云南省农耕区小型兽类群落结构及分布格局

为了解云南省农耕区小型兽类群落结构及空间分布特征,根据云南不同经纬度、海拔等自然环境条件,于2010年8月—2018年4月,选取云南省25个调查样区中104块农耕地,采用铗夜法开展小型兽类调查,运用群落生态学指标对农耕区小型兽类的群落特征和沿环境梯度的空间分布进行研究.结果表明: 共捕获小型兽类3240头,隶属4目9科21属42种,其中啮齿目最多,以齐氏姬鼠和黄胸鼠为代表.25个样区聚类为三大类.小兽在纬度和垂直分布上类似,低纬度和低海拔范围的种类相对较少,以家鼠属和小鼠属为主,而高纬度和高海拔地区以姬鼠属、白腹鼠属和绒鼠属为主.小兽物种多样性指数随着海拔的增加呈现先增后降的单峰分布格局,峰值出现在中海拔地区;经度水平分布上,小兽多样性指数呈V型分布格局,在98°—99° E最高;而纬度水平上,小兽多样性指数由南到北总体呈上升趋势.广义可加模型(GAM)分析表明,各因子对农耕区小型兽类多样性指数分布格局的影响程度为经度>海拔>纬度.相似性分析表明,相邻梯度带之间小兽群落结构为中等相似,相似性最高出现在中海拔带、中纬度带、低经度带之间,不同梯度带距离越远,小兽相似性越低.云南省农耕区小兽群落结构在不同维度上存在较高的空间异质性,物种多样性的地理分布随环境梯度变化呈现出不同的分布格局.     

Occurrence and diversity of entomopathogenic fungi in cultivated and uncultivated soils in Pakistan

The distribution of entomopathogenic fungi in various geographical areas of Punjab, Pakistan, is poorly understood. The present study was planned to explore the occurrence and diversity of entomopathogenic fungi from soils collected from cultivated and non‐cultivated habitats. The detailed survey of different habitats (crop fields, fruits, vegetables, forests) was conducted to collect soil samples and the associated fungi were isolated using Galleria bait method. Among 210 soil samples, 168 fungal isolates were recovered and identified, with 98 from forests, 32 from vegetables, 30 from field crops and 8 from fruits. The major entomopathogenic fungi recovered from these samples were Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces lilacinus, B. brongniartii, P. chlamydosporia and Lecanicillium attenuatum. The diversity of entomopathogenic fungi was greater in soil samples from forests compared to crop fields, vegetables and fruits, respectively. The geographical attributes (altitude, longitude, latitude) greatly influenced the occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi with the highest number of isolates found from >600 m altitude, 33°–34′N latitude, and 73°74′E longitude from soil samples. The results of the surveys clearly indicated that the entomopathogenic fungi are distributed in the soils which may be used in successful IPM programs in future.     

青藏高原垂穗披碱草遗传变异的地理因素分析

采用等位酶标记对我国青藏高原地区垂穗披碱草的9个种群进行遗传变异和系统关系分析.结果表明,不同种群间遗传距离范围在0.010 6-0.377 8,种群间遗传距离和地理环境关系密切.采用聚类分析和二维、三维Mantel检验,对青藏高原垂穗披碱草(Elymusnutans Griseb.)不同种群间遗传距离与环境条件的关系(纬度、经度和海拔)进一步分析发现,海拔和地理位置(纬度和经度)均明显影响垂穗披碱草种群遗传差异.种群间遗传距离和海拔(R=0.476 8)、地理位置(R=0.447 1)均呈现显著正相关,种群间遗传距离随着海拔、地理位置差距的增大而增加,但海拔是影响其遗传结构的最重要因素,其次是经纬度.     

基于GIS的广西木棉物候三维空间演变分析

以自然物候学理论为指导,GIS为技术支持,气象站物候资料、地理信息资料为基础数据,采用多元线性回归分析法,对广西木棉主要物候期的日序与其对应观测站的经度、纬度和海拔高度进行多元回归分析,建立广西木棉物候期三维空间演变模型,制作广西木棉主要物候期三维空间演变专题图,分析广西木棉主要物候随三维空间的变化规律。结果表明:广西木棉主要物候期从低纬度的沿海南部地区向高纬度的北部地区逐渐演变;同一纬度,从低海拔的平地和丘陵地区向高海拔的山区逐渐演变。     

影响披碱草属植物遗传分化和亲缘关系的地理因素分析

用微卫星标记法对产自中国青藏高原和蒙古高原地区9种披碱草属（Elymus L．）植物的40个居群进行遗传变异和亲缘关系分析,居群问遗传相似系数为0．020～0．957,居群间遗传距离与地理因素关系密切。以垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutctns Griseb．）为例,采用二维和三维Mantel检验,对遗传距离和地理因素间的关系（纬度、经度和海拔）作进一步分析,结果表明,地理位置（纬度和经度）是影响垂穗披碱草居群微卫星遗传差异的最重要因素（R=0．478;P＜0．05）,其次是海拔（R=0．258;P＞0．05）。单一地理位置因素（纬度或经度）与遗传距离的相关性并不明显,但从单一地理位置因素与遗传距离的相关系数、可信度区间来看,纬度对遗传分化的影响程度大于经度。     

Large-scale spatial patterns in the distribution of Collembola (Hexapoda) species in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems

Aim  We tested whether the distribution of three common springtail species ( Gressittacantha terranova , Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni and Friesea grisea ) in Victoria Land (Antarctica) could be modelled as a function of latitude, longitude, altitude and distance from the sea.
Location  Victoria Land, Ross Dependency, Antarctica.
Methods  Generalized linear models were constructed using species presence/absence data relative to geographical features (latitude, longitude, altitude, distance from sea) across the species' entire ranges. Model results were then integrated with the known phylogeography of each species and hypotheses were generated on the role of climate as a major driver of Antarctic springtail distribution.
Results  Based on model selection using Akaike's information criterion, the species' distributions were: hump-shaped relative to longitude and monotonic with altitude for Gressittacantha terranova ; hump-shaped relative to latitude and monotonic with altitude for Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni ; and hump-shaped relative to longitude and monotonic with latitude, altitude and distance from the sea for Friesea grisea .
Main conclusions  No single distributional pattern was shared by the three species. While distributions were partially a response to climatic spatial clines, the patterns observed strongly suggest that past geological events have influenced the observed distributions. Accordingly, present-day spatial patterns are likely to have arisen from the interaction of historical and environmental drivers. Future studies will need to integrate a range of spatial and temporal scales to further quantify their respective roles.     

云南居民区鼠类体外寄生蚤物种多样性调查

【目的】了解云南居民区鼠类寄生蚤的群落结构和空间分布特征。【方法】根据云南不同经纬度、 海拔等自然环境条件, 于2007年4月-2012年11月, 选取云南17个县(市) 居民区作为样区, 系统开展鼠类体外寄生蚤的调查, 运用群落结构指标对居民区鼠类寄生蚤的群落特征和沿环境梯度的空间分布进行研究。【结果】结果显示： 在调查的17个县(市)室内共检获鼠类体外寄生蚤521头, 隶属4科7亚科9属12种。居民区寄生蚤的纬度和垂直分布类似, 低纬度和低海拔范围的种类相对较少, 印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤是室内寄生蚤的优势种。相对纬度和海拔较高的区域, 居民区寄生蚤种类增多, 但优势种不突出; 在经度水平分布上, 蚤种类于99°~101°E经度带形成一个高峰, 室内寄生的优势种印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤几乎在所有经度带都可见到分布, 显示了较宽的生态幅。另外, 居民区寄生蚤物种丰富度和多样性指数水平分布（纬度）和垂直分布呈现为单峰格局, 总体显示随着纬度和海拔的升高, 先升高后降低的分布特征, 而在另一个水平分布（经度）, 则呈现由西向东呈递减的趋势。【结论】研究认为, 云南居民区蚤类的空间分布表现为独特的地理区域特征, 气候环境、 森林植被和人类生活生产方式通过影响蚤类栖息生境来影响蚤类的分布。     

山西高原植被与土壤分布格局关系的研究

利用ＣＣＡ、ＤＣＣＡ等多元分析方法,在景观尺度上对山西高原植被与土壤分布格局之间的关系进行了分析,所得结论表明：纬向上主要是栗褐土、褐土、风沙土和栗钙土与植被的变化格局相关性较强,由于山西高原南北跨度大,土壤和植被格局纬向变化趋势的一致性十分明显;黄绵土、栗钙土、山地草甸土与植被的经向分布格局密切相关,由于山西高原东西向跨度较小,且大部分地区处于吕梁山与太行山之间,植被和土壤的经向格局梯度不明显;随海拔高度的增加,棕壤、山地草甸土、亚高山草甸土与山西高原植被的垂直分布格局相平行,由于山西高原相对高差较大,这种趋势也非常明显。综合分析还表明了气候、土壤与植被格局的一致性,也反映了地貌对其分布格局的影响     

中国汉族乡村成年人的身高与体质量的地理性分布

目前尚未见大样本的中国乡村汉族人随纬度、经度增长,身高、体质量值的变化规律的报道。为此,2009～2013年测量了16501例汉族人(共36个调查地区)乡村成人的身高、体质量等13项指标值,并计算了3项指数。研究不同纬度、经度地区汉族乡村成人的身高、体质量值变化规律以及这种规律形成的原因。研究发现,汉族人的身高、体质量与纬度、经度均呈正相关。随纬度增加,男性和女性的躯干、下肢的高度值均增大是身高与纬度呈正相关的原因。随纬度增加,男性身高的增加、躯干的增粗共同促进体质量与纬度呈正相关,女性身高、躯干围度、四肢围度、背部皮下脂肪厚度值的增大是体质量与纬度呈正相关的原因。男性随经度增加,身高增大,躯干部的增粗是导致体质量与经度相关的原因。而四肢和躯干的皮下脂肪、四肢的围度并不随经度的增加而线性增大。随经度增加,女性的身高、臀围呈线性增大,这是导致女性体质量与经度相关的主要原因。遗传、环境、经济发展水平的差异是导致身高、体质量与纬度、经度呈正相关的因素。     

中国串珠藻科植物地理分布及与环境因子的关系

研究以中国串珠藻科Batrachospermaceae的串珠藻属Batrachospermum、熊野藻属Kumanoa和西斯藻属Sheathia植物样本的经纬度和一些重要环境因子数据为研究材料,采用方差分析、相关分析、主成分分析和线性判别分析的方法,分析这些环境因子对3个属的地理分布影响及3个属地理分布和生长环境的差异...     

陕西省森林群落乔灌草叶片和凋落物C、N、P生态化学计量特征

研究陕西省121个森林群落中乔叶、灌叶、草叶和凋落物4个层次的C、N、P化学计量学特征及其变异性,分析了各层次间及其与地理因子间的关系.结果表明： 乔叶C、N含量最高,草叶P含量最高,凋落物C、N、P含量均最低.乔叶、灌叶、草叶和凋落物的C∶N∶P分别为439.4∶14.2∶1、599.2∶13.5∶1、416.5∶13.3∶1、504.8∶15.5∶1,乔叶、灌叶、草叶N∶P值差异不显著,但均与凋落物N∶P值差异显著,表明不同生活型活体植物叶片的N∶P值具有一定的稳定性.与N含量相比,C和P含量在各层次间表现出更好的相关性;C、N、P含量及其比值在草叶与乔叶之间较在灌叶与乔叶之间表现出更好的相关性;凋落物与乔叶和草叶之间C、N、P含量均表现出显著正相关,与灌叶只在P含量之间存在显著正相关.灌叶N、P含量随纬度增加而增加,草叶N、P含量随经度增加而降低,海拔对叶片和凋落物C、N、P含量及其比值的影响较小,只有乔叶N∶P与海拔之间存在显著负相关.各地理因子对草叶的影响大小表现为经度>纬度>海拔,对乔叶、灌叶和凋落物的影响大小表现为纬度>经度>海拔.     

湘西北海拔高度对烤烟常规化学成份含量的影响

通过野外栽培试验、全自动化学流动分析测定法和火焰光度测定法,研究了湘西北慈利县与石门县海拔高度对烤烟常规化学成份含量的影响,主要结果是：1)烤烟总烟碱含量和总氮含量均与海拔高度呈极显著的负相关,而钾含量与海拔高度呈正相关．2)烤烟总糖含量与海拔高度间无明显的相关性,海拔高度对烤烟氯含量无影响．3)高海拔区域种植烤烟有利于降低烟叶的烟碱含量、提高烟叶的钾含量,从而提高烟叶的可用性与安全性、     

Testing indicators of sustainable forest management on understorey composition and diversity in southern Italy through variation partitioning

Tree species composition and stand structural complexity are valuable indicators of sustainable forest management. This article aims to investigate the relative influence of forest overstorey composition and structural attributes on understorey composition and diversity, taking into account also site characteristics and broad-scale environmental variables. We sampled vascular plant species composition and forest structure in 132 plots in the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park (southern Italy). Spearman’s non-parametric correlation coefficients were calculated between overstorey and understorey diversity indices, beech percentage, and altitude and environmental indices. A complete partitioning of the variation in understorey composition was then performed through canonical correspondence analysis considering four sets of variables: (1) overstorey composition, (2) structural attributes, (3) topography, and (4) landscape abiotic variables. Finally, we constructed a regression tree analysis of understorey species richness using the same explanatory variables. Understorey diversity indices were positively correlated with overstorey diversity indices and with environmental indices (i.e., light and soil heterogeneity). Overstorey and understorey diversity indices were negatively correlated with both altitude and the dominance of beech in the overstorey. Compositional variation was due primarily to overstorey composition and secondarily to structural attributes. Regression tree analysis revealed that altitude, overstorey species richness, and structural attributes play an important role in determining understorey species richness. According to our results, understorey composition and diversity are strongly related to overstorey composition and structural attributes. Indeed, the latter proved to be effective indicators of understorey characteristics in the study area.     

基于生理发育时间和生长度日的烤烟生育期预测模型

利用2010-2011年在云南具有代表性的植烟县开展烤烟种植试验数据,建立基于生理发育时间和生长度日的生育期模型,再利用农业气象观测资料进行模型验证.结果表明：在移栽期之前,两种预测模型都有很好的模拟效果,平均误差日数较低,移栽期之后,受移栽、打顶等农事活动的影响,误差日数增大;使用生理发育时间法进行模拟的预测值与实测值符合度较好,尤其是在移栽期之前,平均误差日仅为2 d,预测精度明显高于生长度日法;受光周期效应的影响,生理发育时间模型在较低纬度地区的模拟效果偏差,而在较高纬度地区模拟精度较高.     

Trends in aquatic macrophyte species turnover in Northern Ireland — which factors determine the spatial distribution of local species turnover?

Aim The study examined qualitative predictions of ecological theories in relation to the spatial distribution of species turnover of aquatic macrophytes, through the following parameters: (1) distance between lakes (2) chemical conditions of the lakes (3) chemical differences between the lakes, and (4) the lake size. Location 562 lakes dispersed throughout Northern Ireland were analysed. Methods To obtain species turnover estimates independent of richness, the average distance between focal lakes and their five nearest neighbours in ordination space (DCA) was standardized by the species richness in a Generalized Additive Model (GAM). The relationships between species turnover and ecological (chemical condition, chemical difference, distance between lakes, and lake‐size) and geographical parameters (latitude, longitude, and altitude) were analysed using GAM. Results The results indicate that the pattern in species turnover is a combination of the chemical conditions and the distance between the lakes, including the interaction term. The effects of chemical heterogeneity and lake size parameters were both positive but weak. In general, increased distance and decreased ionic concentration contribute to increased turnover. The influence of distance on species turnover is strongest at low and high altitude, and at mid‐elevation the species turnover is mainly driven by the chemical conditions. Towards the north there is an increasing influence of distance, whereas in the south the chemical conditions have their strongest influence. Conclusions There is a need for components from several established ecological theories to explain the spatial trends in species turnover within Northern Ireland. Central theories in this particular study are the population/metapopulation dynamics, the continuum concept, and the species‐pool concept.     

西北旱寒区地理、地形因素与降雨量及平均温度的相关性——以甘肃省为例

地理、地形因素是影响西北旱寒区农业种植结构和生态保育的重要因素之一。以甘肃为例,在遥感和GIS技术支持下,选取该地区122个气象站点的1980、1990、2000年3个年份各月降雨量和平均气温作为数据源,分析了各月降雨量和平均气温与经纬度、海拔、坡向、坡度之间的相关关系。结果表明,降雨量与经度、纬度和海拔3个地理、地形因子相关性较大,与坡度和坡向无显著性相关;降雨量和纬度之间存在普遍的显著性负相关,平均偏相关系数在0.5以上。另外,月平均气温与经度、海拔具有很高的显著性负相关,其中平均气温与海拔之间的偏相关系数达到0.9以上,但与坡度和坡向的相关性不显著。更进一步,分析了3个年度各月的月平均气温与纬度之间的关系,虽然气温和纬度之间存在一定的相关性,但随着年份的变化,温度与纬度具有显著性相关的月份数在减少,并且在存在相关性的月份中,气温同纬度之间的偏相关系数也在逐年减小,纬度对温度的空间分布的影响正逐渐变弱。研究结果支持了中国西北干旱区范围正向东南扩展的结论,并为全球变化下旱区农业生态系统管理提供理论潜力。     

不同地理区域栓皮栎种群结构及其空间格局

利用径级法和方差/均值法对我国不同地理区域上栓皮栎种群年龄结构及其空间分布格局进行分析.结果表明: 在水平梯度上,中部、北部、南部和西部栓皮栎种群均呈倒J型分布,而东部种群呈衰退型分布.成年树在中部和南部均呈集群分布,而北部区域呈现随机分布;幼树在在北、中和西部区域均为集群分布,而在南部和东部均呈随机分布.在纬向梯度上,幼树聚集强度的纬向趋势为中>北>南,而成年树聚集强度为中>南>北,经向梯度上幼树和成年树的聚集强度均为中>西>东.在垂直梯度上,中、低海拔种群呈倒J型分布,高海拔呈现衰退型.幼树在不同海拔均呈集群分布;成年树在低海拔为随机分布,而在高海拔和中海拔均为集群分布.幼树和成年树的聚集强度均为中海拔>高海拔和低海拔.在不同地理区域上,幼树的聚集强度均高于成年树.因此,栓皮栋种群结构及其分布格局主要是由环境梯度变化及其自身生物学特性决定,证实了“中心-边缘”种群假说.     

Influence of ecological and edaphic factors on biodiversity of soil nematodes

Nematodes are the most diverse and highly significant group of soil-inhabiting microorganisms that play a vital role in organic material decomposition and nutrient recycling.Diverse geographical locations and environmental gradients show a significant impact on the diversity of nematodes. Present study aims to assess the effects of ecological (altitude, temperature, moisture) and edaphic (soil pH, nutrients, soil patches) factors on the soil nematode diversity and structure at five different landscape patches (forests, apple orchards, rice fields, pastures, and alpine zone) from ten different sites of Kashmir valley (India). Differences in the altitudinal gradients results in the shift of generic nematode population. Among the soil patches, highest nematode diversity was observed in forest soil and least in alpine soil; however, bacteriovorous nematodes dominated all the soil patches. The temperature and moisture have a significant effect on nematode diversity, the highest nematode trophic levels were observed above 21°C temperature, and 30% moisture. Nematode abundance decreased from alkaline to acidic pH of the soil. Soil nutrients such as, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have shown a detrimental effect in nematode richness at each site, where nematode diversity and richness of genera were higher at abundant soil N and P but decreased at low soil nutrients. Ecological indices like diversity index (DI), Shannon-Wiener Index (H'), enrichment index (EI), and maturity Index (MI) values demonstrated forest soil more favourable for nematodes and high soil health status than other soil patches. This study suggested that these indices may be helpful as soil monitoring tools and assessing ecosystem sustainability and biodiversity.     

Assessment of soil quality indices for salt-affected agricultural land in Kurdistan Province,Iran

Soil quality indices (SQIs) were an important tool for evaluating agro-ecosystems. Salinization and alkalization are major environmental problems that have threatened agricultural productivity since ancient times. The aim of this study is to assess soil quality in salt-affected agricultural land in Kurdistan Province, Iran, using three indices; the Additive Soil Quality Index (SQI_a), the Weighted Additive Soil Quality Index (SQI_w), and the Nemoro Soil Quality Index (SQI_n). Each of the soil quality indices were calculated using a Total Data Set (TDS) and a Minimum Data Set (MDS) approach. The TDS consisted of nine soil quality parameters measured on 150 samples (0–30 cm depth): pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Carbonate Calcium Equivalent (CCE), Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), and Bulk Density (BD). Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to determine which indicators were to be included in the MDS. Indicator Kriging (IK) highlighted areas with a high risk of exceeding critical threshold values of EC, ESP, and SAR and having low soil quality. In non-salt-affected areas soil quality and the risk of exceeding critical threshold values and having low soil quality were lower and higher, respectively, compared to salt-affected regions. The MDS method showed a decrease in the area and proportion of grades with high and very high quality (I and II) and an increase in grades with low and very low quality (IV and V) compared to the TDS. The results of linear correlation, match, and kappa statistic analysis showed that soil quality was better estimated using the SQI_w compared to the SQI_a and the SQI_n. In addition there were higher values of agreement (match and kappa statistic) for the TSD than MSD. However, using the SQI_w index and MDS method can adequately represent the TDS (R² = 0.82) and thus reduce the time and cost involved in evaluating soil quality.     

福建省果树寒(冻)害短期精细预报预警技术

根据福建省68个气象站1963-2008年冬季气候资料,利用数理统计和GIS方法,对福建省果树寒(冻)害短期精细预报预警技术进行了研究.结果表明:福建省果树寒(冻)害预警期为12月上旬-翌年2月中旬,预警关键期为12月中旬-翌年1月中旬;利用逐步回归建立的福州、厦门和邵武3个探空站日最低气温短期预报模型,经差值法移植后,可以用于全省各气象台站日最低气温短期预报;建立各气象台站日最低气温与经度、纬度、海拔高度的地理关系推算模型,利用GIS制作日最低气温预报分布图,可以开展日最低气温空间精细预报;结合荔枝、龙眼、香蕉等南亚热带果树寒(冻)害指标,对果树寒(冻)害的发生、发展和范围进行短期预报预警;2009年利用差值移植法开展各气象站最低气温(t_d)的短期预报:≤1℃的预报准确率为58.3%,≤1.5℃的预报准确率为83.3%,≤2℃的预报准确率为91.7%;短期预报模型具有一定的预报能力,能作为冬季低温定量预报方法.

Abstract：

Based on the 1963-2008 meteorological data from 68 weather stations in Fujian Province,and by using mathematic statistics and GIS technique,the short-term subtle forecast and early warming methods for cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees in the province were approached.The forecast period for cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees was from early December to next early February,and the key period for warning low temperature was from mid December to next mid January.The short-term forecast equations for the minimum daytime temperature in Fuzhou,Xiamen,and Shaowu were established by stepwise regression analysis,which could be used for the forecast of short-term minimum temperature by all of the meteorological observation stations in Fujian Province by means of differential algorithms.Based on the data of longitude,latitude,and altitude,the geographical relational prediction model of the minimum daytime temperature was established,and the distribution map of forecasted low temperature was drawn with GIS technology,which could subtly forecast the minimum daytime temperature of whole Fujian Province.In combining with the cold (freezing) damage indices of fruit trees such as litchi,longan,and banana in southern subtropical monsoon climate zone,the forecast information of warning cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees were popularized,and the occurrence,development,and range of cold (freezing) damage for fruit trees were forecasted in short-term.By means of differential algorithms,the short-term minimum temperature was forecasted by all weather stations in the Province in 2009,and the forecast accuracy of ≤1 ℃,≤1.5 ℃,and ≤2 ℃was 58.3%,83.3%,and 91.7%,respectively.It could be seen that our short-term forecast model possessed a certain forecast capability,and could be used for the quantificational forecasting of low temperature in winter.