Habitat suitability of Gymnocladus assamicus - A critically endangered plant of Arunachal Pradesh,India using machine learning and statistical modeling

The present study sought to identify the potential distribution range of critically endangered Gymnocladus assamicus in Arunachal Pradesh based on published data and field collection. We used the Maxent model to estimate the range of distribution and the result was then compared with three other models, i.e., the Generalized Linear Model (GLM), the Bioclim and the Random Forest model to assess the species' habitat suitability. A total of 23 different environmental variables were used, including bioclimatic ones, monthly minimum and maximum temperature, monthly precipitation and elevation data. The Maxent output listed 12 variables explaining 99.9% variation in the model. In comparison, Maxent showed the maximum region under habitat suitability criteria (1884.48 km²), followed by Random Forest (70.73 km²) and Bioclim (11.62 km²) model. Except for the Maxent model, suitable habitats predicted by other models are highly restricted within and across the study species' current distribution range. The average model prediction shows an expanded distribution range for the species up to Tawang which is the closest district of currently known distribution of the species in the state. Thus, the present study recognizes the importance of the geographic range of G. assamicus, a critically endangered species with very limited spatial distribution range and also provides some specific details to explore possible habitats for the species in new areas of potential occurrence in Arunachal Pradesh, India.     

Simulation of the potential distribution of rare and endangered Satyrium species in China under climate change

Satyrium is an endangered and rare genus of plant that has various pharmacodynamic functions. In this study, optimized MaxEnt models were used in analyzing potential geographical distributions under current and future climatic conditions (the 2050s and 2070s) and dominant environmental variables influencing their geographic distribution. The results provided reference for implementation of long‐term conservation and management approaches for the species. The results showed that the area of the total suitable habitat for Satyrium ciliatum (S. ciliatum) in China is 32.51 × 10⁴ km², the total suitable habitat area for Satyrium nepalense (S. nepalense) in China is 61.76 × 10⁴ km², and the area of the total suitable habitat for Satyrium yunnanense (S. yunnanense) in China is 89.73 × 10⁴ km² under current climatic conditions. The potential suitable habitat of Satyrium is mainly distributed in Southwest China. The major environmental variables influencing the geographical distribution of S. ciliatum were isothermality (bio3), temperature seasonality (bio4), and mean temperature of coldest quarter (bio11). Environmental variables such as isothermality (bio3), temperature seasonality (bio4), and precipitation of coldest quarter (bio19) affected the geographical distribution of S. nepalense; and environmental variables such as isothermality (bio3), temperature seasonality (bio4), and lower temperature of coldest month (bio6) affected the geographical distribution of S. yunnanense. The distribution range of Satyrium was extended as global warming increased, showing emissions of greenhouse gases with lower concentration (SSP1‐2.6) and higher concentration (SSP5‐8.5). According to the study, the distribution of suitable habitat will shift with a change to higher elevation areas and higher latitude areas in the future.     

Predicting potential distribution and identifying priority areas for conservation of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in Peruvian Amazon

A key conservation biology tool is the information on the geographic distribution of species as well as the variables driving those patterns. Here, we used maximum entropy modeling, MaxEnt, to model the total potential distribution of Tapirus terrestris, classified as “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In this study, we recorded 117 occurrence records and considered 18 environmental variables. The total potential distribution area covers 96,055.6 km², meaning 12.3 % of the territory of the Peruvian Amazon, with “high potential” habitat covering 3,891.36 km², “moderate potential” habitat covering 22,849.5 km², and “low potential” habitat covering 69,314.7 km². Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) shelter 32.2 % (30,966.2 km²) of the total potential distribution area of the species, being the Bahuaja Sonene and Manu National Parks, the NPAs with the largest total potential distribution, 8,220.2 km² and 7,619.7 km² respectively. Eventually, 67.8 % (65,089.4 km²) of the total potential distribution were identified without any type of protection category by SINANPE and its complementary categories; therefore, we consider this area as a priority for the conservation of T. terrestris in Peru.     

Cousinia kermanensis and C. pulcherantha spp. nov. (Compositae,sect. Congestae and sect. Leiocaules) from southeastern Iran

Cousinia kermanensis sp. nov. (sect. Congestae Bunge) and C. pulcherantha sp. nov. (sect. Leiocaules Bunge) are described from Kerman in southeastern Iran. These species are compared to their closest related species, C. decurrens Regel and C. oophora Rech. f., respectively. The habitat of C. kermanensis is lowland mountains or hills with poor soils inside the steppe of Artemisia sieberi Besser. Cousinia pulcherantha grows on highland slopes of mountains with deep soils inside the steppe of Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Illustrations of the new species are presented.     

中国蚂蚁丰富度地理分布格局及其与环境因子的关系

物种丰富度分布格局及其形成机制的研究对于生物多样性保护具有重要意义。为了了解中国蚂蚁物种丰富度分布格局,利用中国省级尺度蚂蚁物种分布数据和环境信息,结合GIS和数理统计方法,探讨蚂蚁物种丰富度的地理分布格局与环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)蚂蚁丰富度随纬度增加呈逐渐递减趋势,但缺乏显著的经度梯度。丰富度最高的地区主要集中在南方省份,我国北方、西北干旱区和青藏高原北部地区丰富度较低;(2)简单线性回归分析表明,能量、水分和季节性因素中,影响蚂蚁物种丰富度最强的因子分别为最冷月均温(TEMmin)(R2adj=0.532)、年均降水量(PREC)(R2adj=0.376)和年温度变化范围(TEMvar)(R2adj=0.539),而单个生境异质性因子对蚂蚁物种丰富度的影响均不显著;(3)最优模型由年均温(TEM)、海拔变化范围(ELErange)和年温度变化范围(TEMvar)组成,能够解释68.4%的蚂蚁丰富度地理分异。鉴于海拔变化范围更多地反映与温度相关的生境异质性,因此温度是限制中国蚂蚁分布的最重要因素。另外,分析结果还表明,海南、贵州、江西、四川、安徽和山西等6省蚂蚁区系调查最不充分,是未来发现蚂蚁新分布的热点地区。     

In vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of Artemisia aucheri Boiss

In the present study, we developed an efficient protocol for in vitro plant regeneration and genetically transformed root induction in medicinal plant Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Leaf explants were cultivated in MS medium supplemented by combination of plant growth regulators including α-naphthalene-acetic acid, 6-benzyl-aminopurine, indole-3-acetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid. The highest frequency of shoot organogenesis occurred on MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/l NAA plus 2 mg/l BA (96.3 %) and MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IAA plus 2 mg/l BA (88.3 %). Root induction was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA. This is a simple, reliable, rapid and high efficient regeneration system for A. aucheri Boiss in short period via adventitious shoot induction approach. Also, an efficient genetically transformed root induction for A. aucheri was developed through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation by four bacterial strains, A4, ATCC15834, MSU440, and A13 (MAFF-02-10266). The maximum frequency of hairy root induction was obtained using MSU440 (93 %) and ATCC15834 (89 %) bacterial strains. Hairy root lines were confirmed by PCR using the rolB gene specific primers and Southern blot analysis.     

Environmental drivers inducing habitat expansion and shift of introduced alien trout in the Himalayan ecosystem and management concerns

There is a concern of the spread of introduced trout Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss which might have potential effects on native fish species in the Himalaya. We present the first assessment of current habitat expansion of introduced trout induced by environmental drivers and posing threats to the local fish diversity. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model was used and overlaid with presence-only data onto bioclimatic and environmental layers to characterize the conditions most suitable for the habitat expansion of trout. Mean AUC value for S. trutta was 0.919 and 0.881 for O. mykiss respectively showing that the MaxEnt model was highly accurate and statistically significant. The precipitation of driest quarter (Bio_17) alone accounted for 71.4% habitat expansion of S. trutta across rivers’ length and 61.1% in the case of O. mykiss. The Jackknife test of different environmental variable particularly Bio_17 and the coldest quarter (Bio_19) depicted their potential role in habitat expansion. The occurrences of trout in the Himalayan streams predicted trade-offs between few environmental variables and habitat expansion. The findings suggested that habitat expansion of trout was induced by identified environmental drivers impacting the array of biological and ecological integrity in the new geographic spaces concerning trout invasion.     

Insecticidal Activity and Chemical Composition of Artemisia sieben Besser Essential Oil from Karaj,Iran

Atremisia sieberi Besser is a widely distributed plant that grows in many areas of Iran and has strong insecticidal activity against stored product pests, so an experiment was conducted to investigate fumigant toxicity of the A. sieberi oil collected from Karaj region of Iran. The oil was applied against one to seven day old adults of three major stored product insects including: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribollium castaneum (Herbst). The potency of fumigant toxicity of A. sieberi on C. maculatus was higher (LC₅₀: 1.64 μL per L) than S. oryzae (LC₅₀: 4.41 μL per L) and T. castaneum (LC50: 20.31 μ.L per L). The relationships between the time exposure and oil concentration on mortality show that the mortality was increased as oil concentration and exposure time was increased. The concentration of 185 μL per L and exposure time of 24h was enough to obtain 100% kill of the insects. It was also found that the regions where A. sieberi grows affect essential oil components of the plant and can play an important role in properties of fumigant toxicity.     

A Potential Distribution Model and Conservation Plan for the Critically Endangered Ecuadorian Capuchin, Cebus albifrons aequatorialis

Conservation actions that effectively and efficiently target single, highly threatened species require current data on the species’ geographic distribution and environmental associations. The Ecuadorian capuchin (Cebus albifrons aequatorialis) is a critically endangered primate found only in the fragmented forests of western Ecuador and northern Peru, which are among the world’s most severely threatened ecosystems. We use the MAXENT species distribution modeling method to model the potential distribution and environmental associations of Cebus albifrons aequatorialis, using all known presence localities recorded within the last 2 decades as well as 13 climate, topography, vegetation, and land-use data sets covering the entire geographic range of the subspecies. The environmental conditions that our model predicted to be ideal for supporting Cebus albifrons aequatorialis included ≥20% tree cover, mild temperature seasonality, annual precipitation <2000 mm, and low human population density. Our model identified 5028 km² of suitable habitat remaining, although many of these forest fragments are unprotected and are unlikely to support extant populations. Using the median population density across all sites for which data are available, we estimate the total carrying capacity of the remaining habitat to be 12,500 total individuals. The true number of remaining individuals is likely to be considerably lower due to anthropogenic factors. We highlight four critical regions of high predicted suitability in western Ecuador and northern Peru on which immediate conservation actions should focus, and we lay out clear priorities to guide conservation actions for ensuring the long-term survival of this gravely threatened and little known primate.     

Geographic patterns of Lucanus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) species diversity and environmental determinants in China

Clarifying the geographic patterns of species diversity and the determinant factors can provide essential information for species conservation and management. Stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) of Lucanus are important saproxylic insects and can be used for biomonitoring forests. Most of Lucanus species are facing conservation concerns due to their limited distribution and fragmented habitats, particularly in China, which has the richest species diversity of this genus. The distribution patterns of species diversity of Lucanus at large spatial scales remain portly understood. We studied the distribution patterns of Lucanus and its environmental and geographic determinants in China. Distribution data for 72 species and subspecies were examined. All these species are distributed in southern China except for Lucanus maculifemoratus dybowskyi, which is mainly distributed in north China. The hotspot for Lucanus in China is southeastern Tibet. Our study indicated that the species richness of Lucanus in China was shaped by the precipitation of the wettest and driest month, net primary productivity, digital elevation model, and latitude at a large scale. These variables collectively explained 56.2% of the variation in species richness; precipitation contributed the most (44.1%). Our results provide valuable insights to improve the conservation of Lucanus and can contribute to furthering our understanding of the biogeography of stag beetles in China.

We describe the diversity of the stag beetle species and further explore its formation. The result indicated that the variables of geography vegetation, temperature, and precipitation collectively shaped the distributed pattern, and geographical variables are most important.     

The impact of climate change on the distribution of rare and endangered tree Firmiana kwangsiensis using the Maxent modeling

The upsurge in anthropogenic climate change has accelerated the habitat loss and fragmentation of wild animals and plants. The rare and endangered plants are important biodiversity elements. However, the lack of comprehensive and reliable information on the spatial distribution of these organisms has hampered holistic and efficient conservation management measures. We explored the consequences of climate change on the geographical distribution of Firmiana kwangsiensis (Malvaceae), an endangered species, to provide a reference for conservation, introduction, and cultivation of this species in new ecological zones. Modeling of the potential distribution of F. kwangsiensis under the current and two future climate scenarios in maximum entropy was performed based on 30 occurrence records and 27 environmental variables of the plant. We found that precipitation‐associated and temperature‐associated variables limited the potentially suitable habitats for F. kwangsiensis. Our model predicted 259,504 km² of F. kwangsiensis habitat based on 25 percentile thresholds. However, the high suitable habitat for F. kwangsiensis is only about 41,027 km². F. kwangsiensis is most distributed in Guangxi''s protected areas. However, the existing reserves are only 2.7% of the total suitable habitat and 4.2% of the high suitable habitat for the plant, lower than the average protection area in Guangxi (7.2%). This means the current protected areas network is insufficient, underlining the need for alternative conservation mechanisms to protect the plant habitat. Our findings will help identify additional F. kwangsiensis localities and potential habitats and inform the development and implementation of conservation, management, and cultivation practices of such rare tree species.     

Environmental Variables Explain Genetic Structure in a Beetle-Associated Nematode

The distribution of a species is a complex expression of its ecological and evolutionary history and integrating population genetic, environmental, and ecological data can provide new insights into the effects of the environment on the population structure of species. Previous work demonstrated strong patterns of genetic differentiation in natural populations of the hermaphroditic nematode Pristionchus pacificus in its La Réunion Island habitat, but gave no clear understanding of the role of the environment in structuring this variation. Here, we present what is to our knowledge the first study to statistically evaluate the role of the environment in shaping the structure and distribution of nematode populations. We test the hypothesis that genetic structure in P. pacificus is influenced by environmental variables, by combining population genetic analyses of microsatellite data from 18 populations and 370 strains, with multivariate statistics on environmental data, and species distribution modelling. We assess and quantify the relative importance of environmental factors (geographic distance, altitude, temperature, precipitation, and beetle host) on genetic variation among populations. Despite the fact that geographic populations of P. pacificus comprise vast genetic diversity sourced from multiple ancestral lineages, we find strong evidence for local associations between environment and genetic variation. Further, we show that significantly more genetic variation in P. pacificus populations is explained by environmental variation than by geographic distances. This supports a strong role for environmental heterogeneity vs. genetic drift in the divergence of populations, which we suggest may be influenced by adaptive forces.     

Environmental factors influencing urchin spatial distributions on disturbed coral reefs (New Caledonia, South Pacific)

Few works have examined the relative contributions of habitat variables to the distribution of coral reef urchins. In the present study, the spatial distribution of two common urchin species (Diadema setosum and Echinometra mathaei) was studied in the fringing reefs of two urban bays in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Urchins were surveyed at 105 stations with contrasted habitat structure/anthropic disturbance levels; 32 environmental variables (water/sediment characteristics, reef structuring species) were considered. Moderate densities were generally observed at station scale (mean 0.5 individuals m^− 2). The combination of univariate and multivariate techniques highlighted patchy distributions for Diadema as well as Echinometra, with distinct species/habitat associations; environmental gradients occurring within the bays did not seem to influence the species patterns. For Diadema, the spatial variability was better explained by sediment type than by biotic cover; increasing densities occurred across habitats with larger sediment sizes and decreasing coral complexity/macrophytes cover. In contrast, the distribution of E. mathaei exhibited weak relationships with habitat variables. In coral reefs, small-scale heterogeneity may thus be responsible for most of urchins spatial variability.     

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the seasonal timing of Western honey bee colonies and an early spring flowering plant

Temperature and photoperiod are important Zeitgebers for plants and pollinators to synchronize growth and reproduction with suitable environmental conditions and their mutualistic interaction partners. Global warming can disturb this temporal synchronization since interacting species may respond differently to new combinations of photoperiod and temperature under future climates, but experimental studies on the potential phenological responses of plants and pollinators are lacking. We simulated current and future combinations of temperature and photoperiod to assess effects on the overwintering and spring phenology of an early flowering plant species (Crocus sieberi) and the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera). We could show that increased mean temperatures in winter and early spring advanced the flowering phenology of C. sieberi and intensified brood rearing activity of A. mellifera but did not advance their brood rearing activity. Flowering phenology of C. sieberi also relied on photoperiod, while brood rearing activity of A. mellifera did not. The results confirm that increases in temperature can induce changes in phenological responses and suggest that photoperiod can also play a critical role in these responses, with currently unknown consequences for real‐world ecosystems in a warming climate.     

Ecotope mapping for landscape ecological assessment of habitat and ecosystem

An ecotope (spatial eco-space) map that considers topography and bio-organism-relevant variables emerges as an important basic framework when landscape-scale characteristics for ecosystem management and wildlife conservation are needed. A spatio-geoecological framework based on geographic information systems (GIS) and a vegetation survey were developed for wildlife habitat evaluation of national parks and applied to a representative rugged valley area of Mt. Sorak National Park in Korea. An ecotope map was classified into hundreds of types and dozens of groups by combining biological and geophysical variables. Variables included: forest vegetation type, topographic solar radiation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), elevation, and anthropogenic factors, such as, streams and roads. Layers of GIS variables were produced by field surveys, modeling, satellite images, or digitalization. Vegetation surveys were carried out to identify finer-scale distribution of vegetation types in the rugged valley area. Digital forest vegetation maps from the Forestry Administrator were then modified using the field-surveyed vegetation maps. Topographic solar radiation was predicted with a daily topographic radiation model. The NDVI was calculated from the satellite imagery of a Landsat Thematic Mapper. A digital elevation model (DEM) was used and the other layers were digitized using topographical maps with a scale of 1:25000. The aim of this study is to determine the geoecological factors relating to the spatial pattern of plant community. It was cleared by the spatial pattern of environmental variables and vegetation characteristics by detrended correspondence analysis using plant species and the environmental variables of each plot. The ordination component value of the first axis shows significant regression to some environmental variables. A case study of habitat evaluation was carried out using the resultant ecotope map. The spatial distribution of potential goral habitat and vegetation characteristics were predicted and the impact of human trails on the neighboring vegetation was also examined for restoration planning. The GIS-based framework developed for wildlife habitat evaluation is useful for natural resource management and human activity control in national parks in Korea.     

Impact of climate factors on future distributions of Paeonia ostii across China estimated by MaxEnt

Paeonia ostii (Paeoniaceae), a famous traditional flowering plant, is an edible perennial shrub having medicinal uses. In recent decades, growing market demands and unprecedented damage to forests has caused severe degeneration of its natural habitat. As a result, land managers involved in conserving and restoring its habitat need to identify the environmental factors that shape its distribution. The present study predicted the potential distribution of this species and evaluated habitat suitable for it. The main environmental factors affecting this species were determined using 145 occurrence records, 30 environmental variables, MaxEnt modeling, and an analysis using ArcGIS 10.2 software. The results showed that the moderately and highly suitable habitat for P. ostii encompasses ca. 8.23 × 10⁵ km²; the areas with a high suitability index (>0.6) for the distribution of this species were in southern Anhui, Henan (Kaifeng, Luoyang, Pingdingshan, Xuchang, and Zhengzhou), Hubei (Huanggang and Huangshi), and Shanxi (Yan'an) provinces. Annual mean temperature, mean UV-B of the lightest month, vapor pressure, and annual precipitation were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of P. ostii. The results of this study can allow land managers to avoid wasted human effort and materials as well as the exhaustion of wild P. ostii resources that could result from the blind introduction of this species into unsuitable habitat while improving both the quality and yield of P. ostii.     

基于生态位模型的艾比湖鹅喉羚生境评价

明确物种生境空间分布格局及其与环境因素的关系,对了解该物种的生境需求和适宜生境空间分布至关重要。生境评价和预测是对物种进行有效保护的基础。以鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)为研究对象,以其重要栖息地新疆博州艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区为研究区域,选取115个鹅喉羚分布点数据和23个环境变量因子,应用MAXENT模型分析其生境空间分布及主要影响因子,划分了鹅喉羚在研究区域的适宜生境,并对它的栖息地特征进行了分析。探讨了鹅猴羚生境选择与环境因子的关系。结果表明:气温日较差是影响鹅喉羚生境分布的主要环境因子。植被类型,坡度和最干月降水量对艾比湖鹅喉羚的生境选择影响不大。除了温度和降水在内的19项生物气候变量是鹅猴羚选择生境的重要因素之外,海拔和坡向等地形特征也影响鹅猴羚的生境选择性。鹅喉羚的高度适宜生境区主要分布在研究区域的北部和东部,中度及低度适宜生境区则分布于高度适宜生境区的边缘,而非适宜生境区主要集中在西部地区。研究不仅提供了鹅喉羚在艾比湖的实际分布状况及其栖息地特征,也为鹅喉羚在栖息地方面的研究,即鹅猴羚的栖息地选择和环境因子的关系方面提供了一个重要的依据。     

Diversity of Eastern North American Ant Communities along Environmental Gradients

Studies of species diversity patterns across regional environmental gradients seldom consider the impact of habitat type on within-site (alpha) and between-site (beta) diversity. This study is designed to identify the influence of habitat type across geographic and environmental space, on local patterns of species richness and regional turnover patterns of ant diversity in the northeastern United States. Specifically, I aim to 1) compare local species richness in paired open and forested transects and identify the environmental variables that best correlate with richness; and 2) document patterns of beta diversity throughout the region in both open and forested habitat. I systematically sampled ants at 67 sites from May to August 2010, spanning 10 degrees of latitude, and 1000 meters of elevation. Patterns of alpha and beta diversity across the region and along environmental gradients differed between forested and open habitats. Local species richness was higher in the low elevation and warmest sites and was always higher in open habitat than in forest habitat transects. Richness decreased as temperature decreased or elevation increased. Forested transects show strong patterns of decreasing dissimilarity in species composition between sites along the temperature gradient but open habitat transects did not. Maximum temperature of the warmest month better predicted species richness than either latitude or elevation. I find that using environmental variables as key predictors of richness yields more biologically relevant results, and produces simpler macroecological models than commonly used models which use only latitude and elevation as predictors of richness and diversity patterns. This study contributes to the understanding of mechanisms that structure the communities of important terrestrial arthropods which are likely to be influenced by climatic change.     

Ecological characteristics of the freshwater Ostracoda in Bolu Region (Turkey)

Total of 40 ostracod taxa obtained from 141 different sampling locations in Bolu were examined to determine relationships between habitat preferences of species and their ecological characteristics from June to August 2006. According to the first axis of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), 52% of the relationships between species and five most influential environmental variables with 36.2% of variances were explained. Although the first four variables, air temperature, water temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity had significant influence (P?P?=?0.47) was relatively low. Spearman correlation analyses indicated that some species had weak to strong positive correlation with electrical conductivity, whereas some others had a significant negative correlation with pH and redox potential. Only two species (Herpetocypris chevreuxi and Ilyocypris inermis) had strong correlation to the habitat type (P?Heterocypris incongruens, I. bradyi, Candona neglecta, and C. candida) had high Environmental Tolerance Index (ETI) values for at least six different environmental variables. Thus, cosmopolitans are highly adaptable within a wide range of environmental conditions and geographical distribution.     

New insights into the distribution and conservation status of the Golden-White Tassel-Ear Marmoset <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mico chrysoleucos</Emphasis> (Primates,Callitrichidae)

Among the 13 Mico species recognized by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, six are listed as “Data Deficient”. The geographic range of most of the Mico species has been estimated from only a few records. We report new localities and the geographic extension of Mico chrysoleucos. In addition, we confirmed the presence of the species in two distinct protected areas. We modeled the habitat suitability of M. chrysoleucos using the maximum entropy method and including new records obtained by the authors in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. From the total area of occurrence calculated for the species, 22.8% is covered by protected areas and indigenous lands. The annual mean deforestation rate estimated between 2000 and 2015 was 2.95%, and the total area deforested by 2015 was 3354 km² or 8.6% of the total distribution limits of the species. The habitat lost between 2000 and 2015 was 3.2% (1131 km²) of the total potential distribution, while the habitat loss area legally protected was 31 km², and the habitat loss in settlements was equal to 691 km². Our results extend the geographic distribution of the species about 100 km farther south, with the Maracanã River being a possible geographic barrier for the species. The significantly low rate of habitat loss inside protected areas and indigenous land, when compared to unprotected areas, points out the importance of these areas to M. chrysoleucos conservation. The species is relatively wide-ranging, legally protected, and resilient to regional anthropic threats. However, the hydroelectric schemes and the improvement of the road system in southern Amazonia pose an imminent threat to the species.