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1.
Jules Beekwilder Adèle van Houwelingen Katarina Cankar Aalt D.J. van Dijk René M. de Jong Geert Stoopen Harro Bouwmeester Jihane Achkar Theo Sonke Dirk Bosch 《Plant biotechnology journal》2014,12(2):174-182
Nootkatone is one of the major terpenes in the heartwood of the Nootka cypress Callitropsis nootkatensis. It is an oxidized sesquiterpene, which has been postulated to be derived from valencene. Both valencene and nootkatone are used for flavouring citrus beverages and are considered among the most valuable terpenes used at commercial scale. Functional evaluation of putative terpene synthase genes sourced by large‐scale EST sequencing from Nootka cypress wood revealed a valencene synthase gene (CnVS). CnVS expression in different tissues from the tree correlates well with nootkatone content, suggesting that CnVS represents the first dedicated gene in the nootkatone biosynthetic pathway in C. nootkatensis The gene belongs to the gymnosperm‐specific TPS‐d subfamily of terpenes synthases and its protein sequence has low similarity to known citrus valencene synthases. In vitro, CnVS displays high robustness under different pH and temperature regimes, potentially beneficial properties for application in different host and physiological conditions. Biotechnological production of sesquiterpenes has been shown to be feasible, but productivity of microbial strains expressing valencene synthase from Citrus is low, indicating that optimization of valencene synthase activity is needed. Indeed, expression of CnVS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicated potential for higher yields. In an optimized Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain, expression of CnVS increased valencene yields 14‐fold to 352 mg/L, bringing production to levels with industrial potential. 相似文献
2.
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) tissue cultures were examined for qualitative and quantitative changes in flavanone-neohesperidoside content during somatic embryogenesis. Embryos cultured in vitro contain naringin and a rhamnosyl-transferase activity which is capable of rhamnosylating position 2 on the flavanone glucosides. Rhamnosylation is carried out only in embryos cultivated on solid medium but not in embryos grown in suspension cell cultures.Abbreviations H7G
hesperetin-7-glucoside
- Glc
glucose
- Rha
rhamnose 相似文献
3.
Low temperature during the reproductive stage causes sterility of pollen grains and reduces yield. Phenolic compounds function as stress indicators because they accumulate to high levels in many plant tissues in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic signals. Branches with unopened flowers were collected from trees of three Citrus species (C. reticulata, C. sinensis and C. paradisi) and exposed to different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) for six hours. The highest amount of polyphenol and flavonoids was observed at 5 °C and then their content reduced with increasing temperature in all species. Total phenols and flavonoids content in control temperature as well as all treatments showed that C. paradisi has lower amounts of these compounds than the two other species. HPLC analysis demonstrated that low temperatures, particularly 5 °C, induce flavonoids accumulation as both peak number and flavonoid levels for retention times in pollen grains of all species. The comparison of the HPLC patterns of the three species showed that flavonoid extracts in pollen of C. paradisi decrease in peak number and flavonoids levels for retention times in both control and treatments. Citrus reticulata showed an increase of eight- and two-fold in peaks of one and four, respectively, at 5 °C. Peaks of one and six in C. sinensis increased about four- and three-fold, respectively, at 5 °C compared to the control. In C. paradisi, the levels of peaks two to four were near to the baseline in control samples. With temperature reduction, peak two showed no significant increase but the levels of peaks one, three and four in samples exposed to 5 °C increased approximately three-, three- and four-fold, respectively. ? 相似文献
4.
Zhiyong Pan Shiping Zhu Rui Guan Xiuxin Deng 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2010,103(2):145-153
The compound 2,4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an important growth regulator which is used in the majority of embryogenic
cell and tissue culture systems. However, 2,4-D also appears to have a negative effect on growth and development of plant
tissues and organs cultured in vitro. For example, 2,4-D exerts inhibition on in vitro somatic embryo initiation and/or development
of most citrus species. To understand the molecular mechanism by which 2,4-D inhibits somatic embryogenesis (SE), proteomic
changes of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) embryogenic callus induced by treatments with a high concentration of 2,4-D (6 mg l−1) was investigated. Nine 2,4-D-responsive proteins were identified, of which eight were up-regulated and one was down-regulated.
Interestingly, three of the eight up-regulated proteins were osmotic stress-associated, suggesting that 2,4-D induced osmotic
stress in Valencia embryogenic callus. This speculation was supported by results from our physiological studies: 2,4-D treated
callus cells exhibited increased cytoplasm concentration with a significant reduction in relative water content (RWC) and
an obvious increase in levels of two osmolytes (proline and soluble sugar). Taken together, our results suggested that 2,4-D
could inhibit somatic embryo initiation by, at least in part, inducing osmotic stress to citrus callus cells. 相似文献
5.
Niamh A. O'Dowd Patrick G. McCauley David H. S. Richardson Graham Wilson 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1993,34(2):149-155
The effects of a range of plant growth regulators on callus production in various Ephedra species were examined. Species examined were E. andina, E. distachya, E. equisitina, E. fragilis var, camplyopoda, E. gerardiana, E. intermedia, E. major ssp procera, E. minima and E. saxatilis. All species produced callus on modified MS medium supplemented with 0.25 M kinetin and 5.0 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. Neither indole-3-acetic acid nor 3-indolebutyric acid induced significant callus formation but the latter maintained growth of established callus cultures in several species. Suspension cultures of several species were established in MS medium supplemented with 0.25 M kinetin and 5.0 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. Sustained fresh weight doubling times of 70±7h were recorded for cell suspension cultures of E. andina grown in a semi-continous air-lift bubble bioreactor and a minimum doubling time of 56 h was recorded for E. andina in batch culture. It also proved possible to immobilise E. andina batch cultures in sodium alginate beads.Neither parent plants or in vitro cultures of E. distachya, E. fragilis or E. saxatilis produced alkaloids. Trace quantities of 1-ephedrine and trace-0.14% dwt d-pseudoephedrine were produced by in vitro cultures of other species. The ability to produce alkaloid diminished to zero with successive subcultures.Abbreviations Eph
1-ephedrine
- Peph
d-pseudoephedrine
- RGR
relative growth rate
- KIN
kinetin
- 2,4-d
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- NAA
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
- IBA
3-in-dolebutyric acid
- IAA
indole-3-acetic acid 相似文献
6.
Embryogenic callus initiated from basal segments of micropropagated shoots of Oryza rufipogon were used to initiate cell suspension cultures. After approximately 3 months these cultures were capable of yielding large numbers of protoplasts which underwent sustained division in agarose-solidified medium at a frequency comparable to that observed with Japonica rice protoplasts in previous studies. O. rufipogon plants were reproducibly regenerated from the protoplast-derived callus and are currently being grown to maturity. This is the first report of plant regeneration from protoplasts of a wild species of Oryza.Abbreviations BAP
6-benzyalamino purine
- 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- MES
2[N-morpholino] ethanesulphonic acid
- NAA
-naphthalene acetic acid
- PAR
photosynthetically active radiation
- SCV
settled-cell volume 相似文献
7.
High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures of three Allium species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. van der Valk O. E. Scholten F. Verstappen R. C. Jansen J. J. M. Dons 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1992,30(3):181-191
The plant regeneration ability of zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures was studied for 12 A. cepa varieties and accessions, two A. fistulosum varieties, one A. fistulosum x A. cepa interspecific hybrid and two A. porrum varieties. Compact embryogenic callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calluses of all three Allium species were similar in appearance. For all accessions tested plants could be regenerated at a high frequency from this compact callus through somatic embryogenesis, when using kinetin supplemented MS medium (regeneration medium). Addition of abscisic acid to the regeneration medium stimulated the formation of both somatic embryos and shoots for a number of varieties. Concerning shoot regeneration from callus cultures, significant differences existed between genotypes of all accessions except one.Abbreviations 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- VDH
Van Der Have Seed company 相似文献
8.
J. A. del Río A. Ortuño F. R. Marín D. García Puig F. Sabater 《Plant cell reports》1992,11(11):592-596
The accumulation of both neohesperidin and naringin as major flavonoids in callus cultures of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) was demonstrated using high performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector. The identity of both compounds was confirmed by their corresponding nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The levels of neohesperidin are higher than those of naringin in callus culture, as they are in immature fruit, and high concentrations of both are found in young tissues such as immature fruits and the outer zone of calli.Abbreviations DMSO
dimethylsulphoxide
- DW
dry weight
- HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
- NMR
nuclear magnetic resonance
- Rt
retention time
- V/UV
visible/ultraviolet 相似文献
9.
Callus induction and plant regeneration were studied in 15 cultivars of the facultative apomictic species Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass).The tissue culture responses of mature seeds and immature inflorescences were compared. Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium, supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was used for callus induction and maintenance. Plants could be regenerated from compact and friable callus on MS medium devoid of 2,4-D. Plants were recovered from 14 cultivars at a high frequency (up to 79% of the callus cultures) when young inflorescences were used as the explant material and from only 3 cultivars, at a low frequency (up to 3%), with seeds. Somatic embryos were observed in callus cultures of many cultivars. Fully developed germinating somatic embryos were occasionally observed. Plant regeneration appeared to take place both via somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis. Plants were generally green but albino shoots developed at a low frequency from friable callus.Abbreviations 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- MS
Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium
- IAA
indole-3-acetic acid
- N6
medium of Chu et al. (1975) 相似文献
10.
11.
Embryogenic nucellar callus cultures of different Citrus species and cultivars growing in hormone-free medium were transferred to medium containing either sucrose or glycerol as
the only carbohydrate source. Glycerol has been reported to induce further development of Citrus somatic embryos, while in the presence of sucrose they continue to proliferate in an 'undifferentiated' manner. The endogenous
hormone levels of the cultures were evaluated after 2 and 5 days to characterise the initial steps of embryo development.
In most cases, differences among treatments were observed only after 5 days of culture. Higher cytokinin levels were found
in most of the cultures transferred to the glycerol-containing medium. The effect of ageing sweet orange cultures on their
endogenous hormone levels was determined by leaving them in the original culture medium without subculturing for 60 days.
While no changes were observed in the free indoleacetic acid and gibberellin contents, lower levels of abscisic acid and cytokinins
were found in the aged cultures than in those transferred at the normal interval, every 30 days. The endogenous hormone contents
of Citrus callus of different genotypes were compared. Significant differences were observed in the levels of all hormones evaluated,
even when the in vitro ontogeny of the different genotypes was very similar.
Received: 10 February 2000 / Revision received: 25 August 2000 / Accepted: 29 August 2000 相似文献
12.
Plant tissue necrosis and subsequent cell death are usually observed during in vitro regeneration in conifers, especially in plant regeneration via somatic organogenesis in pine species. Cell death is correlated with the elevated levels of peroxides. In this investigation, the effects of antioxidants on in vitro regeneration of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) were evaluated. Antioxidants, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and 1,4-dithio-dl-threitol (DTT), were found to improve callus formation, shoot differentiation and growth, and shoot rooting by inhibiting tissue necrosis during the initiation of cultures and subculture of shoots. These treatments enabled the recovery and regeneration plants at high frequency through somatic organogenesis. Compared to the control, the frequencies of callus formation, shoot growth, and shoot rooting increased 15, 26, and 19%, respectively, by addition of 5 g/l PVPP and 2 g/l DTT. Higher peroxidase activity of tissue cultures during subculture from callus proliferation medium to shoot differentiation medium and to rooting medium was observed. The addition of antioxidants reduces and inhibits browning by reducing the accumulation of peroxidase.Abbreviations BA 6-Benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - DTT 1,4-Dithio-dl-threitol - IBA Indole butyric acid - NAA -Naphthaleneacetic acid - PVPP Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone 相似文献
13.
Summary 1- to 8-week-old ovules and nucelli from three Citrus cultivars—Shamouti and Valencia (Citrus sinensis) oranges and Marsh Seedless (C. paradisi) grapefruit—were cultured in vitro. No embryo differentiation was observed in the explants prior to culture. The Shamouti ovules had degenerated and were apparently unfertilized. Embryoids formed on Murashige and Tucker nutrient medium supplemented with 500 mg/l malt extract. Whole plants developed on the same basal medium supplemented with kinetin and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), coconut milk or gibberellic acid (GA3). A higher kinetin/IAA ratio or the addition of coconut milk favoured stem elongation more than root formation while a lower kinetin/IAA ratio favoured root formation and inhibited stem elongation. The addition of GA3 to the basal medium stimulated rooting and stem elongation. These results can be of aid in mutation research, allowing irradiation at stages prior to embryonic development. 相似文献
14.
Three out of five cultivars of citrus species tested convert exogenous valencene via the 2-hydroxy-derivative (nootkatol) to nootkatone. The effect of various valencene concentrations and the time course of the biotransformation were examined. The transformation capability of the cells runs parallel with growth up to the middle of the logarithmic phase and remains constant until the carbon source is completely exhausted. 相似文献
15.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated tumor tissue and shooty teratomas of Coleus forskohlii were cultured in vitro. Forskolin was detected in tumorous callus (0.002%), rhizogenic callus (0.011%) and root cultures (0.014%), but not in shooty teratomas. Forskolin synthesis and accumulation in tumorous C. forskohlii cultures may permit the elucidation of diterpene metabolism in this species.Abbreviations B5
medium after Gamborg et al. (1968)
- 2,4-D
2,4, dichlorophenoxyaceticacid
- MS
medium after Murashige and Skoog (1962)
- BAP
benzylaminopurine
- IBA
indole-3-butyric acid
- Kn
kinetin
- CH
casein hydrolysate
- T-DNA
transferred DNA 相似文献
16.
The level of ethylene accumulated in morphogenic callus cultures of Heliconia psittacorum L.f. was only one quarter that of non-morphogenic cultures. The rate of ethylene production in the morphogenic callus cultures during early stages of differentiation of protocorm-like bodies leading to plantlet regeneration was 10-fold higher than that during callus proliferation. In cultures sealed with gastight serum caps, fresh weight gain was reduced 2-to 3-fold compared to those that were closed with Kaputs. Treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ( 100 M) caused complete inhibition of plant regeneration from the morphogenic callus on subsequent culture under inductive conditions. Silver nitrate and aminoethoxyvinylglycine also reduced plant regeneration. These results indicate that while high levels of ethylene were inhibitory, a low level of endogenous ethylene production may be necessary during the plant regeneration phase in callus cultures of Heliconia.Abbreviations 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- AC
activated charcoal
- ACC
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
- AVG
aminoethoxyvinylglycine
- BM
basal medium
- CH
casein hydrolysate
- DM
development medium
- MM
maintenance medium
- PLB
protocorm-like body 相似文献
17.
18.
Summary
Cupressus macrocarpa and C. arizonica were examined for callus and cell culture production in vitro. Both species produced callus on agar-solidified MSCY medium supplemented with vitamins, antioxidants, 0.14 μM kinetin (KIN), and 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Suspension cultures of both species were established in liquid MSCY medium. Seiridin
(SE) and iso-seiridin (ISE), two phytotoxic butenolides produced by Seiridium cardinale, S. cupressi, and S. unicorne, the causal agents of many canker diseases of cypress, were tested on callus or cell suspension cultures. In the medium without
other plant growth regulators (PGR), SE promoted cell proliferation of cypress better than ISE, for callus initiation, callus
maintenance, and cell suspension cultures. The growth rates of cypress callus tissues and suspension cultures of both cypress
species on media containing 50–150 μM SE or ISE were measured. At concentrations of 50 μM and higher, growth rates increased exponentially with the SE concentration. A comparison with KIN and 2,4-D indicated that
50 μM SE promoted growth of callus tissues and cell suspension cultures more than 100 μM ISE. SE can also interact with, or counteract, KIN and 2,4-D. It was demonstrated that SE could replace KIN in the medium
for C. arizonica. SE could be involved in cell enlargement and proliferation processes. The less susceptible cypress species (C. arizonica) had a high content of terpenoids than that of the more susceptible species (C. macrocarpa). SE could be a useful tool as a phytohormonal-like regulator to manipulate physiological changes at the cellular level and
as an elicitor of sensitivity or tolerance of cypress germplasm to the phytotoxin. 相似文献
19.
László Purnhauser Péter Medgyesy Mihály Czakó Philip J. Dix László Márton 《Plant cell reports》1987,6(1):1-4
Silver nitrate effectively promoted shoot regeneration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) callus cultures derived from immature embryos. This effect could be observed in both weakly and strongly regenerating cultivars, and in using material from both field and greenhouse grown plants. The role of silver ions as an inhibitor of ethylene action was supported by a reversal of the inhibitory effects of 2,4-D and ethylene on morphogenesis in wheat callus cultures.Enhancement of shoot regeneration by silver nitrate was also observed in callus cultures of non-regenerating or weakly regenerating mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. derived from cell cultures.Abbreviations BA
6-benzyladenine
- 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- Ethrel
2-chlorethylphosphonic acid
- NAA
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
- NR–
nitrate reductase deficient 相似文献
20.
The production of callus capable of plant regeneration from immature embryos of numerous Zea mays genotypes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the summer of 1983, immature embryos from 101 selfed inbred lines and germplasm stocks of Zea mays L. were examined for their ability to produce callus cultures capable of plant regeneration (regenerable cultures) using a medium with which some limited success had previously been obtained. Forty-nine of the genotypes (49%) produced callus which visually appeared similar to callus previously cultured and shown to be capable of plant regeneration. After five months, 38 of these genotypes were alive in culture and plants were subsequently regenerated from 35 (92%) of them. No correlation was observed between plant regeneration and callus growth rate, the vivipary mutation (genes vp1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9), or published vigor ratings based on K+ uptake by roots. When F1 hybrid embryos were cultured, 97% of the hybrids having at least one regenerable parent also produced callus capable of plant regeneration. No regenerable cultures were obtained from any hybrid lacking a parent capable of producing a regenerable callus culture.In the summer of 1984, immature embryos from 218 additional inbred lines and germplasm stocks were plated and examined for their ability to produce regenerable callus cultures on media containing altered micronutrient concentrations, 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), glucose, and elevated levels of vitamin-free casamino acids and thiamine. Of these genotypes 199 (91%) produced callus that was regenerable in appearance. In the 1984 study, plant regeneration was noted in many commercially important inbreds, including B73, Mo17, B84, A632, A634, Ms71, W117, H993H95 and Cm105. Thus tissue-culture techniques are now available to obtain callus cultures capable of plant regeneration from immature embryos of most maize genotypes.Abbreviations trade names 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- dicamba
3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid 相似文献