心脏磁共振在常见心肌病诊断及预后评估中的应用进展

心脏磁共振（CMR）具有广角度、任意层面及可重复性等成像优点因而能准确提供心脏解剖结构、心功能及心肌组织结构等信息,其对心肌病早期诊断及预后评估发挥重要作用。本文对常见心肌病的CMR 特征、CMR 在心肌病诊断及预后评估的进展作一综述。     

心脏磁共振成像评价缺血性心肌病的临床应用价值

目的:评估心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)功能成像在缺血性心肌病临床诊断中的价值。方法:使用飞利浦3.0T磁共振仪,对32例临床确诊的缺血性心肌病患者进行CMR平扫及钆对比剂动态增强扫描。应用Cardiac MR Analysis软件进行相关后处理分析,计算左室射血分数、室壁增厚率等心功能参数并与超声心动图检查结果相比较。采用17节段分段法分析心脏形态学、心肌组织运动、局部灌注、延迟增强等特点,评价其临床应用价值。结果:所有患者的心功能参数均降低,包括左室射血分数、每搏输出量、心输出量和室壁增厚率,心脏磁共振和超声心动图的测量结果并无明显差异(49%±5.3%vs 52%±8.2%;42.8 mL±8.9 mLvs 45.7 mL±10.6 mL; 3.5 L/min±0.6 L/min vs 3.8 L/min±0.9 L/min; 28%±4%. vs 31%±6%)(P0.05)。所有患者中存在室壁运动异常的为184段(184/544);其中心肌血流灌注信号减低的有136段(136/184),呈现心肌延迟强化的有98段(98/136)。结论:CMR功能成像对于缺血性心肌病的临床诊疗及预后评估可提供与心肌形态及功能相关的重要信息。     

原发性心肌病的分子遗传学特性

心肌病(cardiomyopathy)是由心脏心室的结构改变和心肌壁功能受损导致的心脏病变,具体表现为心脏肌小节蛋白结构和功能的改变、离子通道结构和功能的改变、能量供给和调控受到影响、细胞膜成分的改变等。原发性心肌病是心肌病的主要种类,病变部位主要局限于心肌,包括肥厚型心肌病、扩张型心肌病、限制型心肌病、致心律失常型右心室心肌病和无类别心肌病5大类。心肌病的发生主要与多种基因的变异有关,这些基因主要编码肌节蛋白、桥粒蛋白、膜蛋白、钙结合蛋白和与线粒体氧化磷酸化有关的蛋白等。对原发性心肌病的分子遗传学特性的研究进行概述,为该病的诊断、筛查、预防和治疗提供参考。     

心脏舒张异常及其临床意义

本文重点介绍评定心脏舒张性能的常用指标及其影响因素;阐述了心脏舒张性能在缺血性、心肌肥大性心脏病、充血性心肌病以及充血性心力衰竭等情况下的改变机制及其对诊断、预后和治疗的指导意义。     

缺血性心肌病的多模态心血管影像学方法进展

近年来,超声(ultrasound, US)、CT冠状动脉造影(CT coronary angiography, CCTA)、血管内超声(intravenous ultrasound,IVUS)、光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography, OCT)、多层螺旋CT成像(multi-slice computed tomography, MSCT)、单光子发射计算机断层成像(single-photon emission computed tomography, SPECT)、正电子发射计算机断层成像(positron emission computed tomography, PET)及心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance, CMR)等多种心血管成像技术能够提供与冠脉病变及心肌形态和功能相关的解剖学、血流动力学、细胞生物学及病理生理学等方面的重要信息,在缺血性心肌病的临床诊疗及预后评估中发挥着日益重要的作用。然而,如何恰当选择的多模态心血管影像技术是临床医师面临的一大难题。因此,本文在归纳总结主要心血管成像技术临床应用进展的基础上,对多模态心血管影像学在缺血性心肌病相关的冠脉解剖与斑块成像、心肌功能、心肌灌注及心肌活性显像中的临床应用价值进行综述。旨在帮助临床医师客观认识各种成像技术的优势与不足,从而制定最优化的选择方案。     

微循环阻力指数在心血管疾病中的应用

随着医疗水平的发展,心血管疾病的诊断和治疗越来越规范和细致,不仅需要对心脏大血管进行评估,对微循环的评估也是十分重要。微循环阻力指数(index of microcirculatory resistance,IMR)是2003年由Fearon医生提出的一种操作方便、能真实反映微循环阻力的冠状动脉功能学定量评价指标。IMR的可重复性好,且不受冠状动脉狭窄影响,在预测围手术期心梗、PCI术后微血管阻塞、ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者PCI预后,评价PCI辅助治疗手段的有效性,阐明应激性心肌病的发病机制以及评价心血管药物的应用等方面具有重要意义。本文就IMR的特点及临床应用做一综述。     

糖尿病动物模型心功能评价方法

糖尿病心血管并发症（ cardiovascular complications of diabetes , CCD）是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,其中糖尿病心肌病（ diabetic cardiomyopathy , DC）是心力衰竭的主要原因。对于分析糖尿病心肌病的机制、早期诊断以及改进和优化治疗,心脏功能评估起到重要桥梁作用,而糖尿病动物模型直接或间接反映糖尿病的发生和发展过程,是一个良好的研究载体。本文旨在综述国内外糖尿病动物模型心脏功能评价的重要方法。     

糖尿病心肌病相关信号通路的研究进展

糖尿病心肌病是一种独立、特异的心肌病,与糖尿病患者发生心力衰竭和死亡率升高密切相关。高血糖引起的心血管并发症涉及心肌病变和血管病变、心肌细胞结构的改变、信号通路和炎症因子的改变等,导致心肌纤维化、心肌肥厚、心脏肥大、心力衰竭和心律失常。综述了糖尿病心肌病发病机制中研究较多的几条信号通路,探究各信号通路在糖尿病心肌病发生、发展过程中对心脏的保护(损伤)作用的相关研究进展。     

心力衰竭的物理诊断现状

心力衰竭是各种心脏疾病发展的终末阶段,及时准确的确诊心力衰竭、辨别其病情变化可进一步指导治疗及缩短住院时间,并为心力衰竭的预后评价提供参考依据。目前,确诊心力衰竭主要基于患者的临床症状、体征及各种影像学表现、生化指标等做出综合评价,而物理诊断是诊断心力衰竭不可或缺的依据。心脏彩超已应用于临床多年,可从多个层面评估左室充盈压,是初步评价心脏功能的便捷措施。核心脏病学可评估心脏交感神经支配的区域及激活模式,预测心力衰竭的发病率和死亡率。心脏磁共振可用于进行危险分层及确定是否适合手术/介入治疗。此外,心脏CT及心导管术也是用于评价心功能的常见物理检查方法。本文主要总结了目前各种诊断心力衰竭的物理诊断方法的最新进展,以进一步指导临床实践。     

血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI及BNP与扩张性心肌病患者室壁应力的相关性研究

摘要 目的：探讨血浆periostin蛋白、肌钙蛋白（troponin I,cTnI）、脑钠肽（brain natriureticpe ptide,BNP）与扩张性心肌病患者室壁应力（mean wall stress,MWS）的相关性及其对扩张性心肌病预后评估价值。方法：选择2019年3月~2022年3月期间我院收治89例扩张性心肌病患者和同期体检79例健康者作为研究组及对照组,均检测血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI、BNP水平以及MWS变化。随访患者出院一年心血管不良事件发生情况,进行相关统计学分析,并探讨其临床价值。结果：研究组血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI、BNP以及MWS水平均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;Pearson相关性分析显示,血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI、BNP水平与MWS均为正相关（r=0.619,0.428,0.665;P＜0.05）;预后良好患者血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI、BNP以及MWS水平均显著低于预后不良患者（P＜0.05）;ROC曲线显示,分别用血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI、BNP、MWS评估患者预后AUC相应值为0.973、0.702、0.803、0.802,血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI、BNP分别联合MWS评估患者预后相应的AUC值为0.984、0.810、0.857。结论：扩张性心肌病患者血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI及BNP水平与MWS及疾病预后相关,血浆periostin蛋白、cTnI及BNP分别联合MWS对疾病预后具有一定评估价值。     

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in daily practice in a peripheral medical centre: description of the first 383 patients

Background. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has evolved over the last decade into an indispensable diagnostic instrument. CMR imaging noninvasively provides structural, functional and morphological information with high spatial resolution and an unlimited field of view. Since October 2006 the VieCuri Medical Centre in Venlo has a CMR scanner at its disposal.Objectives. The goal of this study was to analyse the impact of CMR imaging on diagnosis and treatment in daily practice in the setting of a medium-volume peripheral hospital.Methods. All patients who underwent CMR imaging between October 2006 and November 2008 were included in this analysis. The medical history before and after the CMR scan, the application form for CMR imaging and the outcome of the scans were reviewed. CMR images, obtained using a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging system, were reviewed by a multidisciplinary team.Results. In 235 patients CMR imaging demonstrated one or more abnormalities, whereas CMR imaging did not identify any abnormalities in 148 patients. CMR imaging confirmed an expected finding in 166 cases, identified an unexpected condition in 69 cases, ruled out an expected finding in 59 cases and ruled out a suspected condition in 89 cases. Due to better insight into diagnosis, CMR imaging resulted in a change of treatment in 166 of the total of 383 CMR scans (43%).Conclusion. In a relevant number of cases CMR imaging leads to a change in the treatment of a patient, proving the value of CMR imaging as a diagnostic modality. Therefore, CMR imaging is an excellent opportunity for peripheral medical centres to improve efficiency and the standard of patient care. (Neth Heart J 2010;18:524–30.)     

Hypotheses, rationale, design, and methods for prognostic evaluation of cardiac biomarker elevation after percutaneous and surgical revascularization in the absence of manifest myocardial infarction. A comparative analysis of biomarkers and cardiac magnetic resonance. The MASS-V Trial

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although the release of cardiac biomarkers after percutaneous (PCI) or surgical revascularization (CABG) is common, its prognostic significance is not known. Questions remain about the mechanisms and degree of correlation between the release, the volume of myocardial tissue loss, and the long-term significance. Delayed-enhancement of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) consistently quantifies areas of irreversible myocardial injury. To investigate the quantitative relationship between irreversible injury and cardiac biomarkers, we will evaluate the extent of irreversible injury in patients undergoing PCI and CABG and relate it to postprocedural modifications in cardiac biomarkers and long-term prognosis. METHODS: The study will include 150 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and a formal indication for CABG; 50 patients will undergo CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); 50 patients with the same arterial and ventricular condition indicated for myocardial revascularization will undergo CABG without CPB; and another 50 patients with CAD and preserved ventricular function will undergo PCI using stents. All patients will undergo CMR before and after surgery or PCI. We will also evaluate the release of cardiac markers of necrosis immediately before and after each procedure. Primary outcome considered is overall death in a 5-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes are levels of CK-MB isoenzyme and I-Troponin in association with presence of myocardial fibrosis and systolic left ventricle dysfunction assessed by CMR. DISCUSSION: The MASS-V Trial aims to establish reliable values for parameters of enzyme markers of myocardial necrosis in the absence of manifest myocardial infarction after mechanical interventions. The establishments of these indices have diagnostic value and clinical prognosis and therefore require relevant and different therapeutic measures. In daily practice, the inappropriate use of these necrosis markers has led to misdiagnosis and therefore wrong treatment. The appearance of a more sensitive tool such as CMR provides an unprecedented diagnostic accuracy of myocardial damage when correlated with necrosis enzyme markers. We aim to correlate laboratory data with imaging, thereby establishing more refined data on the presence or absence of irreversible myocardial injury after the procedure, either percutaneous or surgical, and this, with or without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Flow and myocardial interaction: an imaging perspective

Heart failure due to coronary artery disease has considerable morbidity and poor prognosis. An understanding of the underlying mechanics governing myocardial contraction is a prerequisite for interpreting and predicting changes induced by heart disease. Gross changes in contractile behaviour of the myocardium are readily detected with existing techniques. For more subtle changes during early stages of cardiac dysfunction, however, a sensitive method for measuring, as well as a precise criterion for quantifying, normal and impaired myocardial function is required. The purpose of this paper is to outline the role of imaging, particularly cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), for investigating the fundamental relationships between cardiac morphology, function and flow. CMR is emerging as an important clinical tool owing to its safety, versatility and the high-quality images it produces that allow accurate and reproducible quantification of cardiac structure and function. We demonstrate how morphological and functional assessment of the heart can be achieved by CMR and illustrate how blood flow imaging can be used to study flow and structure interaction, particularly for elucidating the underlying haemodynamic significance of directional changes and asymmetries of the cardiac looping. Future outlook on combining imaging with engineering approaches in subject-specific biomechanical simulation is also provided.     

Phenotyping of hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using personalized 3D modelling and cardiac cine MRI

Differential diagnosis of hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is clinically challenging but important for treatment management. This study aims to phenotype HHD and HCM in 3D + time domain by using a multiparametric motion-corrected personalized modeling algorithm and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). 44 CMR data, including 12 healthy, 16 HHD and 16 HCM cases, were examined. Multiple CMR phenotype data consisting of geometric and dynamic variables were extracted globally and regionally from the models over a full cardiac cycle for comparison against healthy models and clinical reports. Statistical classifications were used to identify the distinctive characteristics and disease subtypes with overlapping functional data, providing insights into the challenges for differential diagnosis of both types of disease. While HCM is characterized by localized extreme hypertrophy of the LV, wall thickening/contraction/strain was found to be normal and in sync, though it was occasionally exaggerated at normotrophic/less severely hypertrophic regions during systole to preserve the overall ejection fraction (EF) and systolic functionality. Additionally, we observed that hypertrophy in HHD could also be localized, although at less extreme conditions (i.e. more concentric). While fibrosis occurs mostly in those HCM cases with aortic obstruction, only minority of HHD patients were found affected by fibrosis. We demonstrate that subgroups of HHD (i.e. preserved and reduced EF: HHDpEF & HHDrEF) have different 3D + time CMR characteristics. While HHDpEF has cardiac functions in normal range, dilation and heart failure are indicated in HHDrEF as reflected by low LV wall thickening/contraction/strain and synchrony, as well as much reduced EF.     

New data on the correlation of the cardiac and motor components of the instrumental conditioned defensive reflex in dogs

Correlation of heart rate (HR) and conditioned motor reaction (CMR) was studied in dogs with conditioned avoidance reflex by the V. P. Petropavlovski? method. An increase of HR was shown in response to presentation of conditioned sound stimulus reaching maximum directly before CMR beginning. Immediately after the beginning of CMR and further against the background of continuous keeping of the paw in the safety zone, CMR greatly decreases. The CMR changes testify to a heavy weakening of classical conditioned reflex of fear as a result of kinesthetic afferentation signalling about successful keeping of the paw in the safety zone.     

The importance of cardiac MRI as a diagnostic tool in viral myocarditis-induced cardiomyopathy

Myocarditis is an acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the myocardium which can be viral, postinfectious immune or primarily organ-specific autoimmune. Clinical manifestations of acute and chronic myocarditis are extremely varied, ranging from mild to severe. Affected patients may recover or develop (dilated) cardiomyopathy (DCM) with life-threatening symptoms including heart failure, conduction disturbances, arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock or sudden cardiac death. The diagnosis of myocarditis is a challenging process and not only because of a diverse presentation; other problems are limited sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) and overlapping symptoms. Furthermore, the diagnosis is not well defined. However, early diagnosis is mandatory to address specific aetiology-directed therapeutic management in myocarditis that influences patient morbidity and mortality. Currently, EMB remains the only way to confirm the presence of a viral genome and other histopathological findings allowing proper treatment to be implemented in cases of myocarditis. Increased recognition of the role of myocardial inflammatory changes has given rise to interest in noninvasive imaging as a diagnostic tool, especially cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). In this review we discuss the current role of CMR in the evaluation of myocarditis-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathies. (Neth Heart J 2009;17:481–6.)     

Estimating offspring production using capture-mark-recapture and genetic methods in red squirrels

Reproductive rate is a key demographic parameter of life history and population ecology. In traditional population-ecology studies of small mammals, this and other vital rates are inferred from capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data. However, CMR assumes that immigrants at first capture can be distinguished from unmarked locally born offspring, an assumption not always met. We verified CMR estimates of locally born red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) offspring as a measure of reproductive rate, with candidate offspring (CO)–candidate parent (mothers, CPs) assignment by CERVUS, using ten DNA microsatellite loci. Seventy-two of 122 candidate offspring (59%) were assigned to 52 of 125 CPs in six populations. Estimates of mean litter size were 1.5 young (range 1–3). The 50 CO (41%) not assigned to a reproducing female in the study site were considered immigrants. Parentage assignment also provided evidence of dispersal between two of our sites. Overall, CMR and CERVUS agreed in 77% of cases. Considering only the 55 juveniles determined as locally born by CMR, 50 (91%) were also assigned as local offspring with CERVUS. The main discrepancy between the two methods was that 22 subadult squirrels classified immigrants by CMR, were assigned by CERVUS to females which had reproduced in our sites. It is concluded that although in our study system agreement between CMR and CERVUS in determining local offspring was high, using genetic parentage assignment helped to correctly classify some subadults, considered immigrants by CMR, as locally born. Hence, in large-scale demographic studies, combining CMR with parentage assignment will allow more precise estimates of reproduction and dispersal.     

Reduced Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope in Patients with Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Background

The non-invasive diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is difficult. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a very valuable diagnostic tool in patients with suspected CS, but usually a combination of different tests is used. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a parameter of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), which is used as an indicator for cardiovascular impairment. We investigated the predictive value of OUES for the diagnosis of myocardial involvement in sarcoid patients.

Methods

Retrospectively 37 consecutive patients (44.9±13.8 years) with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis and clinical suspicion of heart involvement underwent noninvasive diagnostic testing including CMR. CS was diagnosed according to the guidelines from the Japanese Society of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders with additional consideration of CMR findings. Furthermore, CPET with calculation of predicted OUES according to equations by Hollenberg et al. was carried out.

Results

Patients with CS (11/37; 30%) had a worse cardiovascular response to exercise. OUES was significantly lower in CS-group compared to non-CS-group (59.3±19.1 vs 88.0±15.4%pred., p<0.0001). ROC curve method identified 70%pred. as the OUES cut-off point, which maximized sensitivity and specificity for detection of CS (96% sensitivity, 82% specificity, 89% overall accuracy). OUES <70%pred. was the single best predictor of CS (Odds ratio: 100.43, 95% CI: 1.99 to 5064, p<0.001) even in multivariate analyses.

Conclusion

OUES assessed in CPET may be helpful in identifying patient with cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis. Patient selection for CMR may be assisted by CPET findings in patients with sarcoidosis.