基于GIS的长江口海域生态系统脆弱性综合评价

气候变化、富营养化、生境破碎等是全球普遍面临的生态问题,科学评估生态系统外部压力及其弹性力,对生态系统管理和生态修复具有重要的指导意义。使用空间主成分分析(SPCA)和层次分析法(AHP)构建评价指标体系,结合地理信息系统软件,对长江口海域生态环境脆弱性进行综合评价,并根据生态环境脆弱性指数(EVI)值,将研究区生态环境脆弱性分为5级:微度脆弱(0.5)、轻度脆弱(0.5—0.8)、中度脆弱(0.8—1.0)、重度脆弱(1.0—1.2)、极度脆弱(1.2—1.5)。结果表明:空间尺度上,长江口口门内生态环境脆弱度最高,生态环境脆弱度从口门内向口门外呈显著的降低趋势,近五年,口门内极度脆弱区空间分布南移;评估区域内,约2000 km~2的极度脆弱区发生了转变,极度脆弱区、重度脆弱区面积占比分别下降了7%和5%,长江口海域生态环境脆弱性明显好转。总体上,近年来大量陆源污染物输入以及生态系统结构变化,是导致长江口生态环境脆弱度较高的重要因素。     

Application of watershed analyses and ecosystem modeling to investigate land–water nutrient coupling processes in the Guadalupe Estuary, Texas

Estuarine nutrient enrichment is thought to be controlled by land use patterns in coastal watersheds. Hence, the objective of this work was to conduct a watershed analysis in two adjacent river basins with different land use characteristics to determine their influence on estuarine ecosystem response in the Guadalupe Estuary, Texas, U.S.A. All data sources for this study were available electronically on the Internet; the data were mined, managed, analyzed and transformed to simulate the estuarine ecosystem response to watershed-derived nutrient loads. Between 1992 and 2001, developed land use/land cover increased the most while forest cover decreased the most in both basins. Two hydrologic units nearest the coast were responsible for the greatest change in land cover. Nutrient concentrations and loads were significantly higher in the San Antonio River Basin than in the Guadalupe River Basin. Both river basins exhibited the highest flows ever recorded in 1992, however the magnitude of difference in loads between the two coastal hydrologic units for a wet and dry year was much greater in the Guadalupe River Basin (GRB) than in the San Antonio River Basin (SARB); this difference supports the concept that the GRB is a nonpoint source dominated system and SARB is a point source dominated system. There was a strong correlation between developed land use and nutrient concentrations in river water; the GRB had less developed land use and lower nutrient concentrations while the SARB had more developed land use and higher nutrient concentrations. Estuarine ecosystem response differed in the timing, duration and magnitude of DIN, phytoplankton and zooplankton when nitrogen loads from the Lower Guadalupe River were used as opposed to the Lower San Antonio. The two basins studied differ in their fundamental characteristics, i.e. precipitation, flow, human population density, etc., resulting in different drivers of nitrogen loading, point sources in the San Antonio River Basin and nonpoint sources in the Guadalupe River Basin, therefore, differing estuarine ecosystem responses.     

长江河口大型工程与水体生境破碎化

河口生境是河口生态系统的一个基本组成部分 ,是海洋典型生境类型之一。人类活动所导致的河口自然生境破碎化的过程 ,是河口综合整治中对河口生态系统影响的一种重要方式。 2 0 0 2年 5～ 6月对长江口深水航道治理一期工程海域水体生境 7个指标进行取样调查 ,研究结果表明 :工程建设已对长江河口海域水体生境破碎化产生了明显影响 ,造成局部小尺度海洋水系改变。依盐度可将河口水体生境分为 3种斑块类型 ,依 DO、COMMn、Si O3- Si、Chl a可分为 2、3、3和 6种斑块类型 ,而依浮游植物 (取自然对数 )和浮游动物个数总数可分为 4种和 5种斑块类型。水体水境 7个指标的景观多样性指数 (H )、优势度指数 (D)和破碎度 (C)存在着显著差异 ,H值以 Chl a最大 (0 .5 8) ,DO最小 (0 .0 4 ) ;D值以 COD最大 (0 .30 ) ,浮游植物最小 (0 .0 8) ;C值以 Chl a最大 (0 .30 ) ,DO最小 (0 .0 5 )。除盐度外 ,2 0 0 2年长江口水体 DO和 COD的斑块数量以及 H、D和 C值均大于一期工程前期 (1997年 5月 )。这表明一期工程建设已对河口水体生境破碎化和生境景观多样性产生明显影响 ,水体生境斑块分布格局受一期工程建设导致的河口局部水动力改变影响很大 ,值得深入研究     

Analysis of the ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island based on its landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity

The ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island of China was assessed using a combined approach of landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity. Models were developed using the following five factors: reciprocal of fractal dimension (FD), isolation (FI), fragmentation (FN), sensitivity of land desertification (SD), and sensitivity of soil erosion (SW). The major findings include: (1) the vulnerability of various landscape types was in the following decreasing order: farmland > forestland > water area. This suggests that the ecosystems of farmland and forestland are unstable and sensitive to external disturbances; (2) significantly positive relationships were found between the vulnerability of landscape types (VI) and SD, VI and FN, FN and SD, and FN and EVI (regional eco-environment vulnerability). This suggests that FN and SD have considerable effects on VI and EVI in this case; (3) there is a good agreement between the predicted and the actual distribution of the EVI zones. EVI value tends to decrease with increasing distance from the coastline and increase with increasing altitude; (4) the landscape pattern and the regional ecological vulnerability in this study is predominantly controlled by human activities, although physical factors such as topography and oceanic influences also play roles in the process; and (5) the establishment of relationships between data with respect to landscape and the regional ecological responses could be beneficial in guiding the ecological construction of this region.     

Analysis of the ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island based on its landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity

The ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island of China was assessed using a combined approach of landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity. Models were developed using the following five factors: reciprocal of fractal dimension (FD), isolation (FI), fragmentation (FN), sensitivity of land desertification (SD), and sensitivity of soil erosion (SW). The major findings include: (1) the vulnerability of various landscape types was in the following decreasing order: farmland > forestland > water area. This suggests that the ecosystems of farmland and forestland are unstable and sensitive to external disturbances; (2) significantly positive relationships were found between the vulnerability of landscape types (VI) and SD, VI and FN, FN and SD, and FN and EVI (regional eco-environment vulnerability). This suggests that FN and SD have considerable effects on VI and EVI in this case; (3) there is a good agreement between the predicted and the actual distribution of the EVI zones. EVI value tends to decrease with increasing distance from the coastline and increase with increasing altitude; (4) the landscape pattern and the regional ecological vulnerability in this study is predominantly controlled by human activities, although physical factors such as topography and oceanic influences also play roles in the process; and (5) the establishment of relationships between data with respect to landscape and the regional ecological responses could be beneficial in guiding the ecological construction of this region.     

基于PSR的黄河河口区生态系统健康评价

根据压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型,从广义上定义河口区生态系统,将河口及毗邻的陆域、海域生态系统作为一个整体,从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标3个方面构建了黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的指标体系,以研究区1991年数据和相关国家标准为基准,2013年代表现况,利用综合指数法(CEI)评价了黄河河口区的生态系统健康状况。结果显示:黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的响应指数最高(0.9055),压力指数居中(0.8288),状态指数最低(0.6458),综合指数为0.7427。总体来看,与1991年相比,目前黄河河口区生态系统仍处于"健康"状态,但健康状况明显下降,其中状态指数下降最为严重。从区域轻度开发到人类活动强烈干扰阶段,黄河河口区存在过度捕捞、湿地不合理开发、浅海养殖过度及污染物排放等一系列影响生态系统健康的问题,应进行区域的生态恢复和科学管理。     

Ecological integrity assessment of the fish assemblages of the Matigulu/Nyoni and Umvoti estuaries,KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

The estuarine fish community index (EFCI) and an estuarine fish guild assessment (EFGA) were used in 2004 and 2008 to determine the ecological state and effects of selected ecosystem variables on the Umvoti and Matigulu/Nyoni estuaries. The EFCI indicated that the Matigulu/Nyoni Estuary was in a moderate state and that the Umvoti Estuary was in a poor to very poor state. The EFGA revealed a clear spatial differentiation, based on the estuaries’ fish community structures, that was being driven primarily by the freshwater-dominated state of the Umvoti Estuary and the poor water quality of the Umvoti Estuary. The analysis of estuarine fish assemblage characteristics was shown to contribute towards the management and conservation of these systems.     

河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程研究进展

通过对近十几年来河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程研究的报道进行综述,阐明该方面研究的最新进展。研究结果表明,河口最大浑浊带的湍流混合过程增大了浮游植物细胞光合作用的机会;重力环流致使浮游植物及其光合作用所需的物质有较长时间的停留;再悬浮过程使微型底栖藻类对最大浑浊带水体中叶绿素产生明显贡献;锋面强烈的辐合聚集作用则可使浮游植物在锋面附近出现高值现象。最后对河口最大浑浊带浮游植物生态动力过程的继续研究提出了几点看法。     

珠江河口的浮游细菌生态学研究进展

河口地区是海陆交互作用的集中地带,生态环境十分脆弱敏感,物质循环机制复杂,而浮游细菌(bacterioplankton)参与的生态过程是河口生态系统物质循环的重要环节。珠江河口是独特的典型亚热带河口。近年的研究表明,浮游细菌在珠江河口生态系统物质循环中占有重要地位,其生产力和丰度受噬菌原生动物(鞭毛虫)和病毒的控制,而且其生物量与浮游植物的数量具有显著的相关性。珠江河口的优势浮游细菌类群为变型菌门(Proteobacteria)和蓝藻菌(Cyanobacteria)等,浮游细菌丰度和群落结构变化主要受到盐度、温度、营养盐水平等因素的影响。珠江河口浮游细菌与地球物质循环功能鲜有报道,而且珠江河口生态系统中有机质的浮游细菌转化机制和生态学效应更是没有深入研究。基于此,本文全面综述了珠江河口浮游细菌种类组成、分布、生物量、地球物质循环及其环境影响因素等方面的研究进展,有助于系统性地揭示近海生态系统的特征;同时,本文作者还对珠江河口浮游细菌生态学研究今后值得关注的科学问题进行了探讨。     

基于景观格局和生态敏感性的海南西部地区生态脆弱性分析

以海南岛西部地区为研究对象,选取分离度、分形维数、破碎度3个景观格局指标和土地沙化、土壤侵蚀2个敏感性指数,构建景观类型脆弱度和区域生态脆弱度模型,从景观格局与生态系统敏感性相结合角度探讨了区域生态环境脆弱性问题。结果表明：（1）研究区耕地的景观类型脆弱度最大,林地次之,水域最小;（2）相关分析显示,景观类型脆弱度与沙化敏感性、景观类型脆弱度与破碎度、破碎度与土地沙化敏感性、破碎度与区域生态环境脆弱性之间存在着显著和极显著的正相关关系;（3）区域生态环境脆弱性分区的空间分布与客观实际吻合良好,表现为：水平方向上,生态脆弱度大体平行于海岸线,呈条带状分布,离海岸线的距离越近脆弱度值越高;垂直方向上,生态脆弱度具有随海拔增高坡度变大而出现增大的趋势;（4）格局指数与区域生态环境脆弱性驱动力间的关联分析,表明琼西区域景观特征和区域生态环境脆弱性的变化主要受人类活动所调控,同时,还受控于海洋和地貌两大自然因素。区域生态脆弱性格局指标与脆弱性驱动力之间有着良好的信息反馈联系;（5）从景观视角出发,建立起景观信息与区域生态环境响应之间的联系,可以从更广、更高层面上来分析与评价区域环境问题,并为区域生态环境的建设提供新的研究方法和思路及有益的实践指导。     

Using RS/GIS for spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis based on DPSIR framework in the Republic of Tatarstan,Russia

The republic of Tatarstan is one of the most growing state in Russia in terms of industrialization and modernization with various natural disasters and intense human activities which brought dramatic changes in the ecological process and then led to serious ecological vulnerability. Therefore this research work proposed an analytical framework based on remote sensing (RS), geographical information system (GIS), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis at pixel level from 2010 to 2020 and developed a driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework based on 23 indicators by the AHP weight method to compute ecological vulnerability index (EVI). Further, EVI was classified into five levels based on natural breaks in ArcGIS software as potential, slight, light, moderate, and heavy levels. All 23 indicators were generated from different remote sensing and socio-economic data, processed through digital image processing techniques in terms of removing errors, projection, standardization, and results were saved in GIS format. Results indicate that from 2010 to 2020, EVI was continuously increased from 0.419 to 0.429, and its changes associated with regional vulnerability events and their impact in the region. The moderate level EVI was covering the highest area in all three years with very few changes and continuously increasing. Results also indicate that higher human-socio-economic activities and pressure on natural resources increased ecological vulnerability. This research work is useful to identify main causes and responsible indicators for ecological vulnerability as well as suitable for real-time EVI mapping, monitoring at any scale and region.     

Composition of inorganic and organic nutrient sources influences phytoplankton community structure in the New River Estuary, North Carolina

The New River Estuary, NC, is a nutrient-sensitive, eutrophic water body that is prone to harmful algal blooms. High annual loading from the watershed of varying nutrient forms, including inorganic phosphorus and inorganic and organic nitrogen, may be linked to the persistence of algal blooms in the estuary. In order to evaluate phytoplankton response to nutrient inputs, a series of in situ nutrient addition experiments were carried out during June 2010 to July 2011 on water from an estuarine site known to support algal blooms. Estuarine water was enriched with nutrients consisting of individual and combined sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, orthophosphate, urea, and a natural dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) addition derived from upstream New River water. The combined inorganic N and P addition most frequently stimulated phytoplankton biomass production as total chlorophyll a. The responses of diagnostic (of major algal groups) photopigments were also evaluated. Significant increases in peridinin (dinoflagellates), chlorophyll b (chlorophytes), and myxoxanthophyll (cyanobacteria) were most frequently promoted by additions containing riverine DON. Significant increases in zeaxanthin (cyanobacteria) were more frequently promoted by inorganic nitrogen additions, while increases in fucoxanthin (diatoms) and alloxanthin (cryptophytes) were not promoted consistently by any one nutrient treatment. Evaluating the impact of varying nutrient forms on phytoplankton community dynamics is necessary in order to develop strategies to avoid long-term changes in community structure and larger-scale changes in ecosystem condition.     

Fishes as indicators of environmental and ecological changes within estuaries: a review of progress and some suggestions for the future

Estuarine habitats, and the fish assemblages associated with them, are potentially impacted upon by many anthropogenic influences which can have a direct influence on the food resources, distribution, diversity, breeding, abundance, growth, survival and behaviour of both resident and migrant fish species. The direct and indirect coupling between ichthyofaunal communities and human impacts on estuaries reinforces the choice of this taxonomic group as a biological indicator that can assist in the formulation of environmental and ecological quality objectives, and in the setting of environmental and ecological quality standards for these systems. This review examines the rationale and value of selecting fishes as bio-indicators of human induced changes within estuaries, using examples from both the northern and southern hemispheres. The monitoring of estuarine 'health' using fish studies at the individual and community level is discussed, with an emphasis on the potential use of estuarine fishes and their monitoring and surveillance in national and international management programmes. In illustrating the above concept, examples are presented of the way in which fishes are threatened by anthropogenic impacts and of the way in which teleosts can contribute to a monitoring of estuarine ecosystem health.     

大辽河口水环境污染生态风险评估

河口生态系统位于河流入海口,是介于河流和海洋之间的生态交错区,也是人类活动集中的区域。针对目前河口生态风险研究较多沿用陆地生态系统模式,并忽略风险分布的空间异质性等问题,以大辽河口为研究区,建立具有针对性的河口区(河海交错区)生态风险评价模型,以盐度和污染源作为划分河口不同区段的主要因素,对不同水期大辽河口生态风险及其空间分布进行有效评估,探讨河口区生态风险时空分布差异规律。结果表明,大辽河口整体生态风险水平相对偏高(三时段风险平均值为0.56),在0至1的生态风险指数空间中超过中等风险水平;就时间尺度上而言,造成大辽河口区生态风险差异的主要原因是径流量;就空间尺度而言,大辽河口区生态风险空间分布受上游来水携带污染物、下游污染源排放以及入海口门段海水稀释作用三者共同影响。因此,从根本上讲,改善并提高河口区域的生态风险水平,应密切关注人类活动对河口态系统造成的不良影响,并应以提高整个流域整体生态状况为根本目标和途径,这样才有助于从根本上解决产生河口区域生态风险的环境问题。     

Monitoring rapid vegetation succession in estuarine wetland using time series MODIS-based indicators: An application in the Yangtze River Delta area

Frequent and continuous time series is required for the detection of plant phenology and vegetation succession. The launch of novel remote sensor MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) provided us with an opportunity to make a new trial of studying the rapid vegetation succession in estuarine wetlands. In this study, the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover and tidal flat elevation along a transect (covering 6 pixels of MODIS) of an estuarine wetland at Dongtan, Chongming Island, in Yangtze River estuary, China were investigated to assess its rapid vegetation succession and physical conditions. By combining the field data collected, the time series of MODIS-based VIs (vegetation indices), including NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), EVI (enhanced vegetation index) and MSAVI (modified soil adjusted vegetation index), and a water index, LSWI (land surface water index) were utilized to characterize the rapid vegetation succession between 2001 and 2006. We found that NDVI, EVI and MSAVI exhibited significant spatial and temporal correlations with vegetation succession, while LSWI behaved in a positive manner with surface water and soil moisture along with the successional stages. In order to take the advantages of both VIs and water index, a composite index of VWR (vegetation water ratio) combining LSWI and EVI or MSAVI was proposed in this paper. This index facilitates the identification of vegetation succession by simply comparing the values of VWR at different stages, and therefore it could track vegetation succession and estimate community spread rate. Additionally, this study presented an attempt of using MODIS datasets to monitor the change of tidal flat elevation, which demonstrated a potential remote sensing application in geodesy of coastal and estuarine areas.     

我国主要河口沉积物中多环芳烃细菌降解及生物修复强化方式的研究进展

河口是海洋及陆地交互作用的集中地带,其生态环境的健康状况对所在地区人类居住及社会经济的可持续发展十分重要。近年来,河口城市的快速发展导致了大量的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)在河口沉积物中积累,持久地影响水生生态系统的健康,其降解与转化逐渐成为近年来的研究热点。本文总结发现,我国主要河口(珠江口、长江口、辽河口、海河口)沉积物中的PAHs降解菌主要分布于假单胞菌门、放线菌门及芽孢杆菌门,其中克雷伯氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属及假单胞菌属报道较多。在河口沉积物中,PAHs的细菌降解主要是通过低效率的厌氧降解途径。低氧、高盐度是PAHs细菌降解的不利条件,温度与pH值的变化也为实地生物修复的应用效率带来了不确定性。表面活性剂、营养物与外源电子受体的添加以及共代谢作用均可促进沉积物细菌对PAHs的降解。目前多数研究以实验室规模开展,而河口沉积物生境复杂,建议未来针对河口沉积物的环境特点进行PAHs降解功能菌株种质资源的挖掘,并根据实际情况灵活制定强化策略。本综述为进一步从我国主要河口沉积物中筛选PAHs高效降解菌及其利用提供了思路与参考。     

RESPONSES OF THE PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY GROWTH RATE TO NUTRIENT PULSES IN VARIABLE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS

In estuaries, phytoplankton are exposed to rapidly changing conditions that may have profound effects on community structure and function. In these experiments, we evaluated the growth, productivity, and compositional responses of natural phytoplankton communities exposed to limiting nutrient additions and incubation conditions typical of estuarine habitats. Mesocosm bioassays were used to measure the short-term (2-day) growth rate, primary productivity, and group-specific biomass responses of the phytoplankton community in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. A three-factor (mixing, sediment addition, and nutrient addition) experimental design was applied using 55-L mesocosm tanks. Growth rates were determined using the ¹⁴C photopigment radiolabeling method, and the abundance of algal groups was based on quantification of chemosystematic photopigments by HPLC. For Neuse River Estuary phytoplankton communities, stratified (nonmixed), turbid, and low-nitrate conditions favored increases in cryptomonad biomass. Mixed, turbid, high-nitrate conditions were favorable for increased primary productivity and chlorophytes, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. The highest community growth rates occurred under calm, high-nitrate conditions. This approach provided an assessment of the community-level phytoplankton responses and insights into the mechanisms driving blooms and bloom species in estuarine waters. The ability to rapidly alter growth rates to capitalize on conditions conducive for growth may play an important role in the timing, extent, and species involved with blooms in estuarine waters. Adaptive growth rate responses of individual species, as well as the community as a whole, further illustrate the sensitivity of estuarine ecosystems to excessive N inputs.     

Specific clinical, epidemiological patterns and laboratory diagnostics of enterovirus infection in the Republic of Belarus

The clinical and epidemiological patterns as well as the results of the laboratory verification of the outbreak of enterovirus infection (EVI) in Minsk during the period of summer-autumn, 2000, are presented. During this outbreak a variety of clinical forms were observed, the serous meningitis being prevalent (57.5%). Practically simultaneous occurrence of infection on the territory of all administrative districts of the city, the predominant involvement of children aged up to 14 years into the outbreak, a high proportion of simultaneous casualities in the multiple foci. A number of circulating enteroviruses (EV)--ECHO 30, ECHO 6 of three serotypes and Coxsackie B5--were simultaneously isolated from clinical material. EV of the same serotypes were isolated from tap drinking water, and neutralizing antibodies to these serotypes were often detected in the patients blood sera. Infectious EV were also present in samples of bottled water and in water reservoirs used for bathing. The routes of EV transmission and the improvement of EVI control are discussed.