致病酵母菌基因组多态性及亲缘关系的研究

致病酵母是条件致病菌感染中最常见的菌群。其属间、种间及种内的分型具有重要的流行病学及临床意义。以随机扩增多态性(Randomly Amplified Polymorphism DNA markers,RAPD)的方法对48株临床上常见的酵母菌属间、种间及种内基因组型的多态性进行了研究,并以多种引物扩增带型的相似性系数的高低来评价酵母菌之间的亲缘关系。结果表明:RAPD带型可清楚的显示出假丝酵母(Candida)及相关酵母属间、种间及种内的差异,亲缘关系的研究表明假丝酵母属与隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)、丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon)的相似性系数为80％,除季也蒙假丝酵母(C. guilliermondii)外,假丝酵母属中不同种间的相似性系数为82％～87％,同种不同株间的相似性系数>90％。大多数属、种基因组分型的结果和形态学分类结果相符。     

中俄茄子种质资源遗传多样性研究

利用25对SSR分子标记和24个表型性状对105份中俄茄子材料进行遗传多样性分析。表型变异分析结果表明:24个表型性状在中俄材料间均表现出了不同程度的多样性,但是同一性状在中俄材料中多样性不同;主成分分析可将24个表型性状概括为果形因子、颜色因子、果实外观因子、叶片形态因子、果萼刺和花药条纹6个指标,其中果实特征占主要成分;利用UPGMA法进行聚类,遗传相似系数在0.4~0.8之间,平均值0.6。25对多态性SSR标记,扩增出122个条带,含有等位基因82个,其中有效等位数24.8个,PIC值为0.3~0.7。分子聚类的遗传相似系数在0.5~1之间,平均值是0.7。表型聚类和分子标记聚类的结果相似,105份茄子种质资源间的类群划分与地理来源之间没有直接关系,但与茄子的果实性状有一定的相关性。     

热带假丝酵母高效利用甘油研究

目的:热带假丝酵母以油脂为底物发酵时会产生副产物甘油,研究对热带假丝酵母gk基因进行过表达,将副产物甘油转化为能量,提高油脂转化利用效率。方法:以热带假丝酵母Candida tropicalis 1798中的甘油激酶(gk)为研究对象,利用PCR技术获得同源臂基因gkpR,通过一步法无缝克隆将同源臂和G418抗性基因(kanr)连接至pPICzαA载体,同时将解脂假丝酵母Candida lipolytica 1457中的启动子基因pGAP无缝连接至载体中的gkpR,构成质粒pPICzαA-gkp,并电转化至C.tropicalis 1798感受态细胞中,通过一次同源单交换,将启动子pGK替换为pGAP。结果:经过G418抗性筛选和PCR鉴定,成功获得pGAP基因替换菌株C.tropicalis 1798-gkPr;发酵验证结果显示,启动子基因替换C.tropicalis 1798在以甘油为底物培养时重组菌OD600值比野生型菌株高46.4%,重组菌培养基中甘油剩余量比野生菌降低56.1%,表明启动子替换能促进C.tropicalis1798对甘油的吸收利用。此外,以油脂为底物进行发酵实验时还发现重组菌产长链二元酸的量比野生菌提高32.7%。结论:通过启动子替换手段构建的重组菌C.tropicalis 1798-gkPr,提高了热带假丝酵母对油脂组分中甘油成分的利用效率。     

深红酵母相关菌株全细胞长链脂肪酸的分析及其数值分类

从黄海和渤海海水中分离到15株红酵母,初步定名为深红酵母(Rhodotorula rubraLodder)对这些菌株及另外8株红酵母属对照种的形态、生理生化性状以及全细胞长链脂肪酸的组成进行了测定,并用多元统计方法对菌株间的相似性进行了计算,对菌株分群。结果表明,15株酵母之间性状存在许多差异,这些差异不能完全被鉴定性状所反映,在多元分析中15株菌不能形成紧密的聚类群。研究结果对利用个别形态和生理生化性状确定的深红酵母种的范围提出了异议。     

1株近平滑假丝酵母的分离及其鉴定

采用平板稀释法从土壤及水果中分离出1株近平滑假丝酵母（Candida parapsilosis）,YPD培养基培养酵母,利用分子生物学方法对其rRNA基因内转录间区（ITS区）进行了克隆测序,并与GenBank中已有的有关序列进行比较及系统发育分析。测序结果表明该序列长度为547 bp,与GenBank中近平滑假丝酵母同源率在98.5%~100%之间,进化分析表明与C.parapsilosis（EF193067）、C.parapsilosis UOA/HCPF（FJ872013）属于一单独分支中,形态结果及分子鉴定表明近平滑假丝酵母培养成功,为其进一步开发利用提供了依据。     

啤酒酵母和产朊假丝酵母属间原生质体融合子的筛选

利用不可逆生化抑制剂碘乙酸抑制一亲株细胞的生理活性和利用两亲株细胞间生理性状的差异性,进行啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)原生质体融合子的筛选,属间原生质体融合率为3.47×10~(-6)。经菌落形态比较,碳化合物的同化和发酵,DNA含量测定,酯酶型分析,细胞核染色,产孢试验和自然的核分离实验证明,融合子分三种类型:87.21%产朊假丝醇母型;9.02%啤酒酵母型;3.77%真正核融合子型。     

南京地区1386株临床分离酵母的鉴定及药敏分析

本文旨在研究临床分离酵母的种类及药物敏感性。采用CHROMagar Candida显色培养基和API20CAUX对我院2008年1～12月分离自临床深部真菌感染患者的1386株酵母进行鉴定,并采用Rosco纸片扩散法分析其对两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、制霉菌素、伏立康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶、克霉唑的药物敏感性,数据用Whonet5.4软件分析。结果显示,分离出的1386株酵母中,白假丝酵母占58.95%,热带假丝酵母占15.95%,光滑假丝酵母占15.15%,克柔假丝酵母占2.74%,其他酵母占7.21%。葡萄牙假丝酵母、近平滑假丝酵母、白假丝酵母、热带假丝酵母、光滑假丝酵母和克柔假丝酵母对氟康唑的敏感率分别为95.45%、94.29%、82.99%、79.19%、68.57%和28.95%;白假丝酵母对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、制霉菌素、伏立康唑、氟康唑、伊曲霉唑和克霉唑的敏感率分别为93.76%、93.15%、84.58%、84.09%、82.99%、80.05%和78.09%。结果提示,我院深部真菌感染仍以白假丝酵母为主,其次是热带假丝酵母、光滑假丝酵母;白假丝酵母对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B的敏感率最高;除克柔假丝酵母外的所有酵母对氟康唑的敏感率都很高。     

大蒜种质产量和品质性状主成分聚类分析与综合评价

以40个大蒜品种为供试材料,依据数值分类学的性状选择原则,分别于大蒜生长期和采收后进行农艺性状指标的采集。估算40个大蒜品种16个农艺性状及4个品质指标的主成分,并以前3个主成分和遗传相似性系数为基础,分别作二维散点图和系统聚类分析。40份大蒜品种前7个主成分累计贡献率达85%。根据品种性状主成分表现,评选出性状优良的大蒜品种共10个。在聚类图中,在0.14的遗传相似性水平上可以把40份品种分成4类,即由5份种质组成的类群Ⅰ;由28份种质聚成的类群Ⅱ;由改良蒜等4份种质组成的类群Ⅲ,及苏联蒜等3份种质组成的类群Ⅳ。全部种质的遗传相似性系数在0.07～0.64之间,很好地揭示了品种类群间存在的亲缘关系。     

产甘油假丝酵母甘油代谢关键酶的研究

本文对产甘油假丝酵母的甘油代谢关键酶进行了研究,发现产甘油假丝酵母同化甘油能力极弱,少量葡萄糖明显改善其同化甘油的能力;线粒体3磷酸甘油脱氢酶受3磷酸甘油的强烈诱导,受葡萄糖代谢的阻遏。在甘油发酵过程中,产甘油假丝酵母胞浆3磷酸甘油脱氢酶酶活处于较高水平并在36h和60h时出现两次酶活高峰,其中第一次酶活峰值水平决定产甘油假丝酵母的甘油合成和积累水平,成为甘油高速积累期(18～48h)甘油合成的关键性的限速酶。在甘油发酵18～48h内,3磷酸甘油酯酶的酶活处于高水平,并在36h时出现酶活峰值;处于缓慢甘油积累阶段的48～72h间,3磷酸甘油酯酶已处于低水平表达,此时,3磷酸甘油酯酶则成为甘油合成的限速酶。产甘油假丝酵母稳定并高表达其胞浆3磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因并且其所表达的3磷酸甘油酯酶酶活远高于胞浆3磷酸甘油脱氢酶这一特征是其高产甘油根本所在。     

39个樱花品种亲缘关系的ISSR分析

樱花为世界著名的早春观赏花木之一,品种繁多、来源复杂,造成了樱花品种在分类、鉴定上的困难。为探讨ISSR分子标记方法在樱花品种分类上应用的可行性,对引自日本的39个樱花品种进行ISSR亲缘关系分析。选用14条扩增带型清晰且重复性好的引物共获得109条谱带,其中102条呈多态性,多态性比例(PPB)为93.58%,表明樱花品种遗传多样性较高。39个樱花品种的Nei’s遗传相似性系数介于0.493~0.942,平均值为0.727,表明品种间亲缘关系较近。根据Nei’s遗传相似性系数在0.697处,UPGMA聚类结果显示39个品种分为两个类群,在0.738处可进一步分为4个亚类群,聚类结果较好地支持了川崎哲也的樱花7组分类标准,也表明ISSR分子标记方法适用于樱花品种的分类。聚类结果还表明樱花的花序、花型和花色也可作为品种分类的重要指标。     

Genetic variability and relationships among thirty genotypes of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) using RAPD markers

Ragi or finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) is an important crop used for food, forage, and industrial products. It is distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the world. The germplasm identification and characterization is an important link between the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. Traditionally, species or varieties identification has relied on morphological characters like growth habit, leaf architecture or floral morphology. Investigation through RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers was undertaken for identification and determination of the genetic variation among thirty genotypes of ragi of the family Poaceae. Thirteen selected decamer primers were used for genetic analysis. A total of 124 distinct DNA fragments ranging from 300-3000 bp was amplified by using selected random RAPD marker. The genetic similarity was evaluated on the basis of the presence or absence of bands. Cluster analysis was made by the similarity coefficient. It indicated that the 30 genotypes of ragi form two major clusters, first, a major cluster having only one genotype, i. e. Dibyasinha and a second major cluster having twenty-nine genotypes. The second major cluster again subdivides into two minor clusters. A first minor cluster has only three varieties, i. e. Neelachal, OEB-56 and Chilika. The genotypes Neelachal and OEB-56 exhibit a 86% similarity with each other and 80% similarity with Chilika. A second minor cluster has 26 genotypes and is divided into two sub-minor clusters. The first sub-minor cluster has only one genotype (VL-322). The second sub-minor cluster again subdivides into two groups. One group has one genotype and the second group again is divided into two sub-groups, one with 13 genotypes and the other with 11 genotypes. The highest similarity coefficient was detected in a genotype collected from southern India and the least from northern India. The genotypes of finger millet collected from diverse agroclimatic regions of India constitute a wide genetic base. This is helpful in breeding programs and a major input into conservation biology of cereal crop.     

Numerical taxonomy and identification of lactic acid bacteria from spoiled, vacuum-packaged vienna sausages

Sixty-one lactic acid bacteria from spoiled vacuum-packaged vienna sausages and 15 reference strains were tested for 72 phenotypic characteristics. An identification key and a computer data base, both specific for lactic acid bacteria from meat sources, were used for identification and the results were compared. There was a high correlation (86.9%) between the two procedures in the identification of strains to genus level. However, only a 54.8% correlation was obtained in identifying strains to the species level. With numerical taxonomy ( S _sm matching coefficient with average linkage clustering) 60 strains were recovered in six clusters at the 89% similarity level. While most Leuconostoc strains clustered separately from the Lactobacillus strains, the identity of many leuconostocs was not clarified. The presence of a heterogeneous cluster containing typical and 'atypical' strains of the Lactobacillus saké/curvatus group and a separate homogeneous Lact. curvatus cluster was noted. Closer examination of the data suggested that the 'atypical' lactobacilli were all strains of Lact. saké.     

Parity among interpretation methods of MLEE patterns and disparity among clustering methods in epidemiological typing of Candida albicans

The typing of C. albicans by MLEE (multilocus enzyme electrophoresis) is dependent on the interpretation of enzyme electrophoretic patterns, and the study of the epidemiological relationships of these yeasts can be conducted by cluster analysis. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to first determine the discriminatory power of genetic interpretation (deduction of the allelic composition of diploid organisms) and numerical interpretation (mere determination of the presence and absence of bands) of MLEE patterns, and then to determine the concordance (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient) and similarity (Jaccard similarity coefficient) of the groups of strains generated by three cluster analysis models, and the discriminatory power of such models as well [model A: genetic interpretation, genetic distance matrix of Nei (d(ij)) and UPGMA dendrogram; model B: genetic interpretation, Dice similarity matrix (S(D1)) and UPGMA dendrogram; model C: numerical interpretation, Dice similarity matrix (S(D2)) and UPGMA dendrogram]. MLEE was found to be a powerful and reliable tool for the typing of C. albicans due to its high discriminatory power (>0.9). Discriminatory power indicated that numerical interpretation is a method capable of discriminating a greater number of strains (47 versus 43 subtypes), but also pointed to model B as a method capable of providing a greater number of groups, suggesting its use for the typing of C. albicans by MLEE and cluster analysis. Very good agreement was only observed between the elements of the matrices S(D1) and S(D2), but a large majority of the groups generated in the three UPGMA dendrograms showed similarity S(J) between 4.8% and 75%, suggesting disparities in the conclusions obtained by the cluster assays.     

床板珊瑚形珊瑚自动鉴定方法

根据床板珊瑚形珊瑚的系统分类特点，自动鉴定程序从高级分类单位开始，逐步向较低级别进行，直至将标本鉴定到种。在仔细分析研究属以上级别分类单位鉴定特征性质的基础上，首次提出了归属度的概念，通过归属度计算判定被鉴定标本的归属；在对每一属的各个种进行数值分类的基础上，利用相似性系数对被鉴定标本进行统计识别，将标本鉴定到种。     

Electrophoretic patterns of cell wall protein as a criterion for the identification and classification of Corynebacteria

Electrophoretic patterns of cell wall protein of three industrial strains, that were used for production of lysin, and eight collection strains from the genus Corynevacterium were studied to analyze their similarity as well as to estimate an opportunity of using this parameter as an additional criterion for identification and classification of corynebacteria. Similarity coefficient of cell wall overall and main protein electrophoretic patterns were determined by a specially created computer program. Electrophoretic analysis showed that every specie had an individual protein profile. There were determined biopolymers common for the specie, genus and individual among the overall majors and minors. The obtained results showed, that the patterns of main proteins were more conservative and informative in comparison with those ones of overall proteins. The definition of similarity coefficient by the main protein patterns has correlated with the protein profile characteristics of every analyzed strain, and it managed to distribute them into the separate groups. The similarity coefficient of preparations by the main protein patterns allows to separate one specie or a strain from another, and that gives us a chance to claim that this parameter could be used as an additional criterion for differentiation and referring the corynebacteria to a certain taxonomic group.     

四川海螺沟冰川土样芽胞杆菌资源分析

【背景】芽胞杆菌(Bacillus-like)是一类能形成具有强抗性芽胞且可在多种极端环境下存活的细菌,其产生的多种功能代谢产物在多种领域具有重要研究价值。由于冰川低温、寡营养的独特生态环境,其存在的芽胞杆菌可能具有特殊性,因此研究冰川芽胞杆菌有利于发掘新基因、丰富芽胞杆菌多样性。【目的】了解四川海螺沟冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,为挖掘芽胞杆菌新资源提供基础。【方法】采用纯培养法分离获得冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,利用16S r RNA基因进行系统发育分析,测定代表性菌株的生理生化特性并采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析。【结果】共筛选到可培养细菌44株,经16S r RNA基因鉴定确定其中36株为芽胞杆菌,隶属于4个属的19个种,分别为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)11个种24株、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)2个种3株、短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus)4个种5株和赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)2个种4株,其中以芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属。分离菌中仅3株芽胞杆菌可在4°C生存,7株能在50°C生长,大部分菌株在30°C下生长良好;有74%菌株能耐碱,有37%菌株能在无盐条件下生长。根据生理生化结果,采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析,可分为3组,分别包含7种、4种和6种芽胞杆菌。第1组均可以水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第2组均不能水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第3组仅能共同利用葡萄糖。【结论】四川海螺沟冰川土壤蕴藏着较为丰富的芽胞杆菌资源,为芽胞杆菌新资源挖掘提供了资源保障。     

毛木耳种质资源的RAPD分析

利用22个随机引物对来源不同的56个木耳菌株进行了RAPD分析。结果表明,所有引物的扩增产物DNA片段均表现出明显的多态性,供试菌株总共扩增出164条多态性片段,占总扩增片段的99%;供试菌株两两间的遗传相似系数变化较大(平均GS值0.2143￣0.8764)。采用系统聚类法中的类平均法,对供试的所有菌株两两间相似系数进行聚类,可将它们分为四大类,各大类的类间和类内菌株的遗传变异程度较大,以IV类内各菌株间的最高(平均GS值0.3891),II和III类间的最低(平均GS值0.5887),表明遗传变异也较丰富(总平均GS值0.4918)。将RAPD技术应用于不同菌株间遗传差异的研究,具有反应迅速、不受外界环境条件影响、能从DNA分子水平上揭示菌株间遗传差异等优点,是一种快速准确评估木耳种质资源的有效方法。     

木霉菌属ITS PCR-RFLP及抗病多样性差异分析

采用ITS PCR-RFLP方法对供试116株木霉属菌株进行多样性分析,对其中22株抗病优良菌株进行抗病多样性差异分析,用NTSYS-PC生物软件对DNA条带进行聚类分析,结果显示,HaeIII酶切共获得11个条带,可将供试菌株分为12种基因型;Hinf I共获得13个条带,可将供试菌株分为15种基因型。由116株木霉菌株的聚类图表明,木霉属菌株遗传相似系数变异范围为0.72-1.00。由22株抗病优良菌株的聚类图表明,在遗传相似系数为0.66处可将22株菌分为2类,其中ACCC 30371由于其酶切图谱的特异性在遗传相似系数为0.66处同其他菌株完全分开;在遗传相似系数为0.73处可将剩余21株菌分为2类,第一类中对9种病原菌全部表现抗性的菌株有6株,第二类中对9种病原菌全部表现抗性的菌株有2株。结果证明,本研究方法基本可将木霉属真菌归类,但所获数据在分析本属的抗病差异性这一现象上不够充分,对于其中可能存在的原因予以分析探讨。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers and analysis of genetic variability in Curculigo latifolia Dryand

Curculin, a sweet protein found in Curculigo latifolia fruit has great potential for the pharmaceutical industry. This protein interestingly has been found to have both sweet taste and taste-modifying capacities comparable with other natural sweeteners. According to our knowledge this is the first reported case on the isolation of microsatellite loci in this genus. Hence, the current development of microsatellite markers for C. latifolia will facilitate future population genetic studies and breeding programs for this valuable plant. In this study 11 microsatellite markers were developed using 3' and 5' ISSR markers. The primers were tested on 27 accessions from all states of Peninsular Malaysia. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven, with allele size ranging from 141 to 306?bp. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.00-0.65 and 0.38-0.79, respectively. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.35 to 0.74 and the Shannon's information index ranged from 0.82 to 1.57. These developed polymorphic microsatellites were used for constructing a dendrogram by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis using the Dice's similarity coefficient. Accessions association according to their geographical origin was observed. Based on characteristics of isolated microsatellites for C. latifolia accessions all genotype can be distinguished using these 11 microsatellite markers. These polymorphic markers could also be applied to studies on uniformity determination and somaclonal variation of tissue culture plantlets, varieties identification, genetic diversity, analysis of phylogenetic relationship, genetic linkage maps and quantitative trait loci in C. latifolia.