不同胰岛素给药方式救治糖尿病酮症酸中毒临床研究

目的：比较不同胰岛素给药方式治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）的临床疗效。方法：82例DKA患者随机分为胰岛素泵持续皮下输液胰岛素（CSⅡ）组和微量泵持续静脉泵入胰岛素（CXqI）组各41例,分别给予胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素和小剂量胰岛素持续微量泵静脉泵入不同胰岛素给药方式,观察两组治疗后血糖变化、血糖达标时间、尿酮体变化、pH值变化、胰岛素平均日用量、平均低血糖次数及平均住院时间。结果：两组治疗后空腹血糖、餐后血糖显著下降及血糖达标时间显著缩短差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;CSII组尿酮体转阴时间（22．3±7．4）h短于CVII组（32．1±12．1）h（P〈0．01）;CSII组PH值恢复时间（9．4±2．5）h短于CVII组（15．7±3．5）h（P〈0．01）;CSII组平均胰岛素日用量为（47±5）U比CVII组（58＋7）U少（P〈0．01）;CSII组人均低血糖次数为（0．6±O．5）次／人。少于CVII组（1．5±0．8）次／人（P〈O．01）;CSII组住院时间（9．8±1．2）天明显比CVII组（12．5±2．0）天短（P〈0．01）。结论：CSII相较于CVII能更快更有效的纠正代谢紊乱,减少胰岛素日用量,缩短住院时间,从而提高临床疗效。具有较高的安全性及患者依从性。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒的护理体会

糖尿病酮症酸中毒是糖尿病最常见的急性并发症,主要是体内胰岛素缺乏而引起的高血糖、高酮血症和代谢性酸中毒为主要病变的综合征,病情严重,病死率较高。采取及时有效的救治措施和规范的护理在病情的转归过程中起着举足轻重的作用。现将其临床护理体会介绍如下。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒误诊心律失常5例分析

糖尿病患者发生嘲症酸中毒（DKA）诊断并不难,临床上误诊为急腹症、脑血管意外多见,但误诊为心律失常较少见。现将我院2007年2月-2009年10月对5例DKA患者误诊为心律不齐的临床资料分析报告如下。     

胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒14例疗效观察

应用胰岛素泵（CSII）对糖尿病进行强化治疗,是近年来国内外普遍认可的一种治疗方式。为了探讨这一新疗法的效果,我们应用CSII治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒病人。通过设置胰岛素泵基础量持续注射和餐前大剂量,模拟人体胰岛素的生理分泌,达到有效控制血糖的目的。现报告如下。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒的抢救治疗及护理

糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）是由于体内胰岛素的绝对或相对不足,使糖尿病代谢紊乱加重,脂肪动员和分解加速,大量脂肪酸在肝脏分解产生酮体,导致血清酮体积聚,超过机体的处理能力,引起以高血糖、高酮血症和代谢性酸中毒为主要表现的临床综合征[1]。常因感染、胰岛素治疗中断或不适当减量、饮食不当、创伤、手术、妊娠和分娩、严重刺激等应激状态而诱发。DKA是糖尿病急性并发症,也是内科常见急症之一。一旦发生应积极治疗。2008年9月～2011年9月我科共收治糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者86例,经及时救治及精心护理均转危为安、好转出院,现报告如下。     

以腹痛为首发症状的糖尿病酮症酸中毒11例

糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）临床以多尿、烦渴多饮和乏力、恶心、呕吐、头痛、烦躁以及意识障碍为主要表现。少数患者表现为腹痛,酷似急腹症,易误诊,尤其是以腹痛为首发症状者,在临床工作中应予注意。笔者从1999年5月～2008年2月共诊治以腹痛为首发症状的DKA11例,现分析如下。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒并社区获得性肺炎临床分析

目的:探讨糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并社区获得性肺炎的临床特点、治疗方法,为临床预防和治疗提供方法。方法:对2013年1月~2014年11月入住我院呼吸科病房的12例糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并社区获得性肺炎患者的临床资料、治疗、转归进行回顾性分析。结果:糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并社区获得性肺炎的患者危险因素有:意识状态、肺部基础疾病、贫血、低蛋白血症、血糖水平及降糖药物使用情况、年龄。经充分补液、小剂量胰岛素消酮、控制血糖、抗感染、呼吸机辅助通气、纠正离子紊乱及加强对症支持治疗后患者均好转出院。结论:在糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并社区获得性肺炎患者的诊治过程中,控制血糖是治疗的基础,抗感染是治疗的关键,同时改善营养和其他器官的功能状态可明显提高治愈率和降低病死率。     

联合胃管补液治疗25例糖尿病酮症酸中毒

糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)是多种诱因使体内胰岛素更为缺乏引起的高血糖、高血酮、酸中毒的一组临床综合征.及时补足血容量是抢救首要和关键的措施.自1999年3月～2002年3月,我们采用联合胃管补液治疗DKA25例,提高了抢救成功率.现报告如下.     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并鼻-眼-脑曲霉感染1例CSCD

24岁男性患者,头痛、流涕3天,腹痛1天入院。期间症状急性加重,出现左侧肢体偏瘫、右眼盲等症状。经查体、影像学、病理学等明确诊断为急性爆发性鼻-眼-脑曲霉感染。经盐酸米诺环素联合卡泊芬净治疗后症状得到控制,后择期进行了开颅手术治疗。发病后1年随访,患者偏瘫卧床,右眼视力有光感,整体病情稳定。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒合并吉兰-巴雷综合征2 例临床分析

目的:研究糖尿病酮症酸中毒(diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA)合并吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barrésyndrome,GBS)的临床特点,以探讨其临床表现、治疗、预后及发病机制。方法:回顾性分析2例DKA合并GBS患者的病例资料,对其病史、临床表现、电生理学、脑脊液改变、治疗进行总结。结果:2例DKA患者均急性起病,两例患者发病前1周均有呼吸道感染史,尽管DKA得到了纠正,患者出现呼吸衰竭后被发现四肢力弱。肌电图提示周围神经损害。脑脊液示细胞蛋白分离。给予免疫球蛋白后,例1在出现肢体瘫痪后18天恢复至正常,遗留有四肢末端麻木感,例2在出现肢体瘫痪后1年肌力恢复正常。结论:DKA合并GBS临床少见,多发生在DKA纠正后一周左右出现四肢迟缓性瘫痪,早期给予免疫球蛋白治疗,预后相对良好,目前发病机制尚不清楚。     

Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Hyperosmolarity: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

Objective: Studies of hyperglycemic emergencies with hyperosmolality, including hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) and “mixed presentation” with features of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and HHS, are lacking in children. Objectives were to determine the incidence of DKA, HHS, and mixed presentation in a pediatric population, to characterize complications, and to assess accuracy of associated diagnosis codes.Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 411 hyperglycemic emergencies in pediatric patients hospitalized between 2009 and 2014. Hyperglycemic emergency type was determined by biochemical criteria and compared to the associated diagnosis code.Results: Hyperglycemic emergencies included: 333 DKA, 54 mixed presentation, and 3 HHS. Altered mental status occurred more frequently in hyperosmolar events (P<.0001), and patients with hyperosmolarity had 3.7-fold greater odds of developing complications compared to those with DKA (P =.0187). Of those with DKA, 98.5% were coded correctly. The majority (81.5%) of mixed DKA-HHS events were coded incorrectly. Events coded incorrectly had 3.1-fold greater odds of a complication (P =.02).Conclusion: A mixed DKA-HHS presentation occurred in 13.8% of characterized hyperglycemic emergencies, whereas HHS remained a rare diagnosis (0.8%) in pediatrics. Hyperosmolar events had higher rates of complications. As treatment of hyperosmolarity differs from DKA, its recognition is essential for appropriate management.Abbreviations: AMS = altered mental status; DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis; EMR = electronic medical record; HHS = hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state; ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ISPAD = International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes; NODM = new-onset diabetes mellitus; T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus     

Reversible Cerebral Oedema Complicating Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A young man with diabetic ketoacidosis developed the clinical features of cerebral oedema. This resolved without specific treatment. The mortality from ketoacidosis might be reduced if the syndrome was suspected and treated earlier.     

Diabetic Ketoacidosis During the Influenza Epidemic

During eight weeks of a recent influenza epidemic 29 patients with ketoacidosis were admitted to the General Hospital, Birmingham. This was an exceptionally large number of cases. Of these, 14 had complained of a cough, nine had clinical evidence of respiratory infection, and four extensive bronchopneumonia. Hypokalaemia was present on admission in several instances and caused respiratory failure and death in three patients. Since the dangers of initial hypokalaemia are increased during the treatment of ketoacidosis, especially when sodium bicarbonate is used, serum potassium levels must be estimated initially and, if necessary, potassium chloride given intravenously at more frequent intervals than usual.     

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Presenting as Neurosurgical Emergencies

Three cases of ketoacidosis in previously unsuspected diabetics are described. Each was admitted to hospital as a neurosurgical emergency. The recognition of this rare presentation is stressed since prompt treatment of the metabolic disturbance rapidly resolves the neurological abnormality.     

Increase in the Number of Pediatric New-Onset Diabetes and Diabetic Ketoacidosis Cases During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ObjectiveInfection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a proinflammatory state that causes hyperglycemia and may precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with known or new-onset diabetes. We examined the trends in new-onset diabetes and DKA prior to and following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis single-center retrospective observational study included pediatric patients (aged 0 to <18 years) hospitalized with new-onset type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D) before (March 1, 2018, to February 29, 2020) and after (March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020) the pandemic onset. Demographic, anthropometrics, laboratory and clinical data, and outcomes were obtained.ResultsAmong 615 children admitted with new-onset diabetes during the entire study period, 401 were admitted before the pandemic onset, and 214 were admitted after the pandemic onset. Children admitted with new-onset diabetes in the postpandemic period were significantly more likely to present with DKA (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.52) than in the prepandemic phase. Children with DKA after the pandemic onset had higher lengths of hospitalization and were significantly more likely to experience severe DKA (odds ratio, 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-3.52). A higher proportion of children with DKA admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit required oxygen support after the pandemic onset than before the pandemic onset (8.85% vs 1.92%). Most cases of T2D with DKA occurred following the onset of the pandemic (62.5%).ConclusionA significant increase in T2D cases occurred following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with a greater risk of DKA and severe ketoacidosis. Racial disparity was evident with a higher proportion of Black and American Indian children presenting with ketoacidosis following the pandemic onset.     

Recurrent Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Two Community Teaching Hospitals

ObjectiveTo identify the factors that influence recurrent (one or more previous episodes) diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which we refer to as recurrent DKA, in two private community teaching hospitals.MethodsRetrospective chart review of the demographics, diabetes treatment regimens, diabetes education, medical comorbidities, medical insurance status, and mental illness/psychosocial factors of 80 patients with recurrent DKA who were admitted to the resident teaching services at two Birmingham, Alabama community teaching hospitals, Trinity Medical Center (TMC) and Princeton Baptist Medical Center (PBMC), between May 2006 and May 2012.ResultsThe average number of admissions for recurrent DKA was 2.5 per patient. Eighty-four percent of the episodes of recurrent DKA were due to omission of insulin; 44% of patients reported omission of insulin because of illness and 40% stopped insulin for unknown reasons. Medical illnesses, including infection, accounted for only 31% of recurrent DKA admissions.ConclusionOmission of insulin is the major cause of recurrent DKA. Psychosocial and socioeconomic factors contribute to poor adherence to therapy. Identifying these factors and instituting appropriate interventions may reduce the incidence of recurrent DKA. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:829-833)     

Significance of Hyperamylasaemia and Abdominal Pain in Diabetic Ketoacidosis

An analysis of 35 consecutive episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis confirmed the frequent high levels of serum amylase in this condition. Serum amylase was raised during 21 episodes (60%), and in six instances (17%) the peak level exceeded 1,000 Somogyi units per 100 ml. Hyperamylasaemia was more often found when the initial blood sugar exceeded 500 mg/100 ml, or when the onset of the episode had been relatively acute (less than 48 hours). There was no conclusive evidence in any patient to support a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and other explanations for the hyperamylasaemia are discussed. Even grossly raised amylase levels were not associated with increased mortality or morbidity.     

Profound Hypokalemia in Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Therapeutic Challenge

ObjectiveTo describe profound hypokalemia in a comatose patient with diabetic ketoacidosis.MethodsWe present a case report, review the mechanisms for the occurrence of hypokalemia in diabetic ketoacidosis, and discuss its management in the setting of hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality.ResultsA 22-year-old woman with a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus was admitted in a comatose state. Laboratory tests revealed a blood glucose level of 747 mg/dL, serum potassium of 1.9 mEq/L, pH of 6.8, and calculated effective serum osmolality of 320 mOsm/kg. She was intubated and resuscitated with intravenously administered fluids. Intravenous administration of vasopressors was necessary for stabilization of the blood pressure. Intravenous infusion of insulin was initiated to control the hyperglycemia, and repletion of total body potassium stores was undertaken. A total of 660 mEq of potassium was administered intravenously during the first 12.5 hours. Despite such aggressive initial repletion of potassium, the patient required 40 to 80 mEq of potassium daily for the next 8 days to increase the serum potassium concentration to normal.ConclusionProfound hypokalemia, an uncommon initial manifestation in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, is indicative of severe total body potassium deficiency. Under such circumstances, aggressive potassium repletion in a comatose patient must be undertaken during correction of other metabolic abnormalities, including hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality. Intravenously administered insulin should be withheld until the serum potassium concentration is ≥ 3.3 mEq/L. (Endocr Pract. 2005;11:331-334)