The national responsibility approach to setting conservation priorities—Recommendations for its use

The implementation of conservation strategies for species and habitats is frequently hampered by the availability of the necessary resources. These should be prioritized and focused on those species and habitats most in need, but also in regard to the importance of their distribution in a certain region, country or other administrative unit. In that perspective, the concept of national responsibilities (NR) is a recently developed tool to support priority setting. It captures the impact of the loss of a particular species or habitat within the focal region (usually a country) may have on the global persistence of that species or habitat type. Although the method consists of a few simple steps and is not very demanding in regard to data availability per species and habitat type, it is still impossible to determine NRs for all species and habitats. Here, we focus on the difficulties in determining NRs due to missing distribution data, varying interpretations of definitions especially in respect to habitat types, and differences in data formats and maps using European examples of these data limitations and sources of bias. These include artificially enlarged distribution areas resulting from grid cells being reported more than once, gridded shapefiles stretching into the sea or into other biogeographic regions, and differences in the size and the shape of grid cells and hence the resolution of maps. While focusing on European examples, these sources of bias are also relevant for conservation efforts on a global scale. Our analysis stresses the importance of quickly improving data quality, availability and comparability to render conservation more efficient. We give policy relevant examples on how the NR approach can be applied, e.g. how to help attributing budgets to poorer countries, on which species and habitats to focus limited monitoring resources, and how to consider newly emerging diseases. Generally, our analyses suggests (i) to develop clear global data standards, (ii) to regularly assess data to keep up with advances in data handling, and (iii) to use downscaling approaches for biodiversity data to a higher resolution for reducing the impact of bias to a negligible level together with improving the overall quality of distribution data for conservation purposes.     

Prioritization of medicinal plants on the basis of available knowledge, existing practices and use value status in Uttaranchal, India

In order to understand the pattern of indigenous uses of medicinal plants available in the Uttaranchal state of the Indian Himalaya, this study was undertaken through literature survey and fieldwork in various parts of the state. A list of all the major and most of the lesser categories of ailments was prepared and categorized with the help of medical practitioners. A total of 300 plant species used in curing 114 ailments prevailing in various ethnic and non-ethnic communities of Uttaranchal were documented. These 114 ailments were further grouped into 12 broad classes of diseases in order to project the indigenous uses of medicinal plants for various ailments. It was found that herbs contributed the highest number of medicinal plants (65%), followed by shrubs (19%) and trees (16%). The maximum number of plant species were used to cure generalized body aches and colic, followed by gastrointestinal and dermatological problems. Vitex negundo was the most important species, used for the treatment of more than 48 ailments. Azadirachta indica, Woodfordia fruticosa, Centella asiatica, Aegle marmelos, Cuscuta reflexa, Butea monosperma, Phyllanthus emblica, and Euphorbia hirta were among other important medicinal plants based on their high use values. The underground parts of the plant were used in the majority of cases. Of 300 medicinal plants, 35 were rare and endangered species, of which about 80% was restricted to the high altitude alpine region of Uttaranchal Himalaya. A priority list of 17 medicinal plant species was prepared on the basis of endemism, use value, mode of harvesting and rarity status. Strategies for long-term conservation of these valuable medicinal plants are discussed.     

The gap between the concept and definitions in the Evolutionarily Significant Unit: the need to integrate neutral genetic variation and adaptive variation

The Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) was conceptualized in 1986 as a conservation unit below the species level, theoretically applicable to a wide range of taxa. The concept has gained support, and various definitions or criteria, some of which are inconsistent with each other, have since been proposed. Recent critiques of the ESU have pointed out the dominance of definitions biased to the identification of long-term isolation or neutral genetic variation, which has largely ignored the adaptive components. We present here the validity of such claims and show how the ESU definitions have actually been applied in research. We surveyed scientific journals for original papers supporting ESU designations and determined who among the proponents of ESU definitions have gained wider support. Our results indicate that indeed there are inconsistencies with the original concept and with the existing definitions. Although the original concept recommended both ecological and genetic data as the basis for identification of ESUs, which reflect true evolutionary variation, recent definitions have become biased to either neutral genetic variation or adaptive variation. The definition which uses genetic data to assess neutral genetic variation (long-term isolation) has gained major support, and therefore validates the earlier claims. To bridge the gap between the original concept and the practical application, we propose the use of partial ESU and full ESU designations. The application of full ESU should be limited solely to when both information about neutral genetic variation and adaptive variation are available. In other cases, in which only a part of the variation is examined, we should use the term partial ESU (e.g., molecular-based ESU) and continue to investigate focal populations from other aspects of variations to designate full ESU.     

我国生物仿制药发展现状与策略研究

随着生物药专利失效期到来所带来的成本降低、药物可及性增加及巨大市场空间等因素影响,各大企业对生物仿制药的开发表现出浓厚的兴趣,纷纷涉足这一领域,然而由于生物仿制药的特殊性,开发及产业化困难重重。基于以上背景,首先分析了国内外生物医药行业宏观经济环境、行业政策环境、法律监管环境等外部环境,然后对当前生物仿制药开发存在的关键性技术共性问题进行了阐述。在此基础上对国内外主要生物仿制药企业现状进行分析,提出了我国与国外生物仿制药方面存在的主要差距。在上述分析的基础上,利用SWOT工具进行战略分析,指出我国生物仿制药应该执行的SO战略为主,SW战略为辅的策略。最后提出了一些参考建议。     

一株替代粪肠球菌的生产用芽胞杆菌筛选及其性质

目的 筛选1株能够产业化、替代粪肠球菌的芽胞杆菌。方法 从健康鸡、鸭、仔猪的粪便与肠道内容物中筛选,采用选择性培养基和耐酸耐胆盐发酵,通过耐人工肠液和人工胃液试验与粪肠球菌比较得到1株产酸能力较好的替代粪肠球菌的芽胞杆菌,并对其性质进行研究。结果 所筛选的芽胞杆菌（GY0520）对人工胃液、人工肠液有很好耐受性,90 ℃水浴15 min存活率为97%,能够产生大量有机酸,有利于提高动物机体的抗病能力及改善其生理性能,但对抗生素有一定的敏感性,不能配伍使用。结论 所筛选的芽胞杆菌能够替代粪肠球菌用于生产,为养殖业的微生态产品提高稳定性提供参考。     

新生儿大规模乙型肝炎血源疫苗免疫的效果考核

在上海、广东、湖南、河北四省市试点区200万人口中,每年用乙型肝炎血源疫苗免疫新生儿3万人。四省市四年平均接种率为91％～95％。除上海地区对HBsAg阳性母亲的新生儿的免疫剂量为20μg×3外,其余地区大多来用10μg×3。免疫后1至2年和3至4年期间两次考核免疫效果。免疫后3～4年检检测省市HBsAg阳性率平均为1.78％,同免疫前本底对照的16.2％相比,下降88.98％(82.68％～92.71％)。上海4岁婴儿HBsAg阳性率降至0.98％,比免疫前本底对照的9.38％降低89.57％。四年后抗HBs阳性率在67.8％～81.6％之间。本项研究表明,新生儿血源乙型肝炎疫苗普遍免疫的效果极佳。如普遍使用10μg剂量,HBsAg阳性率可从10％下降至2％～3％左右。结合其它研究结果,如对HBsAg阳性孕妇的新生儿首剂使用30μg免疫,或加用HBIg,则新一代人HBsAg阳性率将降至1％以下。     

Prioritizing complex disease risk genes by integrating multiple data

Complex diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as metabolic disorder-related diseases are major concern for worldwide public health in the 21st century. The identification of these disease risk genes has attracted increasing interest in computational systems biology. In this paper, a novel method was proposed to prioritize disease risk genes (PDRG) by integrating functional annotations, protein interactions and gene expression information to assess similarity between genes in a disease-related metabolic network. The gene prioritization method was successfully carried out for obesity and COPD, the effectiveness of which was superior to those of ToppGene and ToppNet in both literature validation and recall rate by LOOCV. Our method could be applied broadly to other metabolism-related diseases, helping to prioritize novel disease risk genes, and could shed light on diagnosis and effective therapies.     

普通高校微生物学双语教学初探

双语教学是当前国家教育部大力提倡的教学方式之一,根据普通高校的特点,结合教学实践,分析了实施微生物双语教学的可行性,从教材的选取、教纲的制定、教法的实施等方面进行了积极探索,积累了一些有益的经验。     

经肠镜导入益生菌对肠易激综合征治疗的可行性研究

目的 观察经肠镜导入益生菌对肠易激综合征（IBS）患者症状的影响及可能的不良反应。方法 选择福建医科大学附属第一医院就诊的IBS患者,入选患者均符合IBS罗马IV诊断标准并同意进入本研究。患者肠镜检查完成时于右半结肠单次喷洒33.6 mg/mL的双歧杆菌三联活菌‒生理盐水混悬液100 mL,第0、2和4周进行粪便Bristol分型、腹痛视觉评分（VAS）、结肠症状评分和IBS严重程度调查表评分（IBS-SSS）;第0、4周进行医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADS）测定。结果 入选患者中共有5例IBS便秘型（IBS-C）、13例IBS腹泻型（IBS-D）患者完成研究,年龄分别为（49.4±10.0）岁和（36.1±8.9）岁,男女比例分别为1∶0.66和3.3∶1,均无严重不良反应发生。IBS-C组患者症状指标均无显著改善（P>0.05）,该组患者提前终止。IBS-D组患者综合疗效指数0.692,与第0周相比,第2和4周患者的粪便Bristol分型、腹痛VAS评分、症状总积分和IBS-SSS评分均显著下降（P0.05）。结论 经肠镜单次双歧杆菌三联活菌混悬液喷洒可安全有效地改善IBS-D患者的肠道症状,但对IBS-C患者无效。     

An easy-to-use index of ecological integrity for prioritizing freshwater sites and for assessing habitat quality

Prioritizing and assessing the condition of sites for conservation action requires robust and ergonomic methodological tools. We focus here on prioritizing freshwater sites using two promising biodiversity indices, the Dragonfly Biotic Index (DBI) and Average Taxonomic Distinctness (AvTD). The AvTD had no significant association with either species richness or endemism. In contrast, the DBI was highly significantly associated with species richness and endemism, although the strengths of the associations were weak. These associations are related to how the sub-indices in the DBI are weighted, and how species are distributed geographically. Additionally, the DBI was found to be very useful for site selection based on its ability to measure ecological integrity, combined with level of threat, at multiple spatial scales. The AvTD was found to be useful principally for regional use. As the DBI is a low-cost, easy-to-use method, it has the additional use as a method for assessing habitat quality and recovery in restoration programs. The DBI operates at the species level, and is therefore highly sensitive to habitat condition and has great potential for environmental assessment and monitoring freshwater biodiversity and quality. Practical, worked examples of river restoration are given here. In view of the ease and versatility by which the DBI can be employed, we recommend its testing and possible integration into freshwater management and conservation schemes elsewhere in the world.     

疤痕子宫妊娠妇女经产道分娩的可行性、安全性和相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨疤痕子宫妊娠妇女经产道分娩的可行性、安全性和相关危险因素。方法:选择疤痕子宫妊娠妇女120例,根据分娩方式的不同分为剖宫产组(80例)与自然分娩组(40例),观察再次剖宫产的原因与两组的预后情况。结果:再次剖宫产的指征主要为疤痕子宫(患者拒绝试产)、产程异常、胎儿窘迫、前置胎盘等。自然分娩组的产时出血量明显少于剖宫产组(P0.05),产后出血与产后感染发生率也均明显低于剖宫产组(P0.05)。两组的5分钟Apgar评分对比差异无统计学意义,但自然分娩组新生儿黄疸与新生儿湿肺发生情况明显低于剖宫产组(P0.05)。自然分娩组的分娩满意度为97.50%,剖宫产组为83.75%,自然分娩组明显高于剖宫产组(P0.05)。结论:疤痕子宫妊娠妇女经产道分娩可行性好,能减少对于产妇与新生儿的影响,安全性佳,但也要根据产妇的实际情况进行具体选择。