非可控性炎症与头颈恶性肿瘤的关系

"癌症源于慢性炎症"之说越来越被人们关注与认可,已成为近年肿瘤领域研究的热点。与肿瘤密切相关的炎症实质为非可控性炎症,触发并参与肿瘤的发生、发展、浸润转移等各个病理过程;而在肿瘤发生发展过程中,肿瘤细胞同样可通过自分泌或其他方式调控非可控性炎症反应,以利于自身生长。非可控性炎症在头颈恶性肿瘤发生、进展过程中均扮演着十分重要的角色,在此过程中涉及众多分子和信号通路的参与。本文就非可控性炎症与头颈恶性肿瘤(鼻咽癌、喉癌、口腔癌、甲状腺肿瘤及皮肤肿瘤)的相互关系进行简要综述。     

综述:乙型肝炎病毒所致非可控性炎症恶性转化的可能机制

肝细胞癌(HCC)占我国大陆地区恶性肿瘤死亡原因的第二位,主要由乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)慢性感染所致.人类白细胞Ⅱ类抗原遗传多态性与HBV感染的慢性化有关.HBV与免疫系统相互作用导致的非可控性炎症是HBV进化和HCC发生的必要因素.持续的、非充分的抗病毒免疫对HBV变异有选择作用.在炎症促癌过程中病毒和肝细胞基因组均经历了"变异-选择-适应"的进化过程.HBV变异不但能预测HCC的发生,而且具有促癌功能.HBV在肝细胞基因组中整合,尤其是羧基端截短型X基因的整合不但促进HCC的发生和转移,而且抵抗抗病毒治疗.明确HBV致癌机制可为降低和推迟HCC的发生和转移奠定基础.     

炎症-肿瘤转化在眼部相关疾病中的研究进展

炎症向癌症转化的机制一直是癌症研究中的重点。作为炎症-肿瘤转化起始时所处的环境，炎性微环境是一个多种调控因子、细胞的大集合，其中包含的肿瘤干细胞、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞以及细胞因子（如趋化因子、生长因子）等在常见的眼部肿瘤中对肿瘤的起始、发生、演进乃至恶性转化和转移的过程起到了至关重要的调控作用。基于此，主要讨论了在炎性微环境中的肿瘤相关细胞、细胞因子以及细胞外基质等对肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移、浸润、侵袭过程的影响，着重探讨了眼部炎症-肿瘤转化相关的分子机制；并综述了视网膜母细胞瘤、腺样囊性癌等常见眼部肿瘤的特征及其由炎症到肿瘤发生过程中起重要调控作用的分子；最后，针对这些眼部肿瘤普遍存在的信号通路和分子靶点做出了对未来诊断及治疗方法的展望，以期在今后对眼科肿瘤的诊治过程中，能够针对提及的炎性成分设计思路，最大化防止炎症-肿瘤转化和恶性转归出现。     

乙型肝炎病毒所致非可控性炎症恶性转化的可能机制

肝细胞癌(HCC)占我国大陆地区恶性肿瘤死亡原因的第二位,主要由乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)慢性感染所致.人类白细胞Ⅱ类抗原遗传多态性与HBV感染的慢性化有关.HBV与免疫系统相互作用导致的非可控性炎症是HBV进化和HCC发生的必要因素.持续的、非充分的抗病毒免疫对HBV变异有选择作用.在炎症促癌过程中病毒和肝细胞基因组均经历了"变异-选择-适应"的进化过程.HBV变异不但能预测HCC的发生,而且具有促癌功能.HBV在肝细胞基因组中整合,尤其是羧基端截短型X基因的整合不但促进HCC的发生和转移,而且抵抗抗病毒治疗.明确HBV致癌机制可为降低和推迟HCC的发生和转移奠定基础.     

编者按:非可控性炎症与肿瘤——古老的科学问题，新的研究前沿

正炎症(inflammation)是机体对病原体感染以及各种组织损伤等产生的一种防御反应,是最常见而又最重要的基本病理生理过程之一[1].炎症与肿瘤发生发展的关系是一个古老的科学问题,早在1863年,德国著名病理学家Rudolf Virchow就证实了肿瘤组织中有大量的白细胞浸润,从而提出肿瘤起源于慢性炎症这一假说[2],但这一假说当时并未引起足够的重视.直到21世纪初,炎症与肿瘤的关系才重新引起研究者们的极大兴趣[3],科学家们发现     

恶性转化试验及其相关试验体系在致癌机理研究中的应用

肿瘤的发生以细胞的恶性转化为基础,本就以细胞恶性转化为基础的恶性转化试验及其相关试验体系用于致癌机理的研究近况作一综述,并分别介绍了各研究体系所揭示的结果。     

Oltipraz对细胞恶性转化抑制作用的研究

选用人胚肺为实验材料,研究了十字花科蔬菜提取物ｏｌｔｉｐｒａｚ对人肺癌病变早期细胞恶性转化的阻断作用。将阻断按时间分为ｏｌｔｉｐｒａｚ在ＣＳＣ作用前、后和同时三组,并设ＣＳＣ、ｏｌｔｉｐｒａｚ、ＤＭＳＯ三组对照,将上述６组体外培养处理的人胚肺组织,提取ＤＮＡ转染Ｒａｔ－１细胞,用低血清筛选、作软琼脂培养、裸鼠接种鉴定,结果在ＣＳＣ、ＣＳＣ→ｏｌｔｉｐｒａｚ两组获得恶性转化细胞,ＣＳＣ组恶性度更大。提示ｏｌｔｉｐｒａｚ对ＣＳＣ所致的细胞恶性转化具有一定阻断作用,ｏｌｔｉｐｒａｚ在ＣＳＣ运用前或同时运用效果较好;进一步推断ｏｌｔｉｐｒａｚ对人肺癌变早期具有一定防治作用。     

对鼻咽癌恶性转化基因Tx表达的初步研究

运用杂交组化及Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ法,对中国人鼻咽癌细胞株恶性转化基因Ｔｘ的表达进行了初步研究。结果表明该基因在鼻咽癌细胞株中表达１．３ｋｂｍＲＮＡ,但表达强度较低,在ＨＰＶ阳性或阴性人宫颈癌细胞中均无表达,ＥＢＶ阴性的Ｂ淋巴细胞系及ＨＴＬＶ－１阳性的Ｔ细胞系中为阴性,而在ＥＢＶ阳性的Ｂ９５－８及Ｒａｊｉ细胞中Ｔｘ基因表达强烈,从而提示ＨＰＶ及ＨＴＬＶ－１不增强Ｔｘ的表达水平,而ＥＢＶ可能使Ｔｘ基因活化．这为进一步研究ＥＢＶ与Ｔｘ等瘤基因协同作用提供了新的依据。     

综述:环境致癌物诱导慢性炎症致肺癌发生发展的研究进展

近年来,由于工业发展负面影响造成的环境污染及吸烟等不良嗜好导致吸入人体肺部的致癌物急剧增加,致使肺癌的发病率及死亡率逐年升高,已跃居各癌症之首.研究表明,环境致癌物诱导肺部慢性炎症与肺癌的发生发展之间存在着紧密联系,环境致癌物如砷、镍及苯并芘等暴露可激活NFAT、NF-κB、AP-1等转录因子,调控炎症因子如TNFα及COX-2等的表达,且这些炎性因子的释放又可正反馈激活转录因子,促进更多的炎性因子产生,进而形成炎性因子产生回路,维持肺部炎性微环境,从而促进肺癌的发生发展.本文就环境致癌物诱导肺部炎症导致肺癌发生发展的分子机制及其相关信号通路进行了综述.     

综述:mTOR信号通路与“炎-癌”转变

慢性炎症是指刺激因素持续作用或其他原因导致的难以消退的炎症反应．它与许多重大疾病的发生、发展密切相关．近年来,慢性炎症在癌症发生发展中的关键作用得到普遍认可,其促癌作用的机制已成为当前生命科学研究热点之一．哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)是接受细胞内外各种信号、调节细胞生长与代谢的关键分子,多数肿瘤存在mTOR通路的过度激活．最近,我们与其他实验室的研究发现mTOR通路在“炎-癌”转变中起重要作用．本综述将对慢性炎症与癌症的关系、慢性炎症的促癌作用机制做一概括介绍,重点讨论mTOR信号通路介导慢性炎症促癌效应的作用、机制及未来研究方向,为慢性炎症恶性转化分子机制研究提供新的观点．     

Correlation between Cancer Stem Cells,Inflammation and Malignant Transformation in a DEN-Induced Model of Hepatic Carcinogenesis

Chronic inflammation and cancer stem cells are known risk factors for tumorigenesis. The aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves a multistep pathological process that is characterised by chronic inflammation and hepatocyte damage, but the correlation between HCC, inflammation and cancer stem cells remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of hepatic progenitor cells in a mouse model of chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis to elucidate the relationship between inflammation, malignant transformation and cancer stem cells. We used diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce liver tumour and scored for H&E and reticulin staining. We also scored for immunohistochemistry staining for OV-6 expression and analysed the statistical correlation between them. DEN progressively induced inflammation at week 7 (40%, 2/5); week 27 (75%, 6/8); week 33 (62.5%, 5/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). DEN progressively induced malignant transformation at week 7 (0%, 0/5); week 27 (87.5%, 7/8); week 33 (100%, 8/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). The obtained data showed that DEN progressively induced high-levels of OV-6 expression at week 7 (20%, 1/5); week 27 (37.5%, 3/8); week 33 (50%, 4/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). DEN-induced inflammation, malignant transformation and high-level OV-6 expression in hamster liver, as shown above, as well as applying Spearman’s correlation to the data showed that the expression of OV-6 was significantly correlated to inflammation (p = 0.001) and malignant transformation (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the number of cancer stem cells, inflammation and malignant transformation in a DEN-induced model of hepatic carcinogenesis in the hamster.     

The Microenvironment-Specific Transformation of Adult Stem Cells Models Malignant Triton Tumors

Here, we demonstrated the differentiation potential of murine muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells (MDSPCs) toward myogenic, neuronal, and glial lineages. MDSPCs, following transplantation into a critical-sized sciatic nerve defect in mice, showed full regeneration with complete functional recovery of the injured peripheral nerve at 6 weeks post-implantation. However, several weeks after regeneration of the sciatic nerve, neoplastic growths were observed. The resulting tumors were malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation, expressing myogenic, neurogenic, and glial markers, common markers of human malignant triton tumors (MTTs). No signs of tumorigenesis were observed 17 weeks post-implantation of MDSPCs into the gastrocnemius muscles of dystrophic/mdx mice, or 1 year following subcutaneous or intravenous injection. While MDSPCs were not oncogenic in nature, the neoplasias were composed almost entirely of donor cells. Furthermore, cells isolated from the tumors were serially transplantable, generating tumors when reimplanted into mice. However, this transformation could be abrogated by differentiation of the cells toward the neurogenic lineage prior to implantation. These results establish that MDSPCs participated in the regeneration of the injured peripheral nerve but transformed in a microenvironment- and time-dependent manner, when they likely received concomitant neurogenic and myogenic differentiation signals. This microenvironment-specific transformation provides a useful mouse model for human MTTs and potentially some insight into the origins of this disease.     

Malignant Transformation and Erythroid Differentiation by Polycythaemia-inducing Friend Virus

The polycythaemia-inducing Friend virus seems to transform erythropoietin-responsive stem cells, so that they are then able to differentiate into erythroblasts without erythropoietin.     

Smad7基因在细胞恶性转化过程中的促增殖作用

用基因转染的方法,建立稳定表达Smad7基因的永生化及恶性化人支气管上皮细胞系,用MIT法检测Smad7基因过表达对细胞生长、增殖的影响及对RFD-β1介导的生长抑制效应的影响。结果表明在永生化和恶性化人支气管上皮细胞系BEP2D和BERP2D和BERP35T2中各筛选到2个稳定表达SMAD7蛋白的克隆,命名为BS7-1、BS7-2(来源于BEP20),RS7-1、RS7-2(来源于BERP35T2)。这些细胞系细胞的生长、增殖能力均强于转染空载体的对照细胞系,同时TG-β1对这些细胞系的生长抑制能力明显减弱。提示Smad7基因通过降低细胞对形TGF-β的应答来促进细胞的生长、增殖能力。