基于MODIS数据的松嫩平原西部芦苇湿地地上生物量遥感估算

芦苇作为湿地生态系统中重要的群落类型,其地上生物量是衡量湿地生态系统质量的关键指标。应用面向对象的土地覆盖分类技术,基于多季相Landsat8 OLI遥感数据,提取松嫩平原西部芦苇湿地分布信息;依托野外实测芦苇地上生物量数据(AGB)和同期MODIS数据源的NDVI、EVI、RVI、MSAVI和WDVI 5种光谱植被指数,探讨不同光谱植被指数对芦苇AGB的敏感性,进而构建松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB遥感估算最优模型,并进行芦苇AGB遥感反演及空间格局分析。结果表明:2014年松嫩平原西部地区芦苇总面积为1653 km~2,其中扎龙湿地自然保护区内芦苇分布面积最大(1178km~2),占区域芦苇总面积的71.3%;所选取的5种植被指数均与芦苇AGB呈极显著正相关(P0.01),基于EVI构建的指数曲线模型为松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB反演的最优模型(R2=0.55)。研究区芦苇平均AGB为372.1g/m~2,AGB总量为6.14×105t,其中扎龙湿地自然保护区内芦苇AGB总量为4.38×105t;各保护区芦苇平均AGB由大到小依次为:向海保护区(469.7 g/m~2)大布苏保护区(454.1 g/m~2)莫莫格保护区(373.0 g/m~2)扎龙保护区(372.4 g/m~2)查干湖保护区(369.8 g/m~2);松嫩平原西部芦苇AGB总体呈现南高北低的分布格局,将为湿地生态系统管理与保护及芦苇资源的合理利用提供科学依据。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸植物类群对模拟降水和施氮的响应

 研究了青藏高原高寒矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）草甸植物类群对模拟夏季增减雨量、冬春增雪以及增施氮肥下的响应。结果表明：1999年模拟减少降雨20%～40%和增加雨量20%～40%下禾草类、杂类草和莎草类的综合优势比（SDR）和地上生物量变化均不显著。冬春增雪100%有利于禾草类夏季的生长,冬春增雪对植物类群的影响大于夏季雨量的增加。夏季增施氮150 kg·hm－2和增施氮300 kg·hm－2禾草类的盖度比、高度比、SDR和地上生物量明显增大,而杂类草的盖度比和高度比、SDR及地上生物量在施氮300 kg·hm－2下显著减低,在施氮150 kg·hm－2水平上禾草类的生物量的增加与杂类草生物量的降低存在相互补偿的作用机制。在水分资源不利的（如减少雨量）的干扰下,其敏感性表现为杂类草大于禾草类,莎草类最小。莎草类植物对各种处理下响应不敏感,也说明它对资源环境的波动有很强的适应性。缺水年（1999年）模拟增加雨量20%～40%的条件下,可缓解降水量减少的影响,相反模拟减少雨量20%～40%会增强干旱的影响程度。     

广西龙门岛群桐花树天然林生物量的初步研究

 本研究测定了广西龙门岛群桐花树天然林地上部分的生物量。按径阶标准木法分别调查了3种不同年龄阶段天然林的群落生物量,根据18株不同径阶标准木的测定数据,建立了估测群落单株林木地上部各器官生物量的回归方程,方程的相关系数均达极显著水平,估测精度较高,具有实用价值。研究的结果表明,5年、l7年和20年生的桐花树群落地上部生物量分别为3743.5g／m2、7279.0g／m2和8817.1g／m2,年均生产量分别为748.7g／m2·a、428.2g／m2·a和440.9g／m2·a。     

基于HJ1B和ALOS/PALSAR数据的森林地上生物量遥感估算

森林地上生物量的精确估算能够减小碳储量估算的不确定性。为了探寻一种有效地提高森林生物量估算精度的方法,探讨了基于遥感物理模型和经验统计模型估算山地森林地上生物量的方法。首先,基于Li-Strahler几何光学模型和多元前向模式(MFM)进行模型模拟,结合查找表算法(LUT)从多光谱图像HJ1B估算贺兰山研究区的森林地上生物量。其次,采用统计方法建立了2种回归模型:(1)多光谱图像HJ1B进行混合像元分解(SMA),并与雷达图像ALOS/PALSAR进行图像融合建立生物量回归模型;(2)雷达图像ALOS/PALSAR后向散射系数和实测生物量建立了生物量回归模型。用实测数据对3种算法估算结果进行精度验证。研究结果表明:采用几何光学模型和MFM算法估算的森林地上生物量精度最好(决定系数R2=0.61,均方根误差RMSE=8.33 t/hm2,P0.001),其估算地上生物量与实测值一致性较好,估算生物量精度略优于SMA估算的精度(R2=0.60,RMSE=9.417 t/hm2);ALOS/PALSAR多元回归估算的精度最差(R2=0.39,RMSE=14.89 t/hm2)。由此可见,采用几何光学模型和混合像元分解SMA适合估算森林地上生物量,利用这2种方法进行森林地上生物量遥感监测研究具有一定的应用潜力。     

森林碳库特征及驱动因子分析研究进展

森林碳库作为全球碳库的重要组成部分,在区域以及全球碳循环中发挥重要作用。森林生态系统有机碳库主要由3部分组成:活植物碳库、土壤有机质碳库和死植物体碳库。各碳库时空差异很大,使研究森林碳储存机制存在很大的不确定性。在全球或者区域尺度上,森林生物量(与森林碳储量密切相关)呈现出清晰的分布格局,但对于这些格局的驱动因子与地上生物量的相关关系和尺度外推程度尚有很大的争议。分别讨论了气候、土壤、地形和生物因子对地上生物量的影响;而后,从各生态因子与地上生物量之间的直接或者间接关系入手,分析了各因子与生物量之间的交互作用,认为目前运用相同的处理方式来研究环境因子和生物因子对森林生物量的影响是不合适的。文章最后介绍两种新的研究方法:层次模型和生境分类,以期用来重新评估生态因子对森林生物量的影响,有助于更准确的了解森林碳储存机制。     

Shading by Phragmites australis: a threat for species-rich fen meadows?

Abstract. Common reed (Phragmites australis Trin.) has spread in fen meadows on the Swiss Plateau during the last decades. An increased dominance of this tall grass may reduce the plant species richness and displace rare or endangered species because of the additional shade. To investigate whether this has actually happened and whether shading by Phragmites was likely to be responsible for the reduction, the plant species composition was surveyed in 241 plots (4 m²) with differing above-ground biomass of Phragmites (ABP). Species richness and the occurrence of characteristic fen species were negatively related to site productivity (total above-ground biomass), but correlations with ABP were generally weaker. The main change associated with increasing ABP within species-rich fens (alliances Molinion and Caricion davallianae) was an increase of species characteristic of the more species-poor alliance Filipendulion. Thus, Phragmites did apparently not play a disproportionate role in the reduction of species richness in the plant communities studied. Selective clipping experiments and light measurements also indicated that shading by Phragmites does not have a strong effect upon the performance of other species in the community, at least in the short term. The reason appeared to lie in the later seasonal growth of Phragmites compared with the other species. These results suggest that the direct impact of shading by Phragmites on the species richness of fen meadows is probably lower than has been assumed. However, possible long-term or indirect effects still need to be investigated.     

Heterogeneity of tree diversity and carbon stocks in Amazonian oil palm landscapes

ABSTRACT

Background: Quantitative effects of large-scale oil palm expansion in the Neotropics on biodiversity and carbon stocks are still poorly documented.

Aims: We evaluated differences in tree species composition and richness, and above-ground carbon stocks among dominant land cover types in Pará state, Brazil.

Methods: We quantified tree species composition and richness and above-ground carbon stock in stands in remnant primary rain forest, young secondary forest, oil palm plantation and pastures.

Results: We sampled 5,696 trees with a DBH ≥ 2 cm, of 413 species in 68 families, of which 381 species were recorded in primary forest fragments. We found significant differences in species richness and carbon stock among the four land cover classes. Carbon stocks in remnant primary forest were typically over 190 Mg ha^?1, while those in other land cover types were typically less than 60 Mg ha^?1.

Conclusion: Oil palm plantations have a species-poor tree community given active management; old plantations have a standing carbon stock which is comparable to that of secondary forest and far greater than that of pastures. Private forest reserves within oil palm company holdings play an important role in preserving primary forest tree diversity in human-modified landscapes in Amazonia.     

Contrasting patterns of diameter and biomass increment across tree functional groups in Amazonian forests

Species' functional traits may help determine rates of carbon gain, with physiological and morphological trade-offs relating to shade tolerance affecting photosynthetic capacity and carbon allocation strategies. However, few studies have examined these trade-offs from the perspective of whole-plant biomass gain of adult trees. We compared tree-level annual diameter increments and annual above-ground biomass (AGB) increments in eight long-term plots in hyper-diverse northwest Amazonia to wood density (rho; a proxy for shade tolerance), whilst also controlling for resource supply (light and soil fertility). rho and annual diameter increment were negatively related, confirming expected differences in allocation associated with shade tolerance, such that light-demanding species allocate a greater proportion of carbon to diameter gain at the expense of woody tissue density. However, contrary to expectations, we found a positive relationship between rho and annual AGB increment in more fertile sites, although AGB gain did not differ significantly with rho class on low-fertility sites. Whole-plant carbon gain may be greater in shade-tolerant species due to higher total leaf area, despite lower leaf-level carbon assimilation rates. Alternatively, rates of carbon loss may be higher in more light-demanding species: higher rates of litterfall, respiration or allocation to roots, are all plausible mechanisms. However, the relationships between rho and AGB and diameter increments were weak; resource availability always exerted a stronger influence on tree growth rates.     

Plant Biomass,Nutrient Concentration and Nutrient Storage in a Tropical Dry Forest in the South–west of Madagascar

Plant biomass, mineral composition and the amounts of nutrients in the different fractions of the vegetation were determined for a dense dry deciduous forest growing on light red sands in south-western Madagascar. Complete harvesting and soil coring were used to determine the above- and below-ground biomass respectively. The above-ground biomass, weighing 118 t ha⁻¹ (dry matter), was mostly (96%) made up of phanerophytes (woody trees and shrubs >25 cm tall). Dead material (litter and dead wood on the soil surface) represented 13.8 t ha⁻¹. These results fit well into the range of values reported for other tropical ecosystems. The below-ground biomass was 17.8 t ha⁻¹ giving a root/shoot ratio of 0.15. Rooting is superficial. The nutrient concentration in this dry forest on light reddish-brown sands is, as in other dry forests, considerably higher than that usually found for humid forests. Calcium is the most abundant element. The plant biomass Ca/K ratio is much higher than that of humid tropical forests. In spite of its high originality, this Madagascan dry forest has the same behaviour as other dry forests of the world.     

Grain size affects the relationship between species richness and above-ground biomass in semi-arid rangelands

ABSTRACT

Background: Discrepancies in the shape of the productivity–diversity relationship may arise from differences in spatial scale. We hypothesised that there is a grain size effect on the productivity–diversity relationship.

Aims: To determine the effect of three sampling grain sizes on the productivity–diversity relationship.

Methods: We applied generalised linear mixed effect models on community data from 735 vegetation plots in the Taleghan rangelands, Iran, sampled at three grain sizes (0.25, 1 and 2 m²) to ascertain plant productivity-diversity patterns, while accounting for the effects of site, plant community type, disturbance, and life form.

Results: Overall, relationships between biomass and plant species richness were unimodal at grain sizes of 0.25 and 1 m², and asymptotical at 2 m². The spurious occurrence of a single large shrub may overwhelm a small-sized sampling unit, resulting in a high estimate of the sample’s biomass relative to species richness. However, the relationship between biomass and species richness at larger grain sizes is more likely to reach an asymptote.

Conclusions: Shrubs are partly responsible for driving the relationship between plant biomass and species richness. Given that the frequency of shrubs is highly variable between small plots but not so in large plots, their presence may result in unimodal productivity–diversity relationships at small but not at large grain sizes.     

Species abundances influence the net biodiversity effect in mixtures of two plant species

Species abundances (evenness or identity of the dominant species in mixtures) usually are not rigorously controlled when testing relationships between plant production and species richness and may be highly dynamic in disturbed or early successional communities. Changes in species abundances may affect the yield of mixtures relative to yields expected from species monocultures [the net biodiversity effect (NBE)] by changing how species that differ in function are distributed in the plant community. To test the prediction that variation in species abundances affects the NBE via changes in the expression of functional differences among species (the complementarity effect), we grew perennial grasses and forbs in field plots in central Texas, USA, as equal-density monocultures and two-species mixtures in which relative abundances of species were varied. Function should differ more consistently between species of different growth forms than of the same growth form. We predicted, therefore, that the complementarity effect and influence of species abundances on the NBE would be more pronounced in grass/forb mixtures than in mixtures with species of the same growth form (grass/grass and forb/forb mixtures). The NBE varied with species evenness in two of the six species pairs studied and with identity of the dominant species in a third species combination. The NBE was sensitive to species proportions in both grass/grass and grass/forb assemblages. In all combinations in which the NBE differed with either evenness or identity of the dominant species, the variation resulted largely from change in the complementarity effect. Our results suggest that the NBE of mixtures is sensitive to effects of species ratios on complementarity.     

模拟增温效应对矮嵩草草甸影响的初步研究

通过采用国际冻原计划（ＩＴＥＸ）模拟增温效应对植被影响的方法。研究了矮蒿草（Ｋｏｂｒｅｓｉａ ｈｕｍｉｌｉｓ）草甸的物候、群落结构和直生物量对温度升高的响应,结果表明：温室内温、地表温度、土壤表层温度可分别提高１．４７℃、１．５４℃、１．００℃。组成植物群落的种群物候期可以提前和延迟,植物生长期延长,组成植物群落主要种群的高度,盖度,重要值均有提高,种群结构发生一定变化。地上生物量发生变化,其中禾