感染苏云金杆菌后印度谷螟血细胞的病态变化

光学显微镜下观察苏云金杆菌感染印度谷螟后幼虫血细胞的病态变化证明:幼虫感病后,原血胞、粒血胞、浆血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞、囊血胞均受到破坏,多数血胞出现空泡和变形,珠血胞珠粒之间互相脱离,细胞质外流,细胞膜破裂,囊血胞则有细胞外溢现象。这些病态变化均可在感病8小时以后观察到。     

黑翅痂蝗血细胞形态学的研究

【目的】蝗虫血细胞的研究以及不同血细胞类型间的演化关系,是蝗虫细胞免疫学的依据,也是防蝗治蝗的重要依据。【方法】本研究通过Wright-Giemsa对黑翅痂蝗Bryodema nigroptera Zheng血细胞进行了混合染色,并使用光学显微镜进行了观察。【结果】发现黑翅痂蝗血细胞包括原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、类绛色血细胞、囊血胞、脂血胞、蠕形细胞和巨核血细胞8种类型。【结论】在成虫体内,原血胞占细胞总数的1%,浆血胞占32.2%,粒血胞占57.3%,类绛色血细胞占1%,囊血胞占6%,脂血胞占1%,蠕形细胞占1%,巨核细胞占细胞总数的0.5%,粒血胞数量最多,巨核细胞最少。     

家蝇幼虫血细胞类型及免疫功能的初步研究

目的用不同方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞的形态,并对血细胞进行分类和免疫功能研究,为昆虫血细胞形态、分类及免疫研究提供实验依据。方法 (1)应用姬氏染色结合相差显微镜及荧光染色方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞形态,并对家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞进行分类;(2)观察家蝇3龄幼虫感染大肠杆菌后不同时间血细胞总数(THC)、各类血细胞数量(DHC)及形态的变化;(3)应用倒置显微镜观察家蝇3龄幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后的形态变化;(4)采用酶细胞化学技术测定感染前后家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞中ACP、POD活性的变化。结果 (1)家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞可分为原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞5类,其中浆血胞又分为大核浆血胞和小核浆血胞两种;(2)感染后各时间组血细胞总数、浆血胞和粒血胞数量均显著升高,且浆血胞和粒血胞聚集成堆,出现细胞变形、空泡等形态变化;感染后16h、24h组的珠血胞数显著升高;原血胞和类绛血胞数量和形态无明显变化;(3)家蝇幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后粒血胞周围见大量细菌聚集,浆血胞、粒血胞聚集成团将细菌包裹形成包囊,未见原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞形态的变化;(4)感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性增强,感染前后原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞中均未见ACP、POD的阳性反应物。结论通过3种方法能很好地将家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞分为5类,其中浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫参与免疫反应的主要细胞类型,珠血胞不参与感染后的早期细胞免疫反应。     

草履蚧血细胞的显微形态与超微结构观察

为研究蚧虫血淋巴中血细胞的种类及其结构特征,采用相差显微镜、荧光显微镜和扫描电镜与透射电镜技术,观察了草履蚧雌成虫血细胞的显微形态与超微结构特征.结果显示,在荧光显微镜和扫描电镜下观察识别出草履蚧血淋巴中的5种血细胞,即：原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、囊血胞和类绛色血细胞.在透射电镜下可见,原血胞的细胞核明显,表现出高的细胞质密度;浆血胞最典型的特征是细胞质中有大量的囊泡;粒血胞的细胞质中有发达的粗面内质网和许多玫瑰形的细颗粒.类绛色血细胞最典型的特征是有许多结晶,并在细胞质的空泡区内分布的更多.囊血胞透明性强,具有围核空间,膨大成潴泡状.     

意大利蝗血细胞形态学研究

血细胞是昆虫免疫防御、代谢和分泌等生理活动的重要参与者。本文通过Gimesa-Wright试剂盒染色法研究了意大利蝗成虫血细胞类型。结果表明,意大利蝗存在原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、脂血胞、囊血胞、巨核细胞6种细胞。粒血胞、脂血胞和浆血胞是意大利蝗主要的血细胞类型,分别占细胞总数的42.04%、29.60%和23.32%。研究结果为深入研究意大利蝗血细胞的功能及其对意大利蝗适应环境的机制提供了基础数据。     

白蜡绵粉蚧血细胞的显微形态与超微结构观察

为研究蚧虫血淋巴中血细胞的种类及其结构特征,本文采用荧光显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了白蜡绵粉蚧Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang(半翅目:蚧总科:粉蚧科)雌成虫血细胞的显微形态超微结构.结果显示,在荧光显微镜和扫描电镜下观察识别出白蜡绵粉蚧血淋巴中的5种血细胞,即原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、类绛色血胞和囊血胞.在透射电镜下,原血胞的细胞核明显,表现出高的细胞质密度;浆血胞最典型的特征是细胞质中有大量的囊泡;粒血胞的细胞质中有发达的粗面内质网和许多玫瑰形的细颗粒;类绛色血胞最典型的特征是有许多结晶,并在细胞质空泡区内分布更多;囊血胞透明性强,具有围核空间,膨大成潴泡状.     

粘虫核型多角体病毒病的研究

根据两年来的研究,发现在粘虫Pseudaletia separata(Walk.)仅有一种病毒即核型多角体。在自然界有局部流行的现象。利用相差显微镜,并辅以涂片证明多角体病毒能侵染5种类型的粘虫血细胞。它们是:珠血胞,浆血胞,类降血胞,原血胞及囊血胞。核型多角体能侵染所有粘虫的器官组织细胞并引起病变。在不同温度(0°—40℃)影响下多角体病毒对不同龄期的粘虫侵染力是有差别的,而6龄幼虫几乎难于染病。利用夜蛾科的6种病毒侵染粘虫均不致病。同时用粘虫核型多角体病毒侵染5种昆虫的幼虫除了烟夜蛾 Heliothis assulta G.被侵染外,其他则不被侵染。     

阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞形态学研究

本研究采用Wright-Giemsa染色方法,利用光学显微镜观察阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫血细胞.根据鳞翅目昆虫血细胞形态特征对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞进行鉴定,计数并计算各类血细胞所占的比例.发现阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中存在原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、类绛色细胞、珠血胞和囊血胞6种细胞类型,所占比例分别为3.7％,29.9％,55.4％,2.3％,5.8％和2.9％.阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞组成及其形态与其他鳞翅目昆虫基本一致,但是与其它种属相比,同种类型的血细胞大小和占比略有不同.粒血胞和浆血胞是阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中的主要类型,其中粒血胞占比最高.该研究为深入研究阿尔泰蝠蛾血细胞形态和功能提供理论依据和基础数据.     

金龟幼虫血细胞的防卫反应

在铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Mots.和华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita F.3龄幼虫体内注射标准剂量的日本金龟(虫甲)芽孢杆菌Bacillus popilliae,观察24小时内血细胞的反应。结果表明,昆虫种类不同,血细胞反应的方式也不相同。在敏感虫种铜绿丽金龟中,只有少数个体能在体腔内形成以浆血胞为主的黑核型囊状体;而在不敏感虫种华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫体腔内,大多数个体能形成以珠血胞为主的块状囊状体。血细胞囊状体的形成率大体上同注射感染率相吻合。本文还讨论了囊状体的形成过程及其作用机制。     

东亚飞蝗血细胞形态学研究

通过Wright's染色和光学显微镜对不同地区东亚飞蝗的血细胞进行了观察,发现东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)的血细胞包括原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞和类绛血胞4种类型.原血胞的细胞核为红色,而其它3种血细胞的细胞核均被Wright's染液染成红色和蓝色2种类型.故认为浆血胞是...     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cationic (tripyrrinato)palladium(II) complexes

The formation of cationic palladium(II)complexes [TrpyPd^II]⁺X⁻ by salt metathesis of the respective trifluoroacetates with different salts of weakly coordinating anions X⁻ was investigated. With non-hydrolizable counterions, cationic mono- and dinuclear complexes are observed depending on the nature of the anion X⁻ and the solvent. The mononuclear cations, which are only formed with X = BAr^F, most probably carry a weakly bound molecule of dichloromethane at the fourth coordination site of Pd^II. When treated with diazoalkanes, only these are sufficiently reactive to form carbene complexes. Four- and five coordinate Lewis base adducts [TrpyPd^IIL]⁺ with L = CH₃NC, tBuNH₂, PMe₃, PEt₃ and PiPr₃ and [TrpyPd^IIL₂]⁺ with L = PMe₃ were prepared from the mononuclear cations [TrpyPd^II]⁺BAr^F−. From structural studies it becomes apparent, that the formation of stable five coordinate Pd^II species is restricted to medium size ligands and depends on the delicate balance between the steric influence of L and the strain, which is induced on the TrpyPd^II unit.