山西平朔露天矿区不同年限复垦地植被重建特征对比分析

平朔矿区是中国首个露井联采的亿t级矿区,剧烈的采煤活动导致矿区局部植被彻底损毁,植被重建是矿区生态系统恢复重建的保障,目前针对长期复垦序列下矿区复垦地植被重建特征与演替规律的研究较少。以复垦年限分别为6 a、7 a、25 a和27 a的复垦排土场和原地貌样地为研究对象,采用时空替代法和描述性统计分析法分析了不同复垦年限下复垦地的植被重建特征,并与原地貌进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：(1)植被重建工作显著提高了复垦地的物种丰富度,各复垦地乔灌植株的物种丰富度明显高于原地貌。但在重建植被演替过程中,并非随复垦年限增加,物种丰富度越来越高;复垦地Shannon-Wiener指数随复垦年限增加呈先增后减的变化趋势,该值在R-25a样地达到峰值(0.62),其与复垦地的植物物种组成及其自身生长习性、土壤条件、降水等自然条件和人为干扰等息息相关。(2)从乔木植株的生长状况来看,刺槐作为先锋树种,是植被重建时可优先选择的乔木树种。从复垦地草本植株组成来看,草本植物以多年生为主,占比77.78%;从草本植株的重要值来看,草本优势种以禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)和豆科(Le...     

Vegetation patterns to characterize stream valleys in Hilly Southern Québec,Canada

Patterns in vegetation landscapes depend on a complex interplay between processes operating at various scales in time and space. Large-scale variations in environmental factors such as climate and landforms set a background in which smaller local-scale processes are involved. Disturbances superimpose variations on environmental factors and are also dependent on these. Stream valleys of hilly land in Southern Québec have been examined at different scales. Vegetation landscape units have been characterized at the level of landform (vegetation pattern), topographic gradient (geosigmassociation) and ecosite (synassociation). Extension of the methodology up to biogeographical units and practical applications are considered. xx]Nomenclature: plants: Scoggan, 1979; phytosociological units: Ansseau \s& Grandtner, 1986 \s& 1988; Theurillat \s& Moravec, 1990a, b. papers presented at the Vth INTECOL Congress at Yokohama 1990.     

Vegetation patterns in relation to micro-scale landforms in hilly land regions

Spatial structures of landforms as constants affecting vegetation patterns are discussed based on analyses of hilly land regions, mostly in the vicinity of Sendai, northeast Japan. The lower part of a hillslope is characterized by relatively active processes of soil erosion, landslides and slope failure. It supports a plant community different from that on the upper part of the hillslope. These two parts are termed the lower hillslope and the upper hillslope, respectively. The upper hillslope consists of valley heads with no stream water nor stream channels. Since a valley head is comprised of several micro-scale landform units, an upper hillslope can be subdivided into these landform units. Plant communities vary in their species compositions and structures as well as in some other ecological characteristics paralleling changes in their respective micro-scale landform units. However, the variations in species composition within upper hillslopes are not as extreme as those between the upper and lower hillslopes. xx]Papers presented at the Vth INTECOL Congress at YOKO-hama 1990.     

Vegetative communities as indicators of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity

Accurately measuring biodiversity is essential for successful conservation planning. Due to biodiversity’s complexity, specific taxa are often chosen as indicators of patterns of diversity as a whole. Such taxa can include vegetation which can inform conservation decisions by demarcating land units for management strategies. For land units to be useful, they must be accurate spatial representations of the species assemblages present on the landscape. In this study, we determined whether land units classified by vegetative communities predicted the community structure of a diverse group of invertebrates—the ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Specifically, that (1) land units of the same classification contained similar carabid species assemblages and that (2) differences in species structure were correlated with variation in land unit characteristics, including canopy and ground cover, vegetation structure, tree density, leaf litter depth, and soil moisture. The study site, the Braidwood Dunes and Savanna Nature Preserve in Will County, Illinois is a mosaic of differing land units. Carabid beetles were sampled continuously with pitfall trapping for 1 year (excluding winter) from September 2011 to November 2011 and from March 2012 to September 2012. Land unit characteristics were measured in July 2012. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinated the land units by their carabid species assemblages into five ecologically meaningful clusters: disturbed, marsh, prairie, restoration, and savanna. The subset of land unit characteristics with the highest rank correlation with the NMDS ordination included soil moisture, leaf litter depth, percentage of canopy cover, and percentage of grass ground cover. Land units classified by vegetative communities effectively represented carabid species assemblages.     

Detecting complex relations among vegetation,soil and geomorphology. An in-depth method applied to a case study in the Apennines (Italy)

Physical environment is the ruling factor of vegetation patterns in mountain areas, where vegetation mosaics are determined by a complex interplay among topography, geomorphology and soil. A deep analysis of such interplay is pivotal in order to build vegetation anamnesis and make sound projections. Instead, even recent cartographic models are still linked to standard statistical methods which are not on top of an efficient uncovering of knotty associations among these kinds of data. To this aim, in this study we propose a novel approach for: (a) assessing the associations among vegetation, soil, topography and geomorphology; (b) measuring the frequency and strength of these associations; (c) define in a rigorous way land units based on vegetation–soil–geomorphology associations; (d) advance hypotheses on the causes and prospects of the existing spatial pattern. In order to test the strength of the proposed methodology we applied it to a case study in the above-tree-line glacial cirque of Mount Prado (Northern Apennines, N Italy). In this area, the vegetation mosaic is still strongly conditioned by physical features but in a lower measure with respect to the higher alpine sites. We have been able to detect and weight 168 kinds of associations among vegetation, soil and geomorphological types, 1092 kinds of associations among vegetation and topographic variables and 12 land units with inner dominance of a particular association. The analysis of associations between vegetation types, soils, topography and landforms produced considerable insights into the ecology of the occurring plant communities. This proposed analytic methodology can be extended to other regions (e.g. mountain and alpine areas) and can also be considered a tool for interpreting present landscape heterogeneity also in a historical perspective.     

岩溶山区水分时空异质性及植物适应机理研究进展

西南岩溶地区虽然降水充沛,但因具有二元水文结构,地表水大量渗漏、地下水深埋,加上土层浅薄且分布不连续、土壤储水能力低,岩溶干旱严重,水分亏缺仍然是植被恢复重建的关键限制因子。如何有效地进行植被的恢复重建和实现水土资源的协调利用,是该地区石漠化综合治理面临的主要难题。由于地质背景的特殊性、地形地貌的复杂性和生境的高度异质性,岩溶山区水分运移过程与其他类型区显著不同,亟需综合考虑岩性、地形地貌、土壤与岩石分布、植被等因素的影响。在简要介绍岩溶山区土壤-岩石环境特征的基础上,综述了降雨入渗产流规律、水分时空异质性、植物水分来源及适应机理等几个方面的研究进展,探讨了当前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。今后应以大气-植被-土壤-岩石系统为研究对象,将水分运移过程与植物的水分利用方式有机结合,综合运用土壤物理学、生态水文学、植物生理学、岩溶地质学等多学科研究手段,探讨表层岩溶带的水文调节功能及其主要影响因素,揭示坡面、小流域尺度植被与水文过程的相互作用机理,为西南岩溶山区水源涵养型植物群落的优化配置提供科学依据。     

干旱区生态系统稳态转换及其预警信号——基于景观格局特征的识别方法

在日益加剧的气候变化和土地开垦、放牧等人类活动干扰下,具有多稳态特征的干旱区生态系统可能会经历从相对健康状态到退化状态的稳态转换,导致生态系统的功能下降。早期预警信号的识别是生态系统稳态转换研究的热点,也是管理实践中防止生态系统退化的关键环节。以往预警信号研究聚焦于通用信号如自相关性、方差等统计学指标,然而这些指标对于具有特定机制的干旱区生态系统可能并不适用。基于干旱区景观格局特征所发展起来的空间指标为生态系统稳态转换提供了独特的空间视角,对于理解干旱区生态系统退化过程和机理具有科学意义和实践价值。介绍了干旱区生态系统稳态转换现象及其转换机制;聚焦景观生态学的指标和方法,从空间视角总结基于干旱区景观格局特征的关键预警指标(植被覆盖度、植被斑块形态、植被斑块大小频率分布和水文连通性等),重点剖析这些关键指标的概念、量化方法、识别特征及其实践应用;最后针对指标的优势和局限性对未来的研究方向进行展望,包括发掘潜在景观指标,加强干旱区生态系统变化的多种驱动要素的相互作用机制研究,开展多时空尺度的实证研究,构建生态系统稳态转换预警信号的整体分析框架,以及加强指标阈值的量化研究等方面。     

The forest–alpine ecotone: a multi-scale approach to spatial and temporal dynamics of treeline change at Niwot Ridge

Background: Current understanding of treeline or forest-alpine ecotone (FAE) dynamics does not fully explain past and present FAE patterns and their underlying processes, nor allow prediction of their response to climate change.

Aims: We address the overarching hypothesis that the FAE is a mosaic of distinct landscape units of vegetation and landforms that result in differential responses to climate change. We focus on climate-related, landscape and vegetation characteristics, but also consider the effect of landscape heterogeneity on biogeochemistry and overall resilience of the FAE to climate change.

Results: There are three distinct FAE land units at Niwot Ridge, generated by different interactions of climate with vegetation, landforms and topography. Within these FAEs, a process of self-organisation takes place from organism to patch to landscape scales, and is modulated by positive and negative feedback loops along an elevation gradient. The underlying controls cannot be attributed solely to temperature, but to a combination of interactions along a physical/biotic gradient.

Conclusions: FAE dynamics result from interactions among mechanisms and processes at the microsite, patch and landscape scales: (1) tree persistence; (2) forest patch establishment; (3) drivers of patch forest configurations and (4) resilience, increasing along a gradient of biotic control.     

平朔黄土露天矿区复垦地表层土壤微生物与酶活性分析

矿区是当今世界陆地生态系统被破坏和退化最严重的区域之一,在进行露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建时不仅要恢复地表植被和生物,还应重视地下土壤微生物生态系统的构建,而国内外相关研究多集中在植被重建及土壤理化性质监测方面,利用土壤微生物及酶活性揭示矿区重构土壤状况的研究尚不多见。通过8个样地24个土壤剖面的采样分析,采用时空替代法和单因素方差分析法对平朔矿区不同复垦年限的排土场和原地貌0—20 cm表层土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量及蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性及变化进行研究,旨在分析其特征及差异。研究结果表明:(1)从微生物数量及酶活性特征来看,无论复垦年限的时间长短,细菌数量在3类微生物中占有绝对优势,占微生物总数的99.20%以上,其次是放线菌,真菌的数量最少;脲酶活性在3种酶中活性最大,其次是蔗糖酶活性,磷酸酶活性最低。(2)从微生物数量和酶活性的变化状况来看,3类微生物数量和3种酶活性在0—20 cm土层随复垦年限的变化趋势相一致,均随复垦年限的变化先增长后降低,而后又随着复垦年限的增长不断增加。(3)在0—20 cm土层,复垦27年的南排土场的土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量在复垦后达到了189.3333×10⁵ cfu/g、0.1312×10⁵ cfu/g和1.1463×10⁵ cfu/g,复垦效果达到原地貌3类土壤微生物数量的65.88%、66.46%和67.74%;蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别达到1.9600 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1、6.3600 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1和1.4533 mg 100 g^-1 h^-1,复垦效果分别达到原地貌83.40%、86.30%和86.85%。因此开展矿区土地复垦后土壤微生物及酶活性的相关研究,能够在一定程度上及时反映土地复垦后的土壤质量以及生态系统的恢复状况,以便采取更加合理的复垦方法来提高矿区生态恢复的速度和效果。     

海南岛热带森林景观类型多样性

依据景观生态学原理,按地貌、气候、土壤、植被和土地利用方式的分异,以带、域、省、区、类型为5个基本单位及亚、组等为辅助单位,组建海南岛热带森林景观类型分类体系。把海南岛热带森林景观作为省级单位,它隶属于全球热带林景观带、亚洲（东方）热带林景观域、中国热带林景观亚域,其下划分为东部潮湿森林景观、西部半干旱森林景观、中南部山地森林景观、热带常绿针叶林景观、热带竹林景观和热带人工林景观6个森林景观区;以热带低地沟谷热带雨林为代表的11个森林景观亚区;以热带低地沟谷龙脑香森林景观为代表的26个森林景观类型组;以热带低地沟谷青皮林为代表的54个森林景观类型。海南岛热带森林景观类型分类体系较全面地表达了海南岛热带森林景观类型多样性。     

Opportunistic wetland formation on reconstructed landforms in a sub-humid climate: influence of site and landscape-scale factors

Initiation of wetland features is integral to sustaining landscape eco-hydrological function and meeting defined goals in surface mine reclamation. Within the sub humid climate of the Athabasca Oil Sands, Canada, the water generation mechanisms (external water sources, internal feedback mechanisms) that enable wetlands to form opportunistically on recently reconstructed landscapes are currently unknown, restricting the flexibility in mine closure planning. To address this knowledge gap, we interpret site and local physical characteristics of opportunistic wetlands within the Athabasca Oil Sands through a synoptic survey. Wetlands formed in ~?8% of the random survey transect areas designed and planted for forestlands. Wetlands had vegetation structures characteristic of woody Salix spp. swamps and narrow-leaved Carex spp. marsh wetland types, with minor coverage of open water marshes. Wetlands formed opportunistically over a range of slopes, aspects and topographic positions, across contrasting fine and coarse-textured landforms. However, different wetland establishment and maintenance controls exist on fine and coarse-textured landforms. On coarse-textured landforms with large groundwater transmissivity, wetland formation was influenced by landscape-scale factors; wetlands were restricted to the toes of slopes and areas intersecting groundwater. On fine-textured constructed landforms, small and large wetlands occurred on lower landscape elevations with the potential for the external (cumulative) water sources, and in hydrologically isolated locations with little potential for runoff contribution from adjacent forestlands (saturation and wetland formation through internal feedback mechanisms). Regardless of landscape position, wetlands formed on flat areas and in shallow inward draining endorheic pans with clay rich soils where low water storage potential promotes frequent surface saturation. These findings have important implications in landscape reclamation design, suggesting that passive techniques that support internal feedback mechanisms may offer a more cost effective reclamation approach compared to more active, expensive techniques that aim to develop wetlands with external water sources.

     

Effects of wildfire, rainfall and region on desert lizard assemblages: the importance of multi-scale processes

Vertebrate populations are influenced by environmental processes that operate at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Wildfire is a disturbance that can affect vertebrate populations across large spatial scales, although vertebrate responses are frequently influenced by processes operating at smaller spatial scales such as topography, interspecific interactions and regional history. Here, we investigate the effects of a broad-scale wildfire on lizard assemblages in a desert region. We predicted that a rainfall gradient within the region affected by the wildfire would influence lizard responses to the fire by encouraging post-fire succession to proceed more rapidly in high-rainfall areas, and would be enabled in turn by more rapid vegetation recovery. To test our prediction, we censused lizards, measured rainfall, undertook vegetation surveys and sampled invertebrate abundance across burnt and unburnt habitat ecotones within three regional areas situated along a gradient of long-term annual rainfall. Lizard diversity was not affected by fire or region and lizard abundance was influenced only by region. Lizard assemblage composition was also only influenced by region, but this did not relate to differences in rainfall or habitat as we had predicted. Regional differences in lizard assemblages related instead to food availability. The observed differences also likely reflected regional differences in the strength of biotic interactions with predators and changes in land use. Our study shows that assemblage responses to a disturbance were not uniform within a large desert region and instead were influenced by other environmental processes operating simultaneously at multiple temporal and spatial scales.     

Grasshopper biodiversity and bioindicators in Australian tropical savannas: Responses to disturbance in Kakadu National Park

Grasshoppers are a dominant group of herbivorous insects throughout the world, and their high diversity, functional importance, sensitivity to disturbance and ease of sampling makes them potentially useful bioindicators for land management. In Australia, however, the dynamics of grasshopper assemblages are extremely poorly understood. Here we describe the responses of grasshopper (Acridoidea, Eumastacoidea and Tettigonioidea) assemblages in the Kakadu region of the Northern Territory, Australia to disturbance associated with mining. Three questions were addressed in this study: (i) do local grasshopper assemblages show consistent responses to disturbance?; (ii) can particular species or functional groups be identified that are reliable indicators of ecological disturbance?; and (iii) to what extent do the responses of grasshopper assemblages merely reflect those of vegetation? Grasshoppers were sampled at 26 sites located in and around the Ranger uranium mine, representing three habitat types with respect to degree of disturbance: (i) ‘natural’ (10 sites representing a range of ‘undisturbed’ savanna habitats); (ii) ‘disturbed’ (10 sites representing a range of disturbances, but with soil intact); and (iii) ‘waste rock’ (six sites undergoing rehabilitation on a constructed landform). A total of 56 grasshopper species in 46 genera was recorded during the study, with site species richness ranging from five to 20. There were no significant differences between habitat types in site species diversity, but multivariate analysis demonstrated a strong correspondence between grasshopper species composition and degree of habitat disturbance. Using Indicator Species Analysis, six species and one functional group were identified as significant indicators of habitat type in relation to disturbance. Grasshopper responses were correlated with that of vegetation, but grasshopper assemblages showed apparently meaningful differentiation among disturbed sites that was not evident on the basis of floristic data. Our results demonstrate that grasshopper assemblages respond to disturbances associated with human land use and that these responses do not simply reflect those of plants. Grasshoppers are therefore potentially useful bioindicators of ecological disturbance in Australia, but further work is required on the extent to which their responses reflect general ecological change.     

中国西北干旱区生态区划

从国内外生态区划、生态土地分类和生态 生产范式的研究和发展入手, 从生态利用的角度出发, 在西北干旱区生态区域分异规律的基础上, 结合当地的社会经济发展特点, 全面完成了西北干旱区的生态区划方案。本着既尊重自然规律又符合可持续发展的生态 生产范式的原则, 在西北干旱区的生态区划过程中, 主要考虑以下几个方面:气候与巨地形系统、地貌与基质、植被与土壤以及土地利用与产业发展方向;区划方法是以经验判别和地理信息系统 (GIS) 相结合进行的, 过去发表的多种尺度的图件和区划方案均作为分区过程的辅助材料和新区划方案的校正材料;根据气候、巨地形系统、地貌、基质、植被、土壤以及土地利用和产业 发展方向等特征, 该生态区划的 3级分区指标如下:一级分区, 主要依据气候和巨地形系统, 并充分考虑该高级分区在生态环境建设和产业结构调整中的作用;二级分区, 主要根据次级地形和地貌系统以及大尺度植被类型;三级分区, 主要依据基质和土壤的差异所造成的局域植被类型的差异, 以及其生态 生产范式和将来的发展方向。根据以上区划的原则和指标体系, 西北干旱区的生态区划采用 3级区划制:生态域 (Ecodomain) 、生态区 (Ecoregion) 、生态小区 (Ecodistrict), 最后将西北干旱区划分为 3个生态域、2 3个生态区和 80个生态小区, 并利用GIS绘制了 1∶10 0万比例尺的西北干旱区生态区划图。西北干旱区生态区划的目的不仅在于发展独特的干旱区生态区划/生态分类的方法和理论体系, 建立生态区划的方案和生态 生产范式, 更重要的是要运用这些方法、规律和范式来指导当地的生态环境建设和产业结构调整, 促进当地的土地资源合理配置, 实现西北干旱区的可持续发展。     

Zones of influence for soil organic matter dynamics: A conceptual framework for data and models

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of sustainable land management as stated in the global indicator framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG Indicator 15.3.1). Improved forecasting of future changes in SOM is needed to support the development of more sustainable land management under a changing climate. Current models fail to reproduce historical trends in SOM both within and during transition between ecosystems. More realistic spatio‐temporal SOM dynamics require inclusion of the recent paradigm shift from SOM recalcitrance as an ‘intrinsic property’ to SOM persistence as an ‘ecosystem interaction’. We present a soil profile, or pedon‐explicit, ecosystem‐scale framework for data and models of SOM distribution and dynamics which can better represent land use transitions. Ecosystem‐scale drivers are integrated with pedon‐scale processes in two zones of influence. In the upper vegetation zone, SOM is affected primarily by plant inputs (above‐ and belowground), climate, microbial activity and physical aggregation and is prone to destabilization. In the lower mineral matrix zone, SOM inputs from the vegetation zone are controlled primarily by mineral phase and chemical interactions, resulting in more favourable conditions for SOM persistence. Vegetation zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (vegetation cover) and temporally at decadal scales (climate). Mineral matrix zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (geology, topography) but change only slowly. The thicknesses of the two zones and their transport connectivity are dynamic and affected by plant cover, land use practices, climate and feedbacks from current SOM stock in each layer. Using this framework, we identify several areas where greater knowledge is needed to advance the emerging paradigm of SOM dynamics—improved representation of plant‐derived carbon inputs, contributions of soil biota to SOM storage and effect of dynamic soil structure on SOM storage—and how this can be combined with robust and efficient soil monitoring.     

沙质草原沙漠化过程中植被演替研究现状和展望

在综述了我国半干旱地区沙质草地沙漠化过程中植被演替研究现状,提出了目前沙地植被演替研究中存在的主要问题和今后的研究工作。指出,①沙地植被演替的最大特点就是沙质地表基质的流动性和风沙活动伴随着植被演替的各阶段,研究中应考虑近地表风沙流的影响;②在干扰对生态系统影响越来越大的今天,沙地植被的演替序列往往出现一些随机性和不规则性,应加强对沙地植被演替序列的非线性和演替顶极的多元性、多样性的研究;③应继续从生理生态、种群生态、群落生态以及生态系统生态等不同水平层面上深入研究演替过程中植物种的替代机制,还应加强沙地土壤种子库与地上植被动态耦合、种子岛效应等的研究,以及沙地植被演替趋势和速率等的预测。     

沿海滩涂围垦对生态环境的影响研究进展

沿海滩涂湿地生态系统,典型的生态脆弱区,既是地球表面最为活跃的自然区域,又承载着人类的生存与发展,其生态环境面临着巨大压力。在社会经济发展和人口增长的推动下,沿海国家大力从海洋中争夺陆地,围填海造地和围垦开发成为许多沿海地区和国家缓解人地矛盾的主要方法。在此背景下,对沿海滩涂围垦历史进行简述,从滩涂土壤性质、生物多样性、土地利用变化及景观格局、生态安全和生态系统服务等5个方面综述了人类围垦活动的生态环境影响。随着围垦时间的增加,滩涂土壤在脱盐过程中累积养分,逐渐熟化,土壤物理、化学和生物特性朝着有利于人类利用的方向变化;植物物种多样性呈不断增加的总体趋势,且随着生境的变化,陆生昆虫和土壤动物逐渐替代湿地典型的底栖动物和水鸟;土地利用方式从自然状态转变为以人工方式为主,景观格局表现为破碎化程度升高、多样性降低和优势度上升;从自然景观为主的自然湿地生态系统转为以人工景观为主的人工陆地生态系统过程中,供给服务的价值是唯一处于增长趋势的生态系统服务功能,但供给服务的价值增加量小于调节服务、文化服务和支持服务的减少量致使生态系统服务总价值降低,而且滩涂湿地面临着土地资源安全、水资源安全、生物入侵以及自然灾害加剧等风险。在全球气候变化背景下,如何权衡资源利用与环境保护并实现人与自然共生,是海岸带湿地生态系统在人类围垦活动中面临的重要难题之一。因此,未来应以机理研究为基础,以长期定位监测为手段,以综合集成的研究体系及对策制定为目标,不断深化沿海滩涂开发利用对生态环境影响的研究,为推动人类围垦活动下沿海滩涂湿地生态系统的可持续发展提供参考。