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1.
草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,根系生物量是研究草地生态系统的重要参数之一,研究草地根系生物量沿环境梯度的变化规律对当地的植被建设和恢复具有重要意义。以黄土高原3种不同草地类型(森林草原、典型草原和荒漠草原)为研究对象,沿环境梯度从东到西选择10个样地,每个样地内设置8个1 m×1 m样方进行根系生物量的调查,旨在分析不同草地类型根系生物量的垂直分布规律,并探讨了根系生物量沿环境梯度的变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)黄土高原3种草地类型根系生物量有显著差别(P<0.05),其中森林草原的根系生物量最大,典型草原最小;(2)3种不同草地类型根系生物量垂直分布均呈\"T\"型,土壤表层(0-10 cm)占55%以上的根系生物量,且荒漠草原根系有更多比例的生物量分布在土壤表层;(3)黄土高原草地根系生物量沿经度从东到西呈现先减少后缓慢增加的趋势,但浅层生物量与深层生物量比例(浅深比)没有表现出明显的经度格局;(4)总根系生物量的变化主要受年均温(MAT)影响(P<0.01),随MAT增大而增大;深层生物量同时受气候和土壤养分含量的影响(P<0.01);浅深比则与样点平均土壤全磷含量、深层土壤全磷含量有显著负相关性(P<0.05);(5)气候和土壤因素能解释根系生物量5.12%-39.36%的变异,独立作用中,气候因子对根生物量的解释度最大,可达到2.77%-9.12%的解释度。 相似文献
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黄土高原退耕还林(草)区旅游开发探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
黄土高原退耕还林(草)区生态环境相对脆弱,经济发展较为落后,如何在多元化目标主导下寻求退耕还林政策的合理模式,关系到西部大开发政策的实施效果。在简要介绍区域概况,评价退耕还林(草)模式的基础上,认为生态保护型和生态经济型模式缺乏社区利益的考虑,可持续发展的动力不足,但生态旅游开发模式可以解决动力不足的问题。通过分析退耕还林(草)区生态旅游开发的资源、区位、政策、交通、接待设施等旅游开发的影响因子,提出了黄土高原退耕还林(草)区旅游开发的阶段及任务,并构建了该区域旅游开发的分区框架。 相似文献
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高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸植被特征及生产力的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本研究结果表明,高原鼢鼠栖息10年的斑块,植物群落的物种数减少,植物物种多样性指数下降,地上、地下总生物量显降低,单子叶和可利用双子叶植物生物量极显减少,但不可利用双子叶植物生物量显增加。高原鼢鼠去除5年后,斑块内植物群落的单子叶植物物种数增加,而双子叶植物下降,植物群落物种多样性指数下降,地上、地下总生物量显增加,单子叶和可利用双子叶植物生物量增加极显,不可利用双子叶植物生物量显降低。高原鼢鼠栖息10年的斑块,净初级生产量较未栖息地区减少68.98%。高原鼢鼠去除5年后,净初级生产量增加,但仅达到未栖息地区的58.69%。 相似文献
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黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿草地退化过程与植物多样性研究 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15
以陕西省神木县六道沟小流域为研究区域,探讨了黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿人工草地退化过程中植物多样性的变化.结果表明,在黄土高原北部森林草原气候区,紫花苜蓿人工草地的退化演替过程可以划分为3个阶段:紫花苜蓿草地阶段(1~6年)、人工草地向天然草地演替的过渡阶段(6~10年)与长芒草次生天然草地阶段(10年以上).在1~30年的演替过程中,调查样方内共出现高等植物32种,分属于13科28属,其中90%以上出现在前6年.植被演替过程中累积出现的植物科属种数的动态变化可以用对数函数进行较好地描述.在群落演替过程中,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的变化趋势基本一致,在演替前期(第1个阶段)增加较快,在第2个阶段(过渡阶段)达到最高,然后有所降低并渐趋稳定.种植紫花苜蓿可显著地加快植被的自然演替进程,这与人工草地水分消耗强烈加速了土壤的旱化过程密切相关.发展人工草地是黄土高原北部加速天然植被恢复与发展畜牧业、增加农民收入的有机结合点,是西部生态环境建设中生态效益与经济效益兼顾的良好范式. 相似文献
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Soil microbial parameters and stability of soil aggregate fractions under different grassland communities on the Loess Plateau,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Over-grazing and large-scale monocultures on the Loess plateau in China have caused serious soil erosion by water and wind.
Grassland revegetation has been reported as one of the most effective counter measures. Therefore, we investigated soil aggregation,
aggregate stability and soil microbial activities as key parameters for soil remediation through grassland revegetation.
The results showed that soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and microbial biomass nitrogen (Nmic) increased under revegetated
grass communities compared to cropland and overgrazed pastures and were higher in surface layers (0–10 cm) than in the subsurface
(10–20 cm). Although there are variations between the four investigated grassland communities, their values were 10 to 50
times higher in comparison to the cropland and overgrazed pastures, similar to the increase in soil enzyme activities, such
as β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase.
Soil aggregate stability (SAS) showed clear differences between the different land uses with two main soil aggregate fractions
measured by ultra sound: < 63 μm and 100–250 μm, with approximately 70% and 10% of the total soil volume respectively. We
also found positive correlations between SAS and soil microbial parameters, such as Cmic, Nmic, and soil enzyme activities.
From this, we concluded that revegetation of eroded soils by grasses accelerates soil rehabilitation. 相似文献
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森林枯落物的储量(LM)和厚度(LD)等物理属性,能够表征森林植被的物种多样性以及水源涵养、物质循环等生态功能,然而目前对枯落物储量和厚度分布规律与影响因素的深入探讨较少。以黄土高原为研究区,通过系统取样获得该区主要森林群落枯落物的储量与厚度数据,利用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验、线性混合效应模型(LME)、普通最小二乘回归等统计方法,分别对不同林型枯落物储量和厚度的差异、储量和厚度的影响因素以及二者之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:1)针叶林与针阔混交林的枯落物储量和厚度差异不显著,但二者都显著大于阔叶林的储量和厚度。2)在纬度方向上,除南部个别点外,枯落物储量和厚度存在单峰格局,如储量在35°—36°N之间存在峰值,而厚度峰值则出现在36°—37°N之间。3)在海拔方向上,储量分布规律并不明显,厚度除了高海拔(3000 m以上)个别点外总体呈现递减格局;LME模型显示,枯落物储量与气温年较差、非生长季降水、总干面积和立木密度呈显著正相关,与乔木层丰富度呈显著负相关,而枯落物厚度与最冷月均温、生长季降水、总干面积和立木密度呈显著正相关,与乔木层丰富度、非生长季降水和坡度呈显著负相关;枯落物储量与厚度具有显著正相关关系,特别是在阔叶林和针叶林中,而对于针阔混交林来说二者并无显著相关性。研究结果可为黄土高原乃至中国北方地区生态系统碳循环评估和水土保持实践提供参考依据。 相似文献
9.
高原鼢鼠挖掘对植物生物量的效应及其反应格局 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8
高原鼢鼠取食洞道处,在植物根系受损条件下,主要测定各类植物生物量变动的格局。原生植被样区,取食洞道回填土壤后,单子叶植物地上生物量显增加,双子叶植物地上生物量及地下总生物量显降低。植物地上总生物量与取食洞道的厚度密切相关。土厚厚度<5cm的取食洞道,植物地上及地下生物量显下降,土层厚度>10cm,植物地上及地下生物量无显变化。高原鼢鼠长期栖息植被退化的斑块地,在取食洞道区域,单子叶及双子叶植物地上生物量和地下总生物量均显降低。结果验证了本提出的地下啮齿动物对双子叶直根类植物的存活具有负效应,对单子叶须根类植物则产生正效应的假设。 相似文献
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植物多样性对维持生态功能的稳定发挥具有重要作用。以黄土高原不同植被带草地为研究对象,基于野外调查和实验分析,探究黄土高原不同植被带草地植物多样性与群落稳定性特征和二者之间的关系以及影响因素。结果表明:黄土高原草地群落结构特征(地上生物量、地下生物量)与植物多样性具有明显的纬度分布格局,草地植物多样性和生物量均表现出自东南向西北沿森林草原带—森林带—草原带—草原荒漠带逐渐递减趋势。森林草原带草地植物多样性和群落稳定性显著高于森林带、草原带和草原荒漠带;植物多样性与群落稳定性之间存在显著正相关关系,可以作为衡量群落稳定性的指标,其稳定性大小表现为森林草原带>森林带>草原带>草原荒漠带。降雨量是影响植物多样性和群落稳定性的主要因素,并通过改变土壤含水量影响群落稳定性。研究结果揭示了草地植物多样性与群落稳定性之间的关系及驱动机制,为维持黄土高原草地生态系统的群落稳定性提供了科学依据。 相似文献
11.
An incubation method was used to investigate the nitrogen release characteristics from the residue of ten plant species which commonly grow in the northern part of the Loess Plateau. The effect of the residue on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) was also determined. There were significant differences in the total N content and the C/N ratios among the different types of plant residue. The total N content of the residues ranged from 6.61 to 32.78 g kg?1. The C/N ratio of the residue ranged from 14 to 65. There was an immediate increase in soil N after alfalfa, erect milkvetch, and korshinsk peashrub residue was added to the soil. In contrast, soil N decreased after elm, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residue was added to the soil. The soil N content remained relatively low for 14–34 days and then increased. This indicated that N immobilization occurred during the early portion of the incubation period when elm, sea buckthorn and wild peach residue was added to the soil. Soil N levels were low during the entire incubation period when simon poplar, locust, Stipa bungeana, and old world bluestem residue were added to the soil. The addition of plant residue significantly increased SMBC and SMBN in all treatments. The SMBC and SMBN values were greatest in treatments containing plant residue with high total N content and low C/N ratios. The C/N ratios of korshinsk peashrub, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residues were similar, but the amount of N released from these residues and the effects of the residue on SMBC and SMBN in soil were significantly different. This indicates that not only the C/N ratio but also the chemical composition of the plant residue affected decomposition. It is important to consider C and N release characteristics from plant residue in order to adjust the C and N balance of soil when revegetating degraded ecosystems. 相似文献
12.
An incubation method was used to investigate the nitrogen release characteristics from the residue of ten plant species which commonly grow in the northern part of the Loess Plateau. The effect of the residue on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) was also determined. There were significant differences in the total N content and the C/N ratios among the different types of plant residue. The total N content of the residues ranged from 6.61 to 32.78 g kg?1. The C/N ratio of the residue ranged from 14 to 65. There was an immediate increase in soil N after alfalfa, erect milkvetch, and korshinsk peashrub residue was added to the soil. In contrast, soil N decreased after elm, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residue was added to the soil. The soil N content remained relatively low for 14–34 days and then increased. This indicated that N immobilization occurred during the early portion of the incubation period when elm, sea buckthorn and wild peach residue was added to the soil. Soil N levels were low during the entire incubation period when simon poplar, locust, Stipa bungeana, and old world bluestem residue were added to the soil. The addition of plant residue significantly increased SMBC and SMBN in all treatments. The SMBC and SMBN values were greatest in treatments containing plant residue with high total N content and low C/N ratios. The C/N ratios of korshinsk peashrub, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residues were similar, but the amount of N released from these residues and the effects of the residue on SMBC and SMBN in soil were significantly different. This indicates that not only the C/N ratio but also the chemical composition of the plant residue affected decomposition. It is important to consider C and N release characteristics from plant residue in order to adjust the C and N balance of soil when revegetating degraded ecosystems. 相似文献
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林隙干扰和升温对小兴安岭红松和臭冷杉径向生长的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过建立小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林内林隙与非林隙红松、臭冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)轮宽年表,分析林隙干扰(微环境差异)和1980年后显著升温对树木径向生长的影响。结果表明:升温减缓了非林隙红松生长,却加快了林隙红松生长;升温后,非林隙红松受温度影响减弱,而林隙红松则增强,林隙和非林隙红松径向生长与帕默尔干旱指数(Palmer drought severity index,PDSI)均由负相关变为正相关;林隙干扰导致臭冷杉径向生长减缓,升温导致林隙与非林隙臭冷杉年生长量均下降了约50%,非林隙木对温度的负响应要高于林隙木;升温后,5—10月温度对非林隙木抑制作用明显,非生长季(1—5月)降水对非林隙臭冷杉的抑制作用加强,而对林隙臭冷杉则由抑制变为促进;PDSI与非林隙臭冷杉由升温前的负相关变为升温后的正相关,而林隙臭冷杉则负相关更显著;林隙干扰减少耐荫喜湿树木径向生长,而对阳性树种影响不大或略有增加;林隙木比非林隙木更易受外界环境变化的影响,林隙干扰可使喜湿耐荫树种提前适应暖干环境,以提高了对升温适应性;升温导致林隙木与非林隙木年轮气候响应差异变大。 相似文献
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在全球气候变化和人类活动的双重冲击下,干旱半干旱地区的草地正经历着不可逆转的退化。为遏制草地退化,增强对草地生态系统的保护,有必要厘清干旱半干旱区草地生长状况的主要驱动要素。基于卫星遥感数据、气象资料和统计年鉴资料,研究1990—2015年内蒙古草地生长的变化趋势,借助地理探测器来比较了不同驱动要素对内蒙古草地的影响程度,结合结构方程模型探讨内蒙古不同草地归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)变化的驱动机制。研究结果显示:(1)内蒙古地区草地退化和改善同步发生,在时间上,草甸草原NDVI以-4.88×10-4/a显著退化,荒漠地区NDVI以1.98×10-4/a速度增长;在空间上,有23%的草甸草原区的草地严重退化,有32%的荒漠草原区的草地显著改善;(2)自然驱动要素特别是降水等气候驱动要素,仍然是草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原的主要驱动力,但相对脆弱的草原荒漠区和荒漠区,人类活动也存在显著影响;(3)坡度和畜牧密度对不同类型的草地的影响均逐渐减弱,而土壤水分和温度对草的影响则均呈现增加趋势,其中温度对草地的影响的增幅较快;降水对草地NDVI的影响普遍表现出周期性变化,其他驱动要素则在不同草地类型中存在较大的差异性。(4)温度和降水直接影响草地NDVI,而地形因素和人类活动因素普遍通过中介效应对草地NDVI施加影响。期冀为内蒙古的草地保护提供有针对性的指导,促进草畜平衡和草地生态系统的可持续发展。 相似文献
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黄土高原人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林地深层土壤干燥化现象普遍发生, 日益严峻地威胁着人工植被建设成效。分析和比较半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量演变趋势、深层土壤干燥化发生规律和区域分布特征差异, 能够为黄土高原因地制宜地营造刺槐林提供科学依据。在WinEPIC模型气象、土壤和作物参数数据库组建与模拟精度验证的基础上, 应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了1957–2001年黄土高原半湿润地区洛川和长武、半干旱地区延安和固原等地1–45年生刺槐林地生物量演变规律和深层土壤干燥化效应。结果表明: 洛川、长武、延安和固原的刺槐林地连年净生产力模拟值在5–8年生时达到最大值后, 随着降水量年际波动呈现出明显的波动性降低趋势, 其平均值分别为5.33 × 103、4.56 × 103、4.03 × 103和3.35 ×103 kg·hm–2·a–1; 1–7年生刺槐林地年耗水量高于同期年降水量, 导致林地0–10 m土层土壤强烈干燥化, 洛川、长武、延安和固原刺槐林地年均土壤干燥化速率分别为164.3、165.7、187.1和190.0 mm·a–1, 8–45年生刺槐林地有效含水量在0–250 mm的较低水平上随降水量变化而波动; 1–9年生刺槐林地0–10 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化剧烈, 土壤湿度逐年降低且土壤干层逐年加厚, 7–9年生时土壤干层厚度已经超过10 m, 8–45年生刺槐林地2–10 m土层土壤湿度保持相对稳定的干燥化状态; 洛川和长武刺槐林地水分生产力较高且相对稳定, 刺槐林地生长期可以超过45年; 而延安和固原刺槐林地水分生产力较低且稳定性差, 刺槐林稳定生长期不超过40年。 相似文献
17.
为了寻求有效的草地地上生物量估测方法和精确估测黄土高原典型草原草原地上生物量。于2014年8月中旬,在黄土高原典型草原草原地上生物量达到最大值,分别从单株水平和种群水平进行野外调查。以株高(H)和盖度(C)的复合因子(C×H)为自变量,通过回归分析,建立地上生物量估测模型,采用留一法对其精确性进行评估;并通过校正系数以及群落总生物量估测值和实测值比较单株水平和种群水平所建模型的精确性。结果表明:黄土高原典型草原草地,无论在单株水平还是种群水平,线性和幂函数对该区域生物量的拟合效果更好。估测模型检验结果表明,在单株水平各个物种的生物量估测值与实测值相关性较好,均达到了显著水平(P0.05),其r值均大于0.6,总相对误差RS均小于10%,平均相对误差绝对值RMA(average absolute value of relative error)均小于30%,总生物量的实测值与估测值比较接近,校正系数均接近1;而在种群水平上,虽然各物种的生物量估测值与实测值相关性均达到了显著水平(P0.05),但多数物种平均相对误差绝对值RMA大于30%,总相对误差RS(total relative error)均大于10%,总生物量的估测值均大于实测值,校正系数均偏离了1,说明在黄土高原典型草原通过单株水平建立的物种生物量估测模型的精度优于种群水平建立的物种生物量估测模型的精度。 相似文献
18.
为研究沱江浮游生物群落结构的时空特征,并探讨影响其形成的环境因子,于2013年对沱江10个采样断面按季节进行采样分析。研究期间共检出浮游甲壳动物13种,以中小型枝角类和剑水蚤为主; 尽管桡足类密度与枝角类接近,但由于体型原因桡足类生物量始终占据优势地位。检出浮游植物7门95种,优势属7个,全年均以硅藻为主。两类生物在上游资阳市区的断面中总生物量最高,中游农村断面最低; 其生物量季节变化也趋于一致,均在丰水季节8月取得最高值,枯水季节2月最低。与历史数据相比,呈现出浮游植物增多,浮游甲壳动物减少的趋势。根据结构方程模型(SEM)和冗余分析(RDA)的结果,浮游甲壳动物生物量在浮游植物生物量和溶氧高的环境中较大,桡足类对溶氧的要求比中小型枝角类高。浮游植物对高温、高营养和高pH较偏好,尤其是一些优势属。尽管受浮游植物生物量影响,浮游动物对浮游植物的控制力却极弱。在流速缓慢且污染较严重的城市江段浮游植物密度已高达2.7107 cells/L,浮游动物尽管能选择性地以部分浮游植物为食,对其控制力却极弱,如不加强污染控制,沱江可能有暴发水华的危险。 相似文献
19.
Generalized spatial structural equation models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It is common in public health research to have high-dimensional, multivariate, spatially referenced data representing summaries of geographic regions. Often, it is desirable to examine relationships among these variables both within and across regions. An existing modeling technique called spatial factor analysis has been used and assumes that a common spatial factor underlies all the variables and causes them to be related to one another. An extension of this technique considers that there may be more than one underlying factor, and that relationships among the underlying latent variables are of primary interest. However, due to the complicated nature of the covariance structure of this type of data, existing methods are not satisfactory. We thus propose a generalized spatial structural equation model. In the first level of the model, we assume that the observed variables are related to particular underlying factors. In the second level of the model, we use the structural equation method to model the relationship among the underlying factors and use parametric spatial distributions on the covariance structure of the underlying factors. We apply the model to county-level cancer mortality and census summary data for Minnesota, including socioeconomic status and access to public utilities. 相似文献
20.
Above- and belowground biomass allocation not only influences growth of individual plants, but also influences vegetation structures and functions, and consequently impacts soil carbon input as well as terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling. However, due to sampling difficulties, a considerable amount of uncertainty remains about the root: shoot ratio (R/S), a key parameter for models of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling. We investigated biomass allocation patterns across a broad spatial scale. We collected data on individual plant biomass and systematically sampled along a transect across the temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia as well as in the alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicated that the median of R/S for herbaceous species was 0.78 in China’s grasslands as a whole. R/S was significantly higher in temperate grasslands than in alpine grasslands (0.84 vs. 0.65). The slope of the allometric relationship between above- and belowground biomass was steeper for temperate grasslands than for alpine. Our results did not support the hypothesis that aboveground biomass scales isometrically with belowground biomass. The R/S in China’s grasslands was not significantly correlated with mean annual temperature (MAT) or mean annual precipitation (MAP). Moreover, comparisons of our results with previous findings indicated a large difference between R/S data from individual plants and communities. This might be mainly caused by the underestimation of R/S at the individual level as a result of an inevitable loss of fine roots and the overestimation of R/S in community-level surveys due to grazing and difficulties in identifying dead roots. Our findings suggest that root biomass in grasslands tended to have been overestimated in previous reports of R/S. 相似文献