大鼠放射性肺损伤模型的建立与动态观察

目的：建立并鉴定大鼠放射性肺损伤模型,摸索大鼠放射性肺损伤的病理变化规律,阐明氧化应激在其发生发展过程中的作用。方法：采用60Co源22Gy单次照射SD大鼠全肺。分别于照射前、照后1天,7天,15天,21天,30天,60天,120天活杀大鼠,计算肺系数,右肺行HE染色、Masson染色及天狼猩红染色,观察肺组织病理变化并对大鼠肺泡炎及纤维化程度进行评分,免疫组化法检测肺组织廿SMA表达情况;左肺进行羟脯氨酸含量测定;血清测定MDA含量、总SOD活力和TGF-β1含量。结果：（1）大鼠肺脏于照后15天开始出现明显大体改变,病理学表现为间质性渗出性炎症并随时间延长逐渐加重,照后60天至120天肺脏塌陷,表面可见纤维化病灶,病理改变以肺间隔内细胞增生和胶原纤维沉积为主;（2）血清T-SOD活力照后1天至7天短暂增加后其活力持续降低;血清MDA含量和TGF-β1含量随时间时间延长逐渐增高;（3）照后60天肺组织a-SMA表达明显增加,至照后120天最为显著。结论：成功建立了大鼠放射性肺损伤模型并阐述了其病理变化规律;氧化应激参与了放射性肺损伤的病理过程。为其防治提供了实验基础和理论依据。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织病理形态及TGF-β1表达的作用

目的:观察N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织形态及转化生长因子-β1表达的作用.方法:将30只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和NAC干预组3组,每组10只.模型组经舌下静脉注射5 mg/kg脂多糖制备大鼠急性肺损伤模型,NAC干预组在注射脂多糖后1h腹腔注射NAC(200 mg/kg),注入脂多糖后12h处死大鼠,取左叶肺组织,观察各组大鼠肺组织病理形态和TGF-β1的表达变化.结果:模型组肺泡间隔增宽,腔内有少许出血,渗出及炎性细胞浸润,肺间质充血水肿,有大量炎性细胞浸润,NAC干预组肺部炎性细胞浸润、渗出、出血较模型组明显减轻.模型组肺组织TGF-β1的表达较正常对照组明显增加(P＜0.05),NAC干预组TGF-β1的表达较模型组显著降低(P＜0.05),但与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义.结论:NAC可显著减轻脂多糖诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤,这可能与其降低肺组织中TGF-β1的表达有关.     

山丹黄参多糖对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响

为了研究山丹黄参多糖对四氯化碳(CCl4)致小鼠(Mus musculus)急性肝损伤及相关酶活性的影响,对50只小鼠分别灌胃0.2 ml山丹黄参多糖(12.5、25.0、37.5 g/L)或生理盐水7 d,最后一次灌胃1 h后腹腔注射1%的CCl4橄榄油溶液0.2 ml,16 h后处死小鼠,比色法检测血浆丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力的变化,显微镜观察肝组织结构的变化,免疫组织化学法检测肝组织中转化生长因子-β_1(TGF-β_1)表达的变化。与正常对照组相比,实验对照组小鼠体重减轻,血浆丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力显著升高(P0.01),肝明显肿胀,肝组织结构不清,肝细胞出现炎性坏死,转化生长因子-β_1(TGF-β_1)阳性表达明显增强(P0.01)。与实验对照组相比,山丹黄参多糖各组小鼠体重增加,血浆丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力明显降低(P0.01),肝无明显肿胀,肝索清晰,炎性坏死很少,细胞结构清晰,转化生长因子-β_1阳性表达明显减少(P0.01)。表明一定剂量的山丹黄参多糖能增强机体活力,促进机体新陈代谢,降低正常细胞的凋亡,对四氯化碳造成的肝组织损伤有一定的保护作用。     

川穹嗪对胸部肿瘤患者TGF-beta1水平的影响及放疗性肺损伤的预防作用

目的：探讨川穹嗪注射液对血浆TGF-beta1 水平的影响及对放射性肺损伤的预防作用。方法：随机选取120 例胸部肿瘤放疗患 者分为观察组与对照组,所有研究对象给予三维适形放射治疗,观察组在放疗期间川芎嗪注射液每日静脉滴注1 次;检测两组放 疗前后血浆TGF-beta1含量变化、放射性肺损伤及肺功能情况。结果：放疗后两组血浆TGF-beta1 均上升,观察组在放疗结束时、放疗 结束后3 月、6 月的血浆TGF-beta1 含量明显低于对照组(P<0.05) (19.12± 5.23) vs(26.69± 5.38)ng/mL、(5.62± 3.48)vs(9.64± 7.82) ng/mL、(3.28± 1.81)vs (7.98± 5.16) ng/mL;观察组放射性肺损伤发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组放疗后三月肺功能指标用力肺 活量(FVC)、第1 秒用力呼气容积(FEV)、肺总量(TLC)、CO弥散量(DLCO)出现明显下降的例数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：川 芎嗪注射液可以降低放疗肺损伤患者的血浆TGF-beta1 含量,降低放射性肺炎与放射性肺纤维化的发生率,改善肺功能,无明显不 良反应、安全性好,可起到较好的预防放疗后放射性肺损伤的作用。     

胰岛素对大鼠急性肺损伤的肺血管内皮细胞核因子-kB和细胞间粘附分子-1表达的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素对急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠肺血管内皮细胞核因子-kB（NF-kB）和细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达的影响。方法24只健康雄性SD大鼠（190-210g）,随机分为正常对照组、ALI模型组、胰岛素干预组。观察肺组织病理形态,采用原位杂交技术半定量法和免疫组织化学染色检测肺血管内皮细胞的细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）mRNA和核因子-kB（NF-kB）蛋白的表达。结果（1）肺病理组织学结果显示胰岛素干预组肺病变局限且程度减轻;（2）ALI模型组肺血管内皮细胞ICAM-1mRNA表达（O．456±0．018）和NF-kB核染色阳性细胞百分比（0．542±0．009）与正常对照组（o．274土0．014,0．308±0．017）比较显著升高（均P〈0．05）;（3）胰岛素干预组ICAM-1mRNA表达（0．357±0．024）和NF-kB核染色阳性细胞百分比（0．427±0．018）比模型组明显减低（均P〈0．05）,但与正常对照组比较仍较高（均P＜0．05）。结论ICAM-1和NF-kB在ALI显著增加,胰岛素可以抑制NF-kB和ICAM-1mRNA的表达,可能是其对抗ALI的作用机制之一。     

乳腺癌组织TGFβ1及其受体与 NF-κB表达的研究

目的研究转化生长因子(TGF)β1及其I型受体(TGFβRI)与核转录因子(NF)κB在乳腺癌组织中的蛋白表达及其与临床病理特征的关系.方法建立40例乳腺癌标本共120个微组织的组织芯片,应用免疫组织化学S-P法检测乳腺癌组织TGFβ1、TGFβRI与 NF-κB蛋白的表达情况.结果 TGFβ1、TGFβRI和NF-κB在乳腺癌中均有表达,三者过表达率分别为80%、65%和80%;TGFβ1的表达强度与TNM分期、组织学分级、腋淋巴结受累呈正相关(P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.01),NFκB的表达强度与组织学分级、TNM分期呈正相关(P<0.05),TGFβRI的表达与分级、TNM分期、腋淋巴结受累均无明显相关性;TGFβ1和NF-κB的表达呈显著正相关(P<0.01).结论 TGFβ1和NF-κB的过表达与乳腺癌恶性及预后有密切关系, NF-κB可能在一定程度上受到TGFβ1的调控.     

胆红素对急性肺损伤大鼠肺血管内皮细胞核因子κB,细胞间粘附分子1表达的影响

目的探讨胆红素对急性肺损伤(ALI)的对抗作用及其对肺血管内皮细胞核因子-κB和细胞间粘附分子1表达的影响.方法用雄性Wistar大鼠(200-250g)30只,随机分为正常对照组、ALI动物模型组(用内毒素制造模型)、胆红素干预组.采用原位杂交技术半定量法和免疫组织化学染色测定肺血管内皮细胞中细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)mRNA和核因子κB (NF-κB)蛋白的表达.结果 (1)ALI模型组肺血管内皮细胞ICAM-1mRNA表达和NF-κB核染色阳性细胞百分比与正常对照组比较显著升高,(P<0.001);(2)胆红素干预组ICAM-1mRNA表达和NF-κB染色阳性细胞百分比与模型组相比明显减低,(P<0.001、P<0.01),但与正常对照组比较仍较高(P<0.05).结论 ICAM-1和NF-κB在ALI显著增加,胆红素可以抑制ALI动物NF-κB和ICAM-1mRNA的表达,可能是其对抗急性肺损伤的作用机制之一.     

小鼠早期胚胎发育期间TGF-β_1免疫组织化学定位

用兔抗人血小板TGF-β_1 N末端1—29氨基酸残基人工合成多肽抗血清作探针以及免疫荧光和免疫酶染色技术,分析了1—12天小鼠早期发育期间胚胎的TGF-β_1物质分布。结果表明,着床前胚胎包括卵裂细胞,桑椹胚和胚泡的ICM及滋养外胚层等细胞均显示TGF-β_1阳性免疫荧光染色。免疫酶染色还证明,沿囊胚腔顶部单层排列的原始内胚层细胞比邻近的ICM细胞有较深的染色反应。随着胚胎着床和进一步发育,7天龄胚胎中胚层早期形成阶段,紧靠中胚层一侧的外胚层胞质中含有浓集的棕色颗粒;各胚层的部分区域也存在着染色强度上差别。8—12天龄胚胎中,体节,心壁、间质细胞和肠道以及卵黄囊的脏壁中胚层均有显著的TGF-β_1免疫酶阳性物质。这些结果表明,着床前小鼠胚胎富含TGF-β_1物质,着床后的胚外组织,例如卵黄囊也为胚胎进一步发育提供了富含TGF-β_1物质的微环境;同时也提示,小鼠早期胚胎发育期间的胚泡形成,ICM细胞分化出原始内胚层,卵柱期中胚层形成,以及以后的神经管、体节和肢芽形成阶段等一系列形态发生和器官形成过程中,TGF-β_1可能是参与重要作用的一种生长调节因子。     

HSC的活化、增殖与TGF-β1及其Ⅰ型受体在中晚期纤维化肝组织中的改变及护肝片对其的影响

目的 探讨护肝片对中、晚期纤维化大鼠肝组织肝星状细胞（HSC）的活化与增殖及转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）及其工型受体（TβRⅠ）表达的影响。方法 采用12．5％CCh诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型,自造模之日起,大鼠分组灌胃给药（护肝片921mg·kg^-1）或溶媒,每日一次,直至8或13周末,分别处死动物,取左叶肝组织石蜡包埋,制作组织芯片,免疫组化S-P法检测大鼠肝组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、TGF-β1及TβRⅠ蛋白的表达,并用Meta Morph图像分析系统计数α-SMA阳性细胞数、对TGF-β1。及TβRⅠ蛋白表达量进行定量分析。结果 1．模型复制8周和13周,模型组的肝损伤及其纤维化分级均明显高于正常组（P〈0．01）,护肝片组的肝损伤及其纤维化分级均轻于模型组。2．模型复制8周和13周,模型组活化的HSC（即α-SMA阳性细胞）数量较正常组明显增多、TGF-β1及TβRⅠ蛋白的表达较正常组明显增强（P〈0．01）;3．护肝片显著抑制8、13周纤维化肝组织HSC的活化与增殖和TGF-β1及TβRⅠ蛋白的表达（P〈0．01）。结论 抑制HSC的活化与增殖和TGF-β1及TβRⅠ的表达可能是护肝片抗肝纤维化作用的靶点之一。     

Ms—SOD对CHO细胞电离辐射敏感性的影响

近年来的研究发现,ＩＬ－１和ＴＮＦ最重要的辐射防护因子,因ＩＬ－０１和ＴＮＦ都能造反性诱导Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ的高度表达,因此认为Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ可能有辐射防护作用。通过转染有义和反义Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤｃＮＤＡ小于ＣＨＯ细胞,进一步说明了Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ在抗电离辐射损伤中的作用。     

Modulation of apoptosis of eckol against ionizing radiation in mice

To investigate the radioprotective potential of eckol, a component of the seaweed Ecklonia cava, against radiation in vivo, we evaluated the effect of eckol on cyto- and histo-protective capability of the lymphocytes and intestine against damage induced by a single whole body irradiation (WBI) in vivo. Here, we ascertained that eckol protected the lymphocytes’ viability and rescued intestinal cells from radiation-induced apoptosis by decreasing the amount of pro-apoptotic p53 and Bax and increasing that of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. These findings indicate that the overexpression of anti-apoptotic protein, which may lead to resistance to DNA damage, is involved deeply in protection of gastrointestinal cells after irradiation. Thus, eckol that can protect cells and tissues against ionizing radiation may have considerable potential as adjuncts to successful radiotherapy.     

An investigation of the reaction kinetics of luciferase and the effect of ionizing radiation on the reaction rate

The bioluminescence produced by luciferase, a firefly enzyme, requires three substrates: luciferin, ATP and oxygen. We find that ionizing radiation, in the form of a proton beam from a cyclotron, will eliminate dissolved oxygen prior to any damage to other substrates or to the protein. The dose constant for removal of oxygen is 70 ± 20 Gy, a much smaller dose than required to cause damage to protein. Removal of oxygen, which is initially in excess, leads to a sigmoidal response of bioluminescence to radiation dose, consistent with a Michaelis–Menten relationship to substrate concentration. When excess oxygen is exhausted, the response becomes exponential. Following the irradiation, bioluminescence recovers due to a slow leak of oxygen into the solution. This may also explain previous observations on the response of bioluminescent bacteria to radiation. We have studied the dependence of the reaction rate on enzyme and substrate concentration and propose a model for the reaction pathway consistent with this data. The light output from unirradiated samples decreases significantly with time due to product inhibition. We observe that this inhibition rate changes dramatically immediately after a sample is exposed to the beam. This sudden change of the inhibition rate is unexplained but shows that enzyme regulatory function responds to ionizing radiation at a dose level less than 0.6 Gy.     

Effects of ionizing radiation on mitochondria

The current concept of radiobiology posits that damage to the DNA in the cell nucleus is the primary cause for the detrimental effects of radiation. However, emerging experimental evidence suggests that this theoretical framework is insufficient for describing extranuclear radiation effects, particularly the response of the mitochondria, an important site of extranuclear, coding DNA. Here, we discuss experimental observations of the effects of ionizing radiation on the mitochondria at (1) the DNA and (2) functional levels. The roles of mitochondria in (3) oxidative stress and (4) late radiation effects are discussed. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of targets for ionizing radiation outside the cell nucleus. Available experimental data suggest that an increase in the tumoricidal efficacy of radiation therapy might be achievable by targeting mitochondria. Likewise, more specific protection of mitochondria and its coding DNA should reduce damage to healthy cells exposed to ionizing radiation.     

Effects of N-acetyl-l-cysteine on adhesive strength between breast cancer cell and extracellular matrix proteins after ionizing radiation

Aims: To evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (LNAC), a common ROS scavenger, on the adhesive affinity between MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins after IR.     

复方清下汤对脓毒症大鼠肺组织ICAM-1及AQP-1基因表达的影响

目的探讨复方清下汤对脓毒症大鼠肺组织ICAM-1及AQP-1基因表达的影响,进一步探讨其减轻肺损伤机制。方法将健康SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组10只：（1）假手术组（SHAM组）,SHAM组只翻动盲肠,不做其他处理;（2）脓毒症肺损伤组（模型组）,以盲肠结扎穿孔诱发ALI模型;（3）盲肠结扎穿孔＋复方清下汤组（造模后立即灌胃给药,造模后8 h再次灌胃1次,剂量：10 m l/kg）;（4）盲肠结扎穿孔＋头孢哌酮舒巴坦（舒普深）（造模后立即静脉注射1次,造模后8 h再次静脉注射1次,剂量：0.2 g/kg）造模24 h后收集标本。应用免疫组织化学和Western blotting法检测肺组织中AQP-1、ICAM-1的表达,RT-PCR检测肺组织上述蛋白mRNA表达。结果与SHAM组比较,模型组应用免疫组织化学及W estern-b lotting法检测ICAM-1的表达均显著升高（P〈0.01）,而AQP-1则表达明显降低（P〈0.01）;RT-PCR法检测mRNA转录水平与蛋白表达结果基本一致。抗生素及中药处理组与模型组比较,上述细胞因子ICAM-1的表达明显降低（P〈0.05）,而AQP-1表达上调（P〈0.01）,抗生素及中药处理组2组检测数据相近。结论脓毒症大鼠肺损伤时细胞因子ICAM-1过度表达而AQP-1蛋白表达下调可能是造成脓毒症肺损伤的重要原因;复方清下汤处理的动物模型肺损伤减轻的同时ICAM-1和AQP-1表达变化,提示它可能通过调控ICAM-1和AQP-1表达起作用。     

Time-course analysis of mouse serum proteome changes following exposure of the skin to ionizing radiation

Radiation-induced lesion outcomes of normal tissues are difficult to predict. In particular, radiotherapy or local exposure to a radioactive source by accident can trigger strong injury to the skin. The finding of biomarkers is of fundamental relevance for the prediction of lesion apparition and its evolution, and for the settlement of therapeutic strategies. In order to study radiation-induced cutaneous lesions, we developed a mouse model in which the dorsal skin was selectively exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). 2-D difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) coupled with MS was used to investigate proteins altered in expression and/or PTM in serum. Proteome changes were monitored from 1 day to 1 month postirradiation, at a dose of 40 Gy, in this specific model developing reproducible clinical symptoms ranging from erythema to skin ulceration with wound healing. About 60 proteins (including some isoforms and likely post-translational variants), representing 20 different proteins, that exhibited significant and reproducible kinetic expression changes, were identified using MS and database searches. Several proteins, down- or up-regulated from day one, could prove to be good candidates to prognosticate the evolution of a skin lesion such as necrosis. In addition, we observed shifts in pI of several spot trains, revealing potential PTM changes, which could also serve as indicators of irradiation or as predictors of lesion severity.     

Chronobiology of the mammalian response to ionizing radiation. Potential applications in oncology

Ionizing radiation from all sources under appropriate conditions leads to cell death and tissue damage. It is used in cancer treatment under the assumption of a higher radiosensitivity of the fast dividing tumor cells as compared with adjacent host tissues. The radiosensitivities of proliferating host tissues like bone marrow and gastrointestinal lining epithelium are dose limiting. Since these host tissues and many tumors show circadian and other periodicities in their cell proliferation, the timing of radiation treatment according to host and/or tumor rhythms is expected to improve the toxic/therapeutic ratio of the treatment. The experimental data on the chronobiology of radiation exposure show circadian rhythmicity in radiation response after whole body irradiation in mice and rats with highest toxicity in light-dark 12h:12h synchronized animals during their daily activity span. Bone marrow toxicity as well as gastrointestinal epithelial damage show circadian rhythms in part due to radiation damage to the stem cells involved and especially in the intestine also due to damage to the microvasculature. Chronoradiotherapy of malignant tumors seems promising, alone or in combination with response modifiers, provided the host and potential tumor rhythms can be monitored.     

Induction of apoptosis by ionizing radiation and CI-1033 in HuCCT-1 cells

CI-1033 is a quinazoline-based HER family tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is currently being evaluated as a potential anticancer agent. The present study examines the molecular mechanism by which CI-1033 induces apoptosis either as a single agent or in combination with radiation. Although CI-1033 alone did not induce apoptosis, the simultaneous exposure of cells to CI-1033 and radiation induced significant levels of apoptosis. The sequential treatment of cells with CI-1033 followed by radiation induced an even greater effect with 62.6% of cells undergoing apoptosis but this enhanced effect was not seen if cells were treated first with radiation and then CI-1033. The combination treatment induces apoptosis of HuCCT-1 via upregulation of FasL and Bid cleavage. These data suggest that modulation of the Fas-FasL pathway and activation of Bid could be useful for increasing the anti-tumor effect of CI-1033 in this type of cancer.     

Effects of mesenchyme on epithelial tissue architecture revealed by tissue recombination experiments between the submandibular gland and lung of embryonic mice

Lung epithelium during morphogenesis maintains a sheet structure of polarized cells lining a lumen, in which E-cadherin, β-catenin and tight junctional proteins are localized at the cell–cell contact sites. On the other hand, the submandibular gland epithelium at early stages of development forms a non-cavitated mass of cells where E-cadherin/β-catenin are present on the entire cell surfaces and tight junctional proteins are almost absent or weakly scattered. In the present study, tissue recombination experiments were performed between the two organs to explore roles of mesenchyme in the architectural development of the epithelium. Homotypic recombinants of both submandibular gland and lung showed the tissue architecture as observed in the intact organs. In contrast, 11-day lung epithelium cultured with 13-day submandibular mesenchyme formed multilayers of cells with the lumen being less visible. It was accompanied by redistribution of E-cadherin/β-catenin along the entire cell surfaces and by an irregular distribution of tight junctional proteins. A similar redistribution of these molecules was observed in 15-day lung epithelium cultured with the submandibular mesenchyme, although the epithelial sheet structure lining the lumen was formed. On the other hand, the tissue architecture of submandibular gland epithelium was little affected by lung mesenchyme, although the epithelium was flattened and showed branching morphogenesis.