大仓鼠种群年龄组存活率的估算

本文根据体重年龄组成数据和体重生长标准曲线,提出了一种估算鼠类各年龄组存活率的方法,其原理如下:设N_(i,k)为第k次取样时年龄组i的数量,DT_k为第k至k+1次间取样间隔,m为总取样次数,N_i和N_i分别为取样期年龄组i和j的总数量,T_i和T_j分别为年龄组i和j的发育历期,T_(i,j)为年龄组i到年龄组j的发育历期,φ_(i,j)为年龄组i到年龄组j的存活率,s_(i,j)为年龄组i到年龄组j的月均存活率,若DT_k相对的小,则有如下关系式:若DT_k恒定,即取样间隔一定,那么, φ_(i,j)=N_i/T_j/N_i/T_j s_(i,j)=e~[(30.Inφ_(i,j))/T_(i,j)] 根据夹捕和标志重捕资料,分别估算了1986和1988年河北省饶阳县大仓鼠(Cricetulustriton)种群各年龄组间月均存活率。在1986年,胎—Ⅱ,Ⅱ—Ⅲ,Ⅲ—Ⅳ和Ⅳ—Ⅴ月均存活率分别为0.6031,0.5874,0.7423和0.7426,平均为0.6689±0.0852;在1988年分别为0.5716,0.6417,0.5658和0.7437,平均为0.6307±0.0829。此外,还分别估算了大仓鼠雌、雄种群的月均存活率。     

中立型时滞LOTKA—VOLTERRA系统解的稳定性和振动性

一、引言考虑中立型时滞Lotka-Volterra系统 (t)=N(t)[a_i-sum from j=1 to n b_(ij) N_i(t—τ_(ij))-sum from j=1 to n c_(ij) (t-σ_(ij))],i=1,2,…,n,(E)其中τ_(ij),σ_(ij)∈(0,∞),a,b_(ij),c_(ij)∈R,i,j=1,2,…,n,对正常数平衡点N~*的稳定性和振动性。由于系统(E)是描述种群所组成的生态群落中种群之间互相作用的生态     

广义LESLIE矩阵模型的渐近分析

考虑昆虫种群的不等时间间隔的虫态历期和不同个体的历期差异,沈嘉骥等提出了广义Leslie矩阵模型。这是把Leslie矩阵模型推广到昆虫种群动态研究中一个很有意义的新进展。本文拟对该模型从数学理论上进行较深入的讨论。我们将看到,它是Leslie模型数学理论的一个自然推广。先将模型转述如下,我们用年表时间单位。设考虑的昆虫种群有m个虫态。N_i(k)=(n。(k),…,nτdi(k))(τ=1,…,m;k=1,2,…)。表示第七年的第i个虫态的年龄结构,d_i是第i虫态的最长历期。第k年的种群向量为n~T(k)=(n_1~T(k),…,n_m~T(k)),它的维数     

棉铃虫在变温环境中发育起点温度的研究

本文提出一个估计在变温环境中昆虫发育起点温度的新方法.该法能充分利用生物学资料中的信息.它通过运用优选法来减少搜索过程中发育起点温度T₀的变化次数, 而它的目标函数是方差.该法还通过引入如下一个当T₀变化时累计日度的变换方法来减少计算工作量.(1)当T_s≥T_max时, K_s=0;(2)当T_s≤T_min时, K_s=K₀-(T_s-T₀)·N;(3)当T_minsmax时, K_s=[K₀-(T_min-T₀)·N)(1-N·Q), 其中Q=0.00669024+1.70477P-0.701654P², P=(T_s-Tmin)/(T_max-T_min).这里T_s和K_s是变换后相应的发育起点温度和累计日度, T_max和T_min是最高和最低温度, N是发育阶段的平均历期. 我们用该法估计了棉铃虫的发育起点温度.结果表明卵期的发育起点温度是9.42674℃幼虫期是12.2702℃, 蛹期为14.2365℃.相应的累计积温是31.5416, 200.782和129.61日度.     

三种群合作系统的全局渐近性态

考虑三种群合作系统:dχi/dt=χi(b-∑j3=1αijχj),χi(0)>0,b>0,αij<0,i≠j,i,j=1,2,3,完整地分析了其全局渐近性态:证明了该系统不存在闭轨,给出了正平衡点存在且全局渐近稳定的充要条件,证明了若系统不存在正平衡点,则所有解均趋于无穷.     

大仓鼠种群季节存活率的估算

本文依据夹捕法所获得的大仓鼠种群总数量和孕鼠数量等数据资料,探讨一种估算种群季节存活率的方法。其原理如下: 设NP_K、N_K和D_K分别为第K次取样时孕鼠数量、总数量和采样间隔,L为平均胎仔数,T_1为可见胚胎发育历期,T_2为从胚胎起至其被捕获的平均历期。 首先将各取样时刻的NP_K,N_K依次连接成折线,求出对应时刻t的NP(t)和N(t)。然后可得到t时刻新增加孕鼠数量NNP(t)为NP(t+h)/T_1,这里h=1NT(T_1/2),1NT表示取整函数。若S(t)为t时刻瞬时存活率,且P(t)=S(0)·S(1)……S(t-1),即P(t)为从t=0时刻至t=t时刻之间的总存活率,则有: N(t+1)= S(t)·[N(t)+NNP(t-T_2)·L·P(t)/P(t-T_2)]这样便可求出瞬时存活率S(t)。 将上述计算步骤编译成Basic程序,对1986和1988年河北饶阳县大仓鼠种群季节存活率作了估算。     

小型可变程序计算器在生物学和农业科学上的应用

对生物学和农业科学试验结果进行处理,都需要大量的和复杂的计算,这些计算一般都可归结为某种函数运算。若设函数为f,试验中所设计的因子或变量为x_i,则某一结果A可由运算关系给出:A=f(X_1,X_2,……X_n)对一个i个因子,j个水平,m次重复的试验,则使用f的次数高达m×(j)~i次。若f复杂,则计算量极大。     

温度与光周期对麝凤蝶生长发育的影响

观察了麝凤蝶的卵、幼虫和蛹在不同温度和光周期条件下的发育历期。结果表明 :卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为 1 3 7,7 9和 8 0℃ ,有效积温分别为 43 8,3 98 0和 2 79 4日·度 ;越冬蛹的发育可以分为 5个阶段 ;大部分越冬蛹在上午 (88 2 % )羽化 ;长光照处理平均比短光照出处理提前羽化 2d。     

分层随机抽样的一个性质

设总体的N个单元划分为L层,第h层的第i个单元的数量指标为y_(hi)(h=1,2,…,L; i=1,2,…,N_b;N=sum from h=1 to L N_h)。假定N_h各不相同,记 W_h=(N_h)/N,     

种子萌发的积温效应——以青藏高原东缘的12种菊科植物为例

温度是影响种子萌发的重要的环境因素之一。该文以青藏高原东缘的12种菊科植物为研究对象, 结合Logistic函数和积温公式, 通过非线性回归方法估算种子萌发的最低温度和积温, 研究了种子萌发对不同温度的响应。研究结果表明: (1)青藏高原东缘的12种菊科植物种子萌发的最低温度的平均值为0 ℃, 积温的平均值为94.5 ℃·d。与前人的研究相比, 该研究中萌发的最低温度较低, 积温较高, 这是该区域菊科植物长期适应青藏高原特殊的温度环境的结果; (2)种子萌发的最低温度与积温之间存在着显著的负相关关系(p = 0.04)。萌发最低温度较低的物种积温较高, 避免了种子在多变的温度环境下较早萌发所遇到的风险; (3)种子大小与积温之间存在着显著的正相关关系(p = 0.01)。在萌发最低温度差别不大的情况下, 与大种子相比, 小种子萌发所需的积温较低, 萌发较快, 在群落演替的早期占有优势。     

四种底栖螺类饥饿代谢的研究

研究了四种常见优势底栖螺类的饥饿代谢(R,mgO2/ind.d)与温度(T,℃)、体重(Wd,mg dry-wt或Ww,mg wet-wt)的关系,并计算出三者间的复合关系,分别是:铜锈环棱螺,R=0.044Wd0.537e0.061T;长角涵螺,R=0.0004Ww0.9405·e0.0735T;纹沼螺,R=0.004Wd1.072e0.091T;短沟蜷,R=0.023Wd0.777e0.042T。       

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF CASEIN

1. The investigations dealing with the properties of casein as an acid were reviewed. 2. The solubility of uncombined casein in water was measured at 5°C. and found to be 0.70±0.1 mg. of N per 100 gm. of water. 3. Robertson''s solubility measurements of casein in bases at various temperatures were recalculated and found to agree well with more recent measurements. 4. By combining the observations of several investigators, as well as the author''s measurements of the solubility of casein, in base, at various temperatures, the following conclusions were reached: (a) The solubility of casein in base is affected by the temperature in a discontinuous manner. (b) There exist two ranges of temperature, one, extending from about 21° to 37°C. and the other from about 60° to 85°C. where the solubility of casein in base is practically independent of temperature. (c) From 37° to 60° the equivalent combining weight of casein rises from the value 2100 to about 3700 gm. 5. By comparing the values of base bound by 1 gm. of casein at the two temperature ranges with a constant, the value of base necessary to saturate the same amount of casein, it was found that the latter value is a common multiple of the former values, indicating the stoichiometric nature of the effect of temperature.     

Computing the partition function and sampling for saturated secondary structures of RNA, with respect to the Turner energy model.

An RNA secondary structure is saturated if no base pairs can be added without violating the definition of secondary structure. Here we describe a new algorithm, RNAsat, which for a given RNA sequence a, an integral temperature 0 相似文献   

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE MECHANICAL ACTIVITY OF THE GILLS OF THE OYSTER (OSTREA VIRGINICA Gm.)

1. The method is described whereby the rate of flow produced by the gills of the oyster can be measured accurately. 2. The rate of doing work in maintaining a constant current along the glass tube can be expressed by the formula W = 2πlµ S ², where W = ergs/sec., l = length of the tube, µ = viscosity in poises, and S = speed at the axis of the tube. 3. The relationship between the rate of doing work and the temperature cannot be described by the equation of Arrhenius. 4. The optimum temperature for the mechanical activity of the gills lies between 25° and 30°C. Below 5° no current is produced, though the cilia are beating. Ciliary motion stops entirely at the freezing temperature of sea water. 5. The factors responsible for the production of current are discussed. The study of the relations between the variability of the rate of flow and the temperature shows that between 15° and 25°C. the absolute variability remains constant and increases considerably above 25° and below 15°. The rôle of the coordination in the production of current is discussed, and the conclusion is reached that coordination is affected by the changes in temperature.     

The efficacy of pre-warming on reducing intraprocedural hypothermia in endovascular coiling of cerebral aneurysms

Background

The anesthetic management of patients undergoing endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms in the interventional neuroradiology suite can be challenged by hypothermia because of low ambient temperature for operating and maintaining its equipments. We evaluated the efficacy of skin surface warming prior to induction of anesthesia to prevent the decrease in core temperature and reduce the incidence of hypothermia.

Methods

Seventy-two patients were randomized to pre-warmed and control group. The patients in pre-warmed group were warmed 30 minutes before induction with a forced-air warming blanket set at 38°C. Pre-induction tympanic temperature (Tpre) was measured using an infrared tympanic thermometer and core temperature was measured at the esophagus immediately after intubation (T0) and recorded at 20 minutes intervals (T20, T40, T60, T80, T100, and T120). The number of patients who became hypothermic at each time was recorded.

Results

Tpre in the control and pre-warmed group were 36.4 ± 0.4°C and 36.6 ± 0.3°C, whereas T0 were 36.5 ± 0.4°C and 36.6 ± 0.2°C. Core temperatures in the pre-warmed group were significantly higher than the control group at T20, T40, T60, T80, T100, and T120 (P < 0.001). Compared to T0, core temperatures at each time were significantly lower in both two groups (P = 0.007 at T20 in pre-warmed group, P < 0.001 at the other times in both groups). The incidence of hypothermia was significantly lower in the pre-warmed group than the control group from T20 to T120 (P = 0.002 at T20, P < 0.001 at the other times).

Conclusion

Pre-warming for 30 minutes at 38°C did not modify the trends of the temperature decrease seen in the INR suite. It just slightly elevated the beginning post intubation base temperature. The rate of decrease was similar from T20 to T120. However, pre-warming considerably reduced the risk of intraprocedural hypothermia.

Trial registration

Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS) Identifier: KCT0001320. Registered December 19th, 2014.     

The effects of sequence context on base dynamics at TpA steps in DNA studied by NMR.

Base dynamics, heretofore observed only at TpA steps in DNA, were investigated as a function of sequence context by NMR spectroscopy. The large amplitude conformational dynamics have been previously observed in TnAn segments where n > or = 2. In order to determine whether the dynamic characteristics occur in more general sequence contexts, we examined four self-complementary DNA sequences, [d(CTTTA-NATNTAAAG)2] (where N = A, C, T, G and N = complement of N). The anomalous broadening of the TpA adenine H2 resonance which is indicative of large amplitude base motion was observed in all nine unique four nucleotide contexts. Furthermore, all the adenine H2 resonances experienced a linewidth maximum as a function of temperature, which is a characteristic of the dynamic process. Interestingly, the temperature of the linewidth maximum varied with sequence indicating that the thermodynamics of TpA base dynamics are also sequence dependent. In one example, neither a T preceding nor an A trailing the TpA step was required for base dynamics. These results show that base dynamics, heretofore observed in only a few isolated sequences, occurs at all TpA steps which are either preceded or followed by a thymine or adenine, respectively, and may be characteristic of all TpA steps in DNA notwithstanding sequence context.     

TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF GERMINATING SEEDS OF LUPINUS ALBUS AND ZEA MAYS

The rate of oxygen consumption by germinating seeds of Lupinus albus and of Zea mays was studied as a function of temperature (7–26°C.). The Warburg manometer technique was used, with slight modifications. Above and below a critical temperature at 19.5°C. the temperature characteristic for oxygen consumption by Lupinus albus was found to be µ = 11,700± and 16,600 respectively. The same critical temperature was encountered in the case of Zea mays, with temperature characteristics µ = 13,100± above and µ = 21,050 below that temperature.     

Thermodynamics of DNA containing very stable chemically modified base pairs

DNA chemical modifications caused by the binding of some antitumor drugs give rise to a very strong local stabilization of the double helix. These sites melt at a temperature that is well above the melting temperatures of ordinary AT and GC base pairs. In this work we have examined the melting behavior of DNA containing very stable sites. Analytical expressions were derived and used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of homopolymer DNA with several different distributions of stable sites. The results were extended to DNA with a heterogeneous sequence of AT and GC base pairs. The results were compared to the melting properties of DNA with ordinary covalent interstrand cross-links. It was found that, as with an ordinary interstrand cross-link, a single strongly stabilized site makes a DNA's melting temperature (T(m)) independent of strand concentration. However in contrast to a DNA with an interstrand cross-link, a strongly stabilized site makes the DNA's T(m) independent of DNA length and equal to T(infinity), the melting temperature of an infinite length DNA with the same GC-content and without a stabilized site. Moreover, at a temperature where more than 80% of base pairs are melted, the number of ordinary (non-modified) helical base pairs (n) is independent of both the DNA length and the location of the stabilized sites. For this condition, n(T) = (2 omega-a)S/(1-S) and S = exp[DeltaS(T(infinity)-T)/(RT)] where omega is the number of strongly stabilized sites in the DNA chain, a is the number of DNA ends that contain a stabilized site, and DeltaS, T, and R are the base pair entropy change, the temperature, and the universal gas constant per mole. The above expression is valid for a temperature interval that corresponds to n<0.2N for omega=1, and n<0.1N for omega>1, where N is the number of ordinary base pairs in the DNA chain.     

THE EFFECT OF RENNIN UPON CASEIN : I. THE SOLUBILITY OF PARACASEIN IN SODIUM HYDROXIDE.

1. The preparation and purification of paracasein was described and certain criteria for the absence of free enzyme provided for. 2. The solubility of purified paracasein in water at low temperature was studied, and found practically identical with the solubility of casein. 3. The capacity of paracasein to bind base was investigated by means of its solubility in NaOH at 5° and at 23° ± 2°C., and found to be distinctly different from that of casein. 4. At these two temperature levels paracasein had a 1.5 greater capacity to bind base than casein. The equivalent combining weights of paracasein and casein were found to stand each to the other, apapproximately, as 2 to 3. 5. This relationship suggested that the temperature coefficients of the solubility of paracasein and casein in NaOH are identical. 6. This evidence indicates that paracasein is a modification of casein, distinguishable by physicochemical means.