. A questionnaire regarding diet and radiographic or necropsy evidence of urolithiasis was sent to the 16 North American institutions or individuals listed in the Asian Small-Clawed Otter North American Regional Studbook. Completed forms were returned by 75% of questionnaire recipients. Individual surveys or necropsy reports were received for 79.8% of the living or dead animals listed as comprising the North American population. Renal calculi were detected in 66.1%, and cystic calculi in 23.2%, of the captive adult population that had been radiographed or necropsied. All otters with cystic calculi also had renal calculi. Bilateral renal calculi occurred in 83.8% of affected otters. Both males (61.2%) and females (72%) were frequently affected. The prevalence of urolithiasis in wild-born otters was 76.7%, and in adult (≥1 year) captive-born otters it was 53.8%. The higher prevalence in wild-born otters may be a reflection of the older mean age at which they were first evaluated. In the overwhelming majority of otters with renal calculi, the calculi were multiple and diffusely distributed throughout the renal parenchyma. Renal and cystic calculi analyzed were primarily composed of calcium oxalate or urates. Glucosuria was infrequently reported. Necropsies of dependent neonates (≤ 2 months old) that died revealed cystic calculi in one animal. Renal disease was the cause of, or a contributing factor in, the deaths of all older animals whose necropsy reports were reviewed. The captive diet may be a contributing factor to urolith formation and progression.     

THALASSEMIA (MEDITERRANEAN DISEASE) OCCURRING IN FILIPINOS AND CHINESE

Five cases of thalassemia minor in persons of Filipino and Chinese extraction were observed.The occurrence of biliary calculi in two of the patients suggests that this may be a relatively common complication of thalassemia as it is of other hemolytic diseases.     

胆道镜结合微爆破碎石治疗复杂性胆道结石

目的:探讨微爆破碎石用于治疗复杂胆道结石的治疗体会。方法:在胆道镜直视下,分别在术中和术后对158例复杂的胆道结石患者进行微爆破碎石,然后用取石网取出碎石,泥沙状结石随液体流出或让其自行流入肠道。结果:158例患者156例取石成功。取石成功率98.73%。明显提高了胆道取石的成功率。无1例出现胆道穿孔、瘘道穿孔及胆道出血等严重并发症。结论:在胆道镜下,采用微爆破碎石术治疗复杂的胆道结石是一种安全、可靠、高效的方法,可以明显提高结石的取净率。     

胆道镜结合微爆破碎石治疗复杂性胆道结石

目的：探讨微爆破碎石用于治疗复杂胆道结石的治疗体会。方法：在胆道镜直视下,分别在术中和术后对158例复杂的胆道结石患者进行微爆破碎石,然后用取石网取出碎石,泥沙状结石随液体流出或让其自行流入肠道。结果：158例患者156例取石成功。取石成功率98.73%。明显提高了胆道取石的成功率。无1例出现胆道穿孔、瘘道穿孔及胆道出血等严重并发症。结论：在胆道镜下,采用微爆破碎石术治疗复杂的胆道结石是一种安全、可靠、高效的方法,可以明显提高结石的取净率。     

80例血液透析患者上尿路结石患病率及危险因素分析

摘要 目的：分析血液透析患者上尿路结石的患病率及其危险因素,为早期干预提供依据。方法：回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年12月我院肾内科收治的CKD 5期持续性血液透析患者（血液透析组）上尿路结石的患病情况,并与健康体检者80名（对照组,n=80）、CKD1~3期患者（非血液透析组,n=80）进行比较。比较血液透析患者中结石和非结石者人口学资料、血清白蛋白、血糖、血脂、肾功能等生化指标,并记录二者透析时间及24 h尿量。采用多因素logistic回归分析上尿路结石的患病情况的危险因素。结果：血液透析组上尿路结石患病率为25.0%,显著高于非血液透析组13.8%、对照组10.0%(P<0.05);非血液透析组、对照组上尿路结石患病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结石与非结石患者在性别、透析时间、TG、TC、UA、ALB、24 h尿量方面比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,透析时间、UA、TC是血液透析患者发生上尿路结石的独立危险因素,而ALB则是保护性因素（P<0.05）。结论：血液透析患者上尿路结石的患病率较高,对血脂代谢异常、高血UA、低血清ALB及长期透析者应早期筛查,并纠正脂代谢紊乱和低蛋白血症。     

Microcalcifications,calcium-sensing receptor,and cancer

Calcium stones and calculi are observed in numerous human tissues. They are the result of deposition of calcium salts and are due to high local calcium concentrations. Prostatic calculi are usually classified as endogenous or extrinsic stones. Endogenous stones are commonly caused by obstruction of the prostatic ducts around an enlarged prostate resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia or from chronic inflammation. The latter occurs mainly around the urethra and is generally caused by reflux of urine into the prostate. Calcium concentrations higher than in the plasma at sites of infection may induce the chemotactic response that eventually leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells. The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) may be crucial for this recruitment as its expression and activity are increased by cytokines such as IL-6 and high extracellular calcium concentrations, respectively. The links between calcium calculi, inflammation, calcium supplementation, and CaSR functions in prostate cancer patients will be discussed in this review.     

超声诊断对输尿管结石的临床价值探讨

目的探讨超声诊断输尿管结石的临床价值,并对其声像图进行分析。方法分析我院2008年1月-2009年6月确诊的21例输尿管结石患者的超声声像图及诊断符合率情况。结果21例输尿管结石中超声确诊19例,诊断符合率90．48％。结论超声诊断输尿管结石具有方便、无创,诊断符合率高,值得临床推广和应用。     

难取性胆道结石的微创治疗

目的:探讨胆道难取性结石微创治疗的方法、疗效和安全性。方法:回顾分析2005年12月至2010年11月采用腹腔镜、胆道镜、体内微爆破碎石仪联合治疗难取性胆道结石72例患者的临床资料,观察碎石成功率、结石取净率和并发症发生率。结果:碎石成功率100%,结石取净率97.2%,无胆道大出血、穿孔及胆漏等严重并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜、胆道镜、体内微爆破碎石仪可显著提高胆道难取性结石的治疗效果,安全可靠,为临床治疗胆道结石提供了更多选择。     

钙敏感受体(CaSR)基因986、990多态性与尿石症的相关性研究

目的:探讨钙敏感受体(Ca SR)基因单核昔酸多态性与泌尿系结石的关系。方法:选取90例黑龙江地区的泌尿系结石患者及90例健康对照者外周血标本中的基因组DNA,采用PCR(聚合酶链反应)结合DNA测序,检测并分析Ca SR基因的单核苷酸多态性位点的分布。结果:泌尿系结石组和对照组Ca SR基因第986位、990位频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg定律,其基因型分布频率在泌尿系结石患者和健康对照者中差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但在泌尿系结石患者组内Ca SR第990位GG纯合子和RG杂合子出现频率明显偏高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Ca SR基因第7外显子第986、990多态性位点与泌尿系结石的形成无直接相关性,但第7外显子第990位A/G单核苷酸多态性可能与泌尿系结石的形成密切相关。     

Application of Ureteroscope in Emergency Treatment with Persistent Renal Colic Patients during Pregnancy

Background

Although the application of ureteroscopy in the treatment of ureteral calculi during pregnancy has been on the rise, for persistent renal colic patients without ultrasound-detected ureteral calculi, it may represent a clinical dilemma due to the potential risks for both mother and fetus.

Objective

The aim of the present study is to present our experience with the application of the ureteroscope in the emergency treatment of persistent renal colic patients during pregnancy.

Methods

From March 2009 to September 2014, a total of 117 pregnant women who received ureteroscopy for persistent renal colic were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups according to duration of the persistent renal colic: Group A (within 12 hours; 24 cases); Group B (12 to 24 hours; 76 cases); and Group C (more than 24 hours; 17 cases). The stone-free rate, complications, and other qualitative data were analyzed.

Results

Of the 117 patients, 31 patients who were found not to have renal or ureteral calculi received ureteroscopic double-J (DJ) stent insertion, whereas 86 patients who were found with ureteral calculi received ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) and DJ stent insertion. Among them, 24 patients (27.9%) were found with ureteral calculi by ureteroscopy rather than ultrasound. In addition, 73 patients (84.9%) had complete fragmentation of calculi; 12 patients (10.3%) had a threatened abortion (the rates of threatened abortion in Groups A, B and C were 8.3% vs. 6.5% vs. 29.4%; Group C compared with Groups A and B, p<0.05), and one patient (1.2%) had urosepsis (in Group C). However, these complications were cured with conservative treatment, without postpartum infant and maternal complications.

Conclusion

For pregnant patients with persistent renal colic/ureteral calculi and hydronephrosis, ureteroscopic DJ stent insertion and URSL are effective and safe options when conservative treatment fails, even if no urinary calculi were found by ultrasound. At the same time, for patients with persistent renal colic during pregnancy, early application of ureteroscopy may reduce the risk of preterm birth.     

Struvite calculus in the vagina of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

On 27 January 2000, a struvite calculus was observed in the vagina during necropsy of a 138-cm-long female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) collected from the Stono River, South Carolina (USA). Vaginal calculi have been reported in other species of cetaceans but not in bottlenose dolphins. Urinary tract infection might have been an underlying cause of the calculus. While urinary tract inflammation was not detected by light microscopic evaluation of sections of the urinary tract, it is conceivable that sufficient time had lapsed following voiding of the calculus through the urethra for urinary tract infection to have resolved. To further define the prevalence and significance of urolithiasis, prosectors of dead stranded marine mammals are encouraged to closely observe their urinary and genital tracts for calculi and to submit them for quantitative analysis.     

Source of a micro-nutrient in a semi-synthetic basal diet as a causative factor in inducing urinary calculi in rats and its inhibition by PSC 833, a potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein

We report a serendipitous finding of urinary calculi in rats fed a semi-synthetic basal diet. This observation was made during ongoing studies to evaluate the inhibitory effect of PSC 833, a potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, on development of tumors in rodent tumor model systems. A large number of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) female Sprague-Dawley and SPF male Fischer 344 rats being fed the diet were euthanized when it became evident clinically that they were uremic. At necropsy, the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder contained numerous calculi. The presence of urinary calculi was determined to be related to the source of a Food Chemical Codex grade of choline bitartrate. Rats being fed the same basal diet containing the United States Pharmacopia grade of choline bitartrate failed to develop urinary calculi. Interestingly, rats treated with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor were at significantly reduced risk of developing urinary calculi. This finding highlights how something seemingly innocuous as a minor dietary constituent can have a profound impact and, thereby, affect experimental outcome.     

输尿管镜下钬激光治疗输尿管结石疗效分析

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法:2010年2月到2012年8月我院共收治输尿管结石患者60例,随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组各30例。对照组采用传统的冲击波碎石手术进行治疗,治疗组则采用输尿管镜钬激光治疗。观察两组患者的手术时间、住院时间、结石排除情况和尿常规等指标的变化情况,并评定患者的治疗效果。结果:治疗组患者的手术时间为(46.25±24.53)min与住院时间(3.51±0.62)d明显少于对照组手术时间(54.93±20.81)min,与住院时间(4.90±1.26)d,组间对比差异明显(P0.05)。治疗组的有效率与对照组的有效率分别为96.7%和86.7%,组间对比差异明显(P0.05)。结论:输尿管镜下钬激光治疗输尿管结石具有手术快、创伤少、恢复快等优点,值得推广应用。     

Struvite penile urethrolithiasis in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)

Massive urolithiasis of the penile urethra was observed in an adult pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) stranded on Topsail Island, North Carolina, USA. Calculi occupied the urethra from just distal to the sigmoid flexure to the tip of the penis for a length of 43 cm. A urethral diverticulum was present proximal to the calculi. The major portion of the multinodular urolith weighed 208 g and was 16 cm long x 3.7 cm diameter at the widest point. The urolith was composed of 100% struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and on culture yielded Klebsiella oxytoca, a urease-positive bacterium occasionally associated with struvite urolith formation in domestic animals. Reaction to the calculi was characterized histologically by moderate multifocal to coalescing plasmacytic balanitis and penile urethritis. Role of the urethrolithiasis in the whale's stranding is speculative but could have involved pain or metabolic perturbations such as uremia or hyperammonemia.     

输尿管单发结石患者体外冲击波碎石术的冲击波频率研究及碎石效果的影响因素探讨

摘要 目的：探讨输尿管单发结石患者体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）的最佳冲击波频率,并分析碎石效果的影响因素。方法：选取2020年4月~2022年4月期间来空军第九八六医院接受治疗的输尿管单发结石患者148例作为研究对象,按照不同治疗频率将患者分为低频组（48例,频率为60~70次/min）、中频组（51例,频率为80~90次/min）和高频组（49例,频率为100~120次/min）,观察三组患者的碎石结局、肾功能指标以及并发症发生情况。统计三组患者的碎石结局,按照碎石结局的不同分为成功组和失败组。收集所有患者的一般资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析输尿管单发结石患者碎石效果的影响因素。结果：三组碎石成功率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。三组术后1 d、术后14 d尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）均升高后下降（P<0.05）。高频组、中频组术后1 d BUN、Scr均高于低频组,且高频组高于中频组（P<0.05）。高频组、中频组的并发症总发生率高于低频组（P<0.05）。单因素分析显示,输尿管单发结石患者ESWL术后碎石失败与病程、结石位置、结石直径、肾绞痛、结石嵌顿、服用坦索罗辛有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,病程偏长、结石位置中下段、结石直径偏大、结石嵌顿、未服用坦索罗辛是碎石失败的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：低、中、高三种频率下的ESWL用于输尿管单发结石患者,均有较好的碎石效果。但随着频率的增加,患者一过性肾功能损伤增大,且并发症发生风险也相应增加。此外,病程偏长、结石位置中下段、结石直径偏大、结石嵌顿、未服用坦索罗辛是碎石失败的危险因素,可考虑结合上述因素进行综合评估选择最佳治疗方式。     

The modulus of toughness of urinary calculi

To improve the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment, it is desirable to identify the physical properties of urinary calculi could offer direct correlation with their fragilities during ESWL and thus could be used to guide treatment procedures for more effective stone fragmentation. Thirty stone specimens removed surgically were compressed by an axial testing system to measure the compressive strength and trace the stress-strain curve. Image analysis software SigmaScan (Jandel Co.) was used to calculate the area under the stress-strain curve, the modulus of toughness, for each stone. The values of compressive strength measured were similar to those reported by other researchers. The modulus of toughness of urinary calculi correlates with clinical representation of the stone fragility during ESWL. The modulus of toughness could be an index to evaluate the physical property of urinary calculi that could be used to guide treatment procedures for more effective stone fragmentation.