2型糖尿病患者代谢清除率与血清游离脂肪酸的相关性

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者代谢清除率(metabolic clearance rate,MCR)与血清游离脂肪酸(nonesterified fatty acid,NEFA)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和胆固醇的相关性。方法:选择2014年10月至2016年12月我院收治的127例T2DM患者,测量患者身高、体重,并计算身体质量指数(BMI),进行口服糖耐量试验、胰岛素释放试验,检测血清脂质的水平。将T2DM患者按MCR值分为低MCR组(63例)、高MCR组(64例),比较两组间临床指标的差异,评价MCR、HOMA-IR与变量间的相关性。结果:T2DM患者BMI、TG、空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1C)均高于参考值;T2DM患者低MCR组Hb A1C、空腹血糖、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、TG、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和NEFA明显升高(P0.05),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显降低(P0.05);相关分析显示:MCR与HDL-C呈显著正相关(P0.05,r=0.215),与TC、TG、LDL-C、Hb A1C、NEFA均呈显著负相关(P0.05;r=-0.191,-0.380,-0.216,-0.587,-0.356)。结论:2型糖尿病患者MCR降低,与Hb A1C与血清NEFA水平呈负相关。MCR不仅能评价胰岛素抵抗,而且能反映机体糖脂代谢水平。     

液相色谱法定量检测老年人血浆游离脂肪酸

目的：分析老年人群空腹血浆游离脂肪酸水平及构成特点。方法：采用高效液相色谱（highperformanceliquidchromatog．raphy,HPLC）,检测149名60—104岁的健康老年人空腹血浆游离脂肪酸（FreeFattyacids,FFAs）的水平,包括月桂酸（C12：0）、二十碳五烯酸（C20：5）、豆蔻酸（C14：0）、软油酸（C16：1）、花生四烯酸（C20：4）、亚油酸（c18：2）、软脂酸（C16：0）、油酸（C18：1）和硬脂酸（C18：0）。结果：血浆FFA水平呈偏态分布;含量占血浆总FFA10％以上的单个FFA有3种,分别为：C16：0,C18：1和C18：2,共占总FFA的80％。结论：C16：0,C18：1和C18：2为血浆总FFA的主要组分,可体现血浆总FFA水平,并给出了健康老年人群的血浆总FFA及9种亚组分的均值、四分位数及中位数水平。     

血浆中游离脂肪酸的测定及其临床意义

建立了用毛细管气相色谱法分析血浆中游离脂肪酸（ＦＦＡ）的方法。测定了２０例正常人和１６例糖尿病人血浆中游离脂肪酸的含量。测定结果表明,糖尿病人的Ｃ１６∶１等三种脂肪酸与正常人相比有明显差异。就脂肪酸类与疾病的关系作了讨论。     

游离脂肪酸诱导胰岛β细胞焦亡

2型糖尿病发病机制的特征之一是脂毒性诱导胰腺β细胞团减少。 为了研究游离脂肪酸引起β细胞死亡的机制,我们研究了β细胞系INS1中棕榈酸酯诱导的不同细胞死亡途径的作用。运用实时荧光成像技术我们发现除了以前报道的细胞凋亡之外,细胞焦亡作为一种新的途径,其部分促成游离脂肪酸诱导的胰腺β细胞死亡。 我们提供证据表明,胰腺β细胞焦亡的机制可能肯能受DFNA5调控。本文的发现将为糖尿病的治疗提供一个新的途径。     

饮酒与心血管疾病

目录一、饮酒降低心血管事件的发生率和死亡率 (一)饮酒习惯与心血管疾病 (二)饮酒降低心血管疾病危险因素的性别差异 (三)酒的种类对心血管疾病的影响     

游离脂肪酸对人牙周膜成纤维细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨游离脂肪酸(FFAs)对人牙周膜成纤维细胞增殖的影响,研究游离脂肪酸在代谢综合征患者牙周病发病机制中的作用。方法:选用在牙周组织修复中起主要作用的人牙周膜成纤维细胞进行体外培养,对照组加入不含胎牛血清的DMEM,实验组分别加入不同浓度的游离脂肪酸进行刺激,在刺激24h-72h后,采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色(MTT)法检测人牙周膜成纤维细胞的增殖情况。结果:与对照组相比,游离脂肪酸可以抑制人牙周膜成纤维细胞的生长增殖(P<0.01),并且这种抑制作用具有浓度和时间依赖性,以培养72h后抑制作用最为明显(P<0.01)。结论:游离脂肪酸可以抑制牙周膜成纤维细胞的增殖,降低代谢综合征患者牙周组织的的修复能力,从而导致或加重牙周病的发生或发展。     

G蛋白偶联受体介导游离脂肪酸的信号通路及生理功能

游离脂肪酸（free fatty acid,FFA）是动物一种重要能量来源,同时它还是一种重要的信号分子,其生理功能和作用机制长期以来倍受关注. 最近研究表明,细胞膜存在FFA的特定孤儿型G蛋白偶联膜受体家族.中长链游离脂肪酸是GPR40和GPR120的配基,而短链游离脂肪酸则是GPR41和GPR43的配基. 该受体家族可以介导游离脂肪酸,通过ERK、PI3K-Akt和MAPK信号通路,在维持机体内的葡萄糖稳态、脂肪形成、白细胞功能和细胞增殖等生理过程中发挥重要作用. 本文就游离脂肪酸G蛋白偶联受体的结构、分布、配体选择性、下游信号通路,及其介导FFA生理功能的最新研究进展进行简要综述.     

粘球藻固氮作用与几种能量代谢过程的关系

本文以单细胞蓝藻（粘球藻）为材料,研究了固氮作用与光合作用,呼吸代谢以及氢代谢等能量代谢过程的关系,发现光照是固氮作用的主要限制因子,在光下的有氧分解过程和氧化磷酸化反应是推动固氮作用的能量来源,抑制光合磷酸化或氧化磷酸化反应都能导至固氮作用的显著降低,但用DCMU抑制光系统II电子传递过程却意外地能大幅度提高固氮活性,在暗中的粘球藻固氮主要靠有氧分解过程支持,粘球藻与其它固氮生物相似,在没有可利用的还原底物存在或正常固氮作用被特异性和抑制时,可以将固氮酶所截获能量的大部分用于释放分子氢和回收氢,但未发现通过吸氢反应来推动固氮作用。     

血清chemerin 水平与代谢综合征患者合并冠心病的相关性研究

目的:旨在探讨血清脂肪因子chemerin水平与代谢综合征患者合并冠心病的相关性。方法:共纳入116名代谢综合征患者,将所有患者分为两组,合并冠心病组(CAD+,n=47)及未合并冠心病组(CAD-,n=69),使用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测量每组血清的血清chemerin水平。结果:CAD+组患者的血清chemerin水平较CAD-组患者显著升高(129.83±29.18 vs 94.01±23.54 ng/mL;P<0.01),多元Logistic回归分析结果显示血清chemerin水平与代谢综合征患者合并冠心病存在独立相关性(优势比1.565,95%可信区间1.104-2.876;P<0.05)。结论:血清chemerin水平是代谢综合征患者合并冠心病的独立危险因子,血清chemerin可能是预测代谢综合征患者发生冠心病风险的重要的生物学标记物。     

N端脑钠肽前体在心血管疾病中的研究进展

N端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）为脑钠肽（BNP）生成过程中产生的无活性肽段残片,其与BNP等摩尔量分泌。近年来,NT-proBNP的检测在心血管领域的作用越来越得到国内外学者的关注。NT-proBNP在心血管疾病的诊断、预后、分级等方面都具有重要的价值。本文主要介绍NT-proBNP在心血管疾病中的研究进展。     

Free Fatty Acid Composition of Human and Rat Peripheral Nerve

Abstract: The free fatty acid (FFA) composition of peripheral nerve resembles that of erythrocytes but the composition of both is different from that of brain and other tissues. Approximately 75% of FFAs of nerve and erythrocytes are saturated and <5% are polyunsaturated whereas in brain and other tissues, 30-45% of FFAs are saturated and 25-50% are polyunsaturated. Approximately 10-15% of the total FFA of nerve have very long chain lengths [C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈, and C₃₀]. The presence of these very long-chain FFAs in endoneurium cannot be accounted for by the retention of erythrocytes or by lipid degradation. During Wallerian degeneration a significant increase of 18:1, associated with a decrease of saturated FFAs, was found in rat sciatic endoneurium, but normal values were approached when fiber regeneration was well under way. The FFA composition with chain length ≥C₂₆ were not, however, significantly altered with degeneration or repair of nerves. The metabolic significance of this striking difference between nerve and brain FFA composition is unknown but may reflect different functional properties.     

Free Radical Scavenging by Myocardial Fatty Acid Binding Protein

Recent investigations have indicated the presence of a fatty acid binding protein (FABP) in mammalian heart. This protein binds free fatty acids and their esters with high affinity, however, its physiological role remains unknown. Since FABP constitutes a significant amount of cystolic protein, it is likely that it would be a target for free radical attack. To test this hypothesis, FABP was examined for scavenging against free radicals such as the superoxide anion (O^?₂,). hydroxyl radical (OH') and hypochlorite radical (OCl') which may be present in an ischemic reperfused heart. Our results suggest that FABP scavenges O^?₂, OH' and OCl' as indicated by the FABP inhibition of O^?₂-dependent reduction of cytochrome c, OH'-dependent hydroxybenzoic acid formation and OCl'-mediated chemiluminescence response. FABP was found to be a more potent scavenger of these free radicals compared to bovine serum albumin. Furthermore, FABP was more effective in scavenging OH' than O^?₂, and inhibited OH' mediated lipid peroxidation process. These results indicate that FABP can scavenge free radicals which may be present in an ischemic/reperfused heart and, thus, may play a significant physiological role in the heart during ischemia and reperfusion.     

The Use of Fatty Acid Esters to Enhance Free Acid Sophorolipid Synthesis

Fatty acid esters were prepared by transesterification of soy oil with methanol (methyl-soyate, Me-Soy), ethanol (ethyl-soyate, Et-Soy) and propanol (propyl-soyate, Pro-Soy) and used with glycerol as fermentation substrates to enhance production of free-acid sophorolipids (SLs). Fed-batch fermentations of Candida bombicola resulted in SL yields of 46 ± 4 g/l, 42 ± 7 g/l and 18 ± 6 g/l from Me-Soy, Et-Soy, and Pro-Soy, respectively. Liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (LC/API-MS) showed that Me-Soy resulted in 71% open-chain SLs with 59% of those molecules remaining esterified at the carboxyl end of the fatty acids. Et-Soy and Pro-Soy resulted in 43% and 80% open-chain free-acid SLs, respectively (containing linoleic acid and oleic acid as the principal fatty acid species linked to the sophorose sugar at the omega-1 position), with no evidence of residual esterification. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

游离脂肪酸受体的结构、分布及功能

游离脂肪酸的生理功能及其与某些疾病的相关性长期以来受到人们的关注。由于特异性膜受体一直未被发现．关于其分子机制的认识无法深入。最近的研究表明,长链脂肪酸是孤儿型G蛋白偶联受体GPR40的配基．而短链脂肪酸则是孤儿型G蛋白偶联受体GPR4l和GPR43的配基。体外实验显示,长链脂肪酸通过GPR40增强胰岛B细胞的分泌功能;短链脂肪酸经GPR41刺激脂肪细胞中瘦蛋白(1eptin)的产生。GPR43在白细胞活化过程中发挥一定的作用。作为潜在的药物作用靶点,游离脂肪酸特异性受体为寻找治疗代谢性疾病的新手段指明了的方向。     

The Exocyst Complex Regulates Free Fatty Acid Uptake by Adipocytes

The exocyst is an octameric molecular complex that drives vesicle trafficking in adipocytes, a rate-limiting step in insulin-dependent glucose uptake. This study assessed the role of the exocyst complex in regulating free fatty acid (FFA) uptake by adipocytes. Upon differentiating into adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells acquire the ability to incorporate extracellular FFAs in an insulin-dependent manner. A kinetic assay using fluoresceinated FFA (C12 dodecanoic acid) uptake allows the real-time monitoring of FFA internalization by adipocytes. The insulin-dependent uptake of C12 dodecanoic acid by 3T3-L1 adipocytes is mediated by Akt and phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase. Gene silencing of the exocyst components Exo70 and Sec8 significantly reduced insulin-dependent FFA uptake by adipocytes. Consistent with the roles played by Exo70 and Sec8 in FFA uptake, mCherry-tagged Exo70 and HA-tagged Sec8 partially colocalize with lipid droplets within adipocytes, suggesting their active roles in the development of lipid droplets. Tubulin polymerization was also found to regulate FFA uptake in collaboration with the exocyst complex. This study demonstrates a novel role played by the exocyst complex in the regulation of FFA uptake by adipocytes.     

FFA作用于脂肪细胞后细胞炎症因子的表达及变化

目的:用FFA刺激脂肪细胞并在不同时间点收集细胞培养液,探讨FFA水平升高后对脂肪细胞的影响。方法:将3T3-L1细胞诱导为成熟的脂肪细胞后,运用ELISA技术检测培养液中IL-6,TNF-a,MCP-1等细胞炎症因子的变化。结果:一定浓度的FFA刺激脂肪细胞后,细胞培养上清液中FFA组IL-6,TNF-a,MCP-1三种因子浓度均会随时间变化升高(P0.05),其中FFA组TNF-a和MCP-1浓度在6小时、IL-6浓度在10小时升高(P0.05)。结论:FFA水平升高可致脂肪细胞多种炎症因子分泌加剧。     

Barbiturate Attenuation of Brain Free Fatty Acid Liberation During Global Ischemia

Abstract: To find a biochemical basis for the increased tolerance of the brain to anoxia during barbiturate anesthesia, we studied whole-brain free fatty acids (FFA) at various times after decapitation of awake and pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Post-decapitation, the brains were kept at 37°C for 1 to 60 min before freezing in liquid N₂. Nonischemic brains were frozen in liquid N₂, using a rapid sampling technique. Whole-brain arachidonic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. In unanesthetized, nonischemic brain, total FFA was 1226 ± 121 nmol/g brain ( n = 12) and was unaffected by pentobarbital anesthesia (1126 ± 86 nmol/g brain, n = 11), except for a reduction in arachidonic acid. Total FFA in unanesthetized and pentobarbital-anesthetized rats transiently declined between 0 and 1 min of ischemia, and then rose linearly for up to 60 min, with consistently lower values in pentobarbital-treated rats, the greatest attenuation being that of arachidonic and stearic acid liberation. Brain FFA liberation during global ischemia is the first known biochemical variable directly correlated with the duration (i.e., severity) of global ischemia. The attenuation of brain FFA liberation and especially of arachidonic and stearic acids may be the biochemical basis of barbiturate attenuation of ischemic brain injury.     

Swelling of Phaseolus Mitochondria in Relation to Free Fatty Acid Levels

Freshly isolated Phaseolus vulgaris mitochondria contain, 1.8 micromoles of long chain, primarily unsaturated, free fatty acids per milligram of nitrogen. Although there is no measurable increase in free fatty acid content as a result of spontaneous swelling in buffered KCl, bovine serum albumin strongly inhibits the degree of swelling. The mitochondria only swell slowly in sucrose, but rapid swelling can be induced by the addition of oleic acid in a process inhibited by bovine serum albumin. The possible participation of the endogenous free fatty acids of Phaseolus mitochondria in spontaneous swelling is discussed.     

Mechanism of Long-Chain Free Fatty Acid Protonation at the Membrane-Water Interface

Long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) play an important role in several physiological and pathological processes such as lipid fusion, adjustments of membrane permeability and fluidity, and the regulation of enzyme and protein activities. FFA-facilitated membrane proton transport (flip-flop) and FFA-dependent proton transport by membrane proteins (e.g., mitochondrial uncoupling proteins) are governed by the difference between FFA’s intrinsic pK_a value and the pH in the immediate membrane vicinity. Thus far, a quantitative understanding of the process has been hampered, because the pK_a value shifts upon moving the FFA from the aqueous solution into the membrane. For the same FFA, pK_a values between 5 and 10.5 were reported. Here, we systematically evaluated the dependence of pK_a values on chain length and number of double bonds by measuring the ζ-potential of liposomes reconstituted with FFA at different pH values. The experimentally obtained intrinsic pK_a values (6.25, 6.93, and 7.28 for DOPC membranes) increased with FFA chain length (C16, C18, and C20), indicating that the hydrophobic energy of transfer into the bilayer is an important pK_a determinant. The observed pK_a decrease in DOPC with increasing number of FFA double bonds (7.28, 6.49, 6.16, and 6.13 for C20:0, C20:1, C20:2, and C20:4, respectively) is in line with a decrease in transfer energy. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the ionized carboxylic group of the FFAs occupied a fixed position in the bilayer independent of chain length, underlining the importance of Born energy. We conclude that pK_a is determined by the interplay between the energetic costs for 1) burying the charged moiety into the lipid bilayer and 2) transferring the hydrophobic protonated FFA into the bilayer.