转基因植物生物反应器中存在的问题及解决途径

利用转基因植物作为生物反应器,可以大量生产重组药物蛋白质和工业化酶,但是表达量低、下游处理复杂、糖基化结构改变是植物反应器中经常遇到的困难,这些困难限制了转基因植物的商业化发展。针对这些问题,人们分别采用不同的生物技术策略加以解决。     

以油体作为生物反应器的研究进展

获得安全、经济、稳定具有生物活性的重组蛋白,应用于基础研究及临床应用是一个重大的战略课题,现在可以利用酵母、细菌和动物细胞生产多种药物蛋白,但这些蛋白的生产过程还存在许多问题.利用植物作为生物反应器生产药用蛋白和疫苗是目前生物反应器研究的热点.油体蛋白在油料作物种子中高水平表达且易于分离,经过改造后是生产目的蛋白的一种理想栽体.介绍了油体、油体蛋白的结构以及利用植物油体蛋白表达体系这一新型植物生物反应器生产目的蛋白的研究进展和前景.     

植物生物反应器表达药用蛋白研究新进展

植物生物反应器被称为"分子农田",它具有无限生产重组蛋白的巨大潜力。利用转基因植物表达的重组蛋白具备原有的理化性质和生物活性,从而为人类提供了一种大量生产药用蛋白的安全可靠、经济、方便的新生产体系。目前已广泛运用于工业、农业尤其是生命科学以及医学制造领域。用植物生物反应器产重组疫苗、重组抗体和其他药用蛋白已成为国内外基因工程研究热点之一。然而,转基因植物产物的表达量、下游加工等问题却也成为利用植物生物反应器应用的限制因素。本文就其优势、近三年内国内外转基因植物生产药用蛋白的研究进展、存在问题及对策作一综述。     

高等植物叶绿体表达重组蛋白研究进展

近年来,基因工程技术发展迅速,许多重组蛋白得以表达。其中利用植物生物反应器表达特异药物蛋白为人类一些重要疾病的预防和治疗提供了新途径。植物叶绿体遗传转化和表达系统成为目前植物生物反应器的研究热点。因结构和遗传上的特殊性,高等植物叶绿体在重组蛋白表达方面具有独特优势,外源基因表达量高、定点整合,而且叶绿体母系遗传特性保证了生物安全性。很多重要药用蛋白质在植物叶绿体中表达成功。烟草作为高等植物叶绿体转化模式植物,在疫苗抗原、抗体等药物蛋白和其他重要重组蛋白表达方面取得显著进展。高等植物叶绿体遗传转化也为叶绿体基因的表达和调控机制的研究提供新的技术和方法。文中从叶绿体遗传转化原理、载体构建、重组蛋白和重要药物蛋白在叶绿体中的表达以及重组蛋白表达对植物代谢和性状影响等多个角度,对高等植物叶绿体遗传转化体系研究的新进展进行了综述,以期为叶绿体表达平台的开发和重要药用蛋白质的表达提供新思路。     

转基因植物作为生物反应器生产口蹄疫疫苗的研究进展

利用转基因植物作为生物反应器表达重组蛋白,生产外源蛋白质作为动物疫苗是一个很有吸引力的廉价生产系统,它有可能代替生产成本较高的传统疫苗的发酵生产系统。通过口蹄疫病毒VPI结构蛋白基因在转基因植物中的表达,口蹄疫疫苗已在植物中产生。在植物中生产的抗原能够保持其自身的免疫原性。本文简要综述了近十年来用转基因植物作为生物反应器生产口蹄疫疫苗的研究进展、特点及其应用前景。     

转基因植物作为生物反应器生产口蹄疫疫苗的研究进展

利用转基因植物作为生物反应器表达重组蛋白,生产外源蛋白质作为动物疫苗是一个很有吸引力的廉价生产系统,它有可能代替生产成本较高的传统疫苗的发酵生产系统。通过口蹄疫病毒VP1结构蛋白基因在转基因植物中的表达,口蹄疫疫苗已在植物中产生。在植物中生产的抗原能够保持其自身的免疫原性。本文简要综述了近十年来用转基因植物作为生物反应器生产口蹄疫疫苗的研究进展、特点及其应用前景 。     

植物生物反应器研究现状、瓶颈及策略

近10年,植物作为重组蛋白生产系统是生命科学中研究最活跃领域之一。植物系统具有低成本、安全和易规模化优势,其表达生物活性药用蛋白能力已被许多研究所证实;同时,植物药用蛋白产品还表现出潜在的市场和广阔应用前景。鉴于此,回顾了植物生物反应器兴起,介绍了植物表达系统和重组蛋白研究现状,综述了植物生物反应器面临瓶颈问题、解决对策和未来一段时间内研究热点;在展望植物生物反应器前景同时,对我国研究现状、与国外差距和未来发展应采取策略进行了讨论。     

衣藻叶绿体表达重组蛋白及表达优化策略

近年来,转基因技术已日趋成熟,医学、工业上的应用也越来越广泛。以重组蛋白为基础的药物治疗是目前医药生产领域发展最快的一项技术。它们的高特异性和低副作用使得治疗效率十分突出。但是重组蛋白表达的复杂性也给生产带来了一定限制。为了促进重组蛋白的应用,人们对适宜其表达的系统和能促进其表达的策略进行了探索。研究发现,衣藻叶绿体作为重组蛋白的生物反应器,能实现重组蛋白快速、高效、低成本生产。同时,衣藻能在人工培养基和人为控制的条件下生长,降低了受污染的风险,与传统的生产系统比较具有不可比拟的优越性。因此,衣藻叶绿体作为医药重组蛋白生物反应器在未来的生物技术领域将发挥巨大作用。     

用于重组蛋白生产的哺乳动物细胞表达新技术

近年来,用于重组蛋白生产的哺乳动物细胞表达领域涌现出一系列革命性的新技术。优化的工程细胞为表达重组蛋白提供了优良的宿主;基于荧光的筛选方法可以快捷地得到高表达细胞株;高通量的培养工艺能够预测适合外源蛋白表达的细胞培养条件;可抛弃式生物反应器为大规模细胞培养提供了更多的选择;大规模瞬时表达技术节省了重组蛋白的生产时间。这些新技术提高了重组蛋白的研发和生产效率,加快了蛋白药物的工业化进程。     

国外动态——生产药物蛋白的替代方法仍在缓慢发展

多年前,人们已经在利用诸如rDNA细菌或培养的哺乳动物细胞等传统方法生产重组蛋白中遇到了重重困难。生产几千克重组蛋白的生物反应器成本需上亿元,哺乳动物细胞培养极易受真菌污染,且产量极低。因此,许多公司正在探索生产药物蛋白的替代方法,这些方法主要集中在转基因动、植物上。     

Isolation of recombinant proteins from milk.

Milk is a complex bio-colloid which presents some unique problems for the protein isolation chemist, but the majority of the processing criteria for purifying recombinant proteins are the same as with any complex biological mixture. The casein micelles and fat globules behave as separate phases; they prevent filtration of the milk and interfere with the usual separation methods. The usual first step is to centrifuge the milk to remove the fat and precipitate the casein micelles with low pH or precipitating agents. Some recombinant proteins may associate to some degree with the micelles which may necessitate solubilizing them with chelating agents. If the majority of the product protein associates with either the fat or micelles, this can be used to advantage. Once the casein micelles have been removed or disrupted, the clarified milk can be processed by the usual separation methods. There also are proteases in milk which can degrade recombinant proteins. The greatest advantage of producing recombinant proteins in milk is the high concentration which can be obtained. The high levels of product protein can alleviate many problems associated with the application of classical purification strategies to transgenic milk proteins.     

Secretory and extracellular production of recombinant proteins using<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used hosts for the production of recombinant proteins. However, there are often problems in recovering substantial yields of correctly folded proteins. One approach to solve these problems is to have recombinant proteins secreted into the periplasmic space or culture medium. The secretory production of recombinant proteins has several advantages, such as simplicity of purification, avoidance of protease attack and N-terminal Met extension, and a better chance of correct protein folding. In addition to the well-established Sec system, the twin-arginine translocation (TAT) system has recently been employed for the efficient secretion of folded proteins. Various strategies for the extracellular production of recombinant proteins have also been developed. For the secretory production of complex proteins, periplasmic chaperones and protease can be manipulated to improve the yields of secreted proteins. This review discusses recent advances in secretory and extracellular production of recombinant proteins using E. coli.     

Strategies for the Production of Recombinant Protein in Escherichia coli

In the recent past years, a large number of proteins have been expressed in Escherichia coli with high productivity due to rapid development of genetic engineering technologies. There are many hosts used for the production of recombinant protein but the preferred choice is E. coli due to its easier culture, short life cycle, well-known genetics, and easy genetic manipulation. We often face a problem in the expression of foreign genes in E. coli. Soluble recombinant protein is a prerequisite for structural, functional and biochemical studies of a protein. Researchers often face problems producing soluble recombinant proteins for over-expression, mainly the expression and solubility of heterologous proteins. There is no universal strategy to solve these problems but there are a few methods that can improve the level of expression, non-expression, or less expression of the gene of interest in E. coli. This review addresses these issues properly. Five levels of strategies can be used to increase the expression and solubility of over-expressed protein; (1) changing the vector, (2) changing the host, (3) changing the culture parameters of the recombinant host strain, (4) co-expression of other genes and (5) changing the gene sequences, which may help increase expression and the proper folding of desired protein. Here we present the resources available for the expression of a gene in E. coli to get a substantial amount of good quality recombinant protein. The resources include different strains of E. coli, different E. coli expression vectors, different physical and chemical agents and the co expression of chaperone interacting proteins. Perhaps it would be the solutions to such problems that will finally lead to the maturity of the application of recombinant proteins. The proposed solutions to such problems will finally lead to the maturity of the application of recombinant proteins.     

利用转基因植物表达药用蛋白

随着药物生物技术和植物基因工程迅速发展 ,转基因植物被用作生物反应器生产具有医疗价值的多肽和蛋白质已成为生物医学研究的热点。研究表明转基因植物表达的蛋白质能够保持原有的结构和功能 ,这预示它将为药用蛋白的生产提供一条安全和廉价的新途径。主要概述了近年来国内外转基因植物生产诸如疫苗、抗体和其他药用蛋白或多肽等的研究进展 ,并着重探讨了存在的问题和解决策略。     

基于植物重组蛋白产量提高的研究进展

重组蛋白为疾病治疗提供了新手段,同时创造了可观的经济效益。利用经济作物(主要是烟草)、谷类作物、豆科作物和蔬菜作物生产具有药用价值的重组蛋白是“分子农业”最热门的研究内容。尽管许多重组蛋白已在植物中表达,但只有一小部分已成功投入使用。为了极大地克服限制植物生产重组蛋白发展的问题,研究人员改进表达系统以增加重组蛋白的产量。本文从分析植物产生重组蛋白产量低和/或生物活性低等问题入手,综述了近些年来解决这些问题的优化策略,同时提出了提高植物生产重组蛋白产量的研究方向。     

Identification and characterization of proteins binding A + U-rich elements

A + U-Rich elements (AREs) have been extensively investigated as cis-acting determinants of rapid mRNA turnover. Recently, a number of RNA-binding proteins interacting with AREs have been described. This article presents strategies and techniques used by our laboratory to identify and characterize a family of ARE-binding proteins collectively termed AUF1. However, these techniques may be applied to the study of any protein displaying sequence-specific RNA binding activity. The techniques described here include the purification of native AUF1 from cultured cells as well as the preparation of recombinant AUF1 proteins using a bacterial expression system. Analyses of RNA-protein interactions are also described, including the use of gel mobility shift assays with synthetic RNA probes to monitor specific RNA binding activity in cell extracts or with recombinant proteins. Variations of this technique are also described to evaluate the RNA binding affinity of recombinant proteins and the use of specific RNA competitors to assess RNA determinants of protein binding specificity. Other techniques presented include the identification of specific proteins in RNA:protein complexes using antibody supershifts and the estimation of molecular weights of RNA-binding proteins by UV crosslinking. Results of individual experiments are presented as examples of some techniques. Throughout the article, suggestions are included to avoid commonly encountered problems and to assist in the optimization of these techniques for the study of other RNA-binding proteins.     

Production of recombinant proteins in plant root exudates.

The large-scale production of recombinant proteins in plants is limited by relatively low yields and difficulties in extraction and purification. These problems were addressed by engineering tobacco plants to continuously secrete recombinant proteins from their roots into a simple hydroponic medium. Three heterologous proteins of diverse origins (green fluorescent protein of jellyfish, human placental alkaline phosphatase [SEAP], and bacterial xylanase) were produced using the root secretion method (rhizosecretion). Protein secretion was dependent on the presence of the endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide fused to the recombinant protein sequence. All three secreted proteins retained their biological activity and, as shown for SEAP, accumulated in much higher amounts in the medium than in the root tissue.     

The twin-arginine translocation system and its capability for protein secretion in biotechnological protein production

The biotechnological production of recombinant proteins is challenged by processes that decrease the yield, such as protease action, aggregation, or misfolding. Today, the variation of strains and vector systems or the modulation of inducible promoter activities is commonly used to optimize expression systems. Alternatively, aggregation to inclusion bodies may be a desired starting point for protein isolation and refolding. The discovery of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system for folded proteins now opens new perspectives because in most cases, the Tat machinery does not allow the passage of unfolded proteins. This feature of the Tat system can be exploited for biotechnological purposes, as expression systems may be developed that ensure a virtually complete folding of a recombinant protein before purification. This review focuses on the characteristics that make recombinant Tat systems attractive for biotechnology and discusses problems and possible solutions for an efficient translocation of folded proteins.     

外源基因在大肠杆菌中表达研究进展

近年来,基因工程技术的迅速发展,大量有价值的蛋白质大肠杆菌中获得了高表达。多种表达系统的完善与发展,及蛋白质分离纯化技术的提高,异源蛋白的产量与纯度已不再是困扰人们的主要问题,人们开始更多地关注异源蛋白的活性,比活性及异源蛋白的正确性,完整性。随着这些问题的解决,重组蛋白的应用才能真正走向成熟。     

Plant virus expression systems for transient production of recombinant allergens in Nicotiana benthamiana

In recent years, several studies have demonstrated the use of autonomously replicating plant viruses as vehicles to express a variety of therapeutic molecules of pharmaceutical interest. Plant virus vectors for expression of heterologous proteins in plants represent an attractive biotechnological tool to complement the conventional production of recombinant proteins in bacterial, fungal, or mammalian cells. Virus vectors are advantageous when high levels of gene expression are desired within a short time, although the instability of the foreign genes in the viral genome may present problems. Similar levels of foreign protein production in transgenic plants often are unattainable, in some cases because of the toxicity of the foreign protein. Now virus-based vectors are for the first time investigated as a means of producing recombinant allergens in plants. Several plant virus vectors have been developed for the expression of foreign proteins. Here, we describe the utilization of tobacco mosaic virus- and potato virus X-based vectors for the transient expression of plant allergens in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. One approach involves the inoculation of tobacco plants with infectious RNA transcribed in vitro from a cDNA copy of the recombinant viral genome. Another approach utilizes the transfection of whole plants from wounds inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing cDNA copies of recombinant plus-sense RNA viruses.