香菇菌丝原生质体分离与再生条件的研究

在25-26℃下培养5-6天的菌丝体,以0.8mol/L甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂,用1.5%溶璧酶液酶解1.5-2小时,所得原生质体的产量较高,最高可达4×10⁷个/ml以上。上述条件分离的原生质体,再生率也较高。原生质体再生的温度以26℃为最佳。不同的再生培养基明显地影响原生质体的再生率。在完全培养基中加入麸皮浸出液可显著提高香菇菌丝原生质体的再生率,其中,以添加5% 麸皮浸出液的效果最好。显微观察结果表明,在液体培养集中,香菇菌丝原生质体的再生是不同步的。一般要培养20小时以后才能见到出芽,而且原生质体的再生形式也是多种所样的。     

卡那霉菌原生质体的分离和再生

本文报道了卡那霉菌原生质体的分离和再生的条件。实验证明用玻璃纸平板培养法,培养卡那霉菌菌丝体可以代替常规的摇瓶培养法,而且操作简单,培养时间短。在培养菌丝体的琼脂培养基中加入甘氨酸后,对菌丝体的生长具有抑制作用,而这种菌丝体对溶菌酶的敏感性与不加甘氨酸培养基中长成的菌丝体对溶菌酶的敏感性基本相同。单独使用溶菌酶就可以分离原生质体,不用再加裂解酶。用蒸馏水处理原生质体,不能裂解原生质膜;0.1％的SDS能完全裂解原生质膜,而且能保留完整的菌丝细胞,从而可以准确计算出原生质体悬浮液中残存菌丝细胞数。原生质体的再生和生长,受再生培养基成份的影响,非高渗性的卡那霉菌产孢子培养基,可用作再生培养基,且能得到较高的再生频率,同时再生菌落的生长也较旺盛。原生质体在再生过程中,和分生孢子一样首先萌发芽管,未发现有如Okanishi所述的扩张现象。卡那霉菌原生质体的再生能力在4℃冰箱中能保存24小时。     

扩展青霉原生质体的形成、再生及其影响因素

本文比较了不同酶解温度、酶解pH、菌体浓度、过滤介质、氨基酸和菌体预处理方法等因素对扩展青霉(Penicllium expansun)原生质体形成再生的影响,研究了原生质体对紫外光的敏感性以及贮存和再生活性。采用0.5％纤维素酶加0.5％蜗牛酶,对用振荡培养23小时的菌丝体经30℃保温1小时酶解,可以得到4.7×10~5/ml的原生质体悬液,原生质体再生率可达30％左右。原生质体的平均体积为207μ~3。     

赤霉素产生菌藤仓赤霉原生质体的形成和再生

生长在含2%甘氨酸的G培养基上的藤仓赤霉菌菌丝体,经二硫苏糖醇作预处理,其细胞壁对纤维素酶和溶菌酶的混合酶液敏感,它们的适宜浓度是纤维素酶1.5%,溶菌酶0.7%。在高渗液中酶解3—4小时,细胞壁被逐渐溶解并大量释放原生质体(约10~7/ml),再生率在50%以上。观察了在PDS液体培养基中原生质体再生成菌丝体的方式,看到菌丝再生或者是单球直接生长或者是经过一次、两次或多次的细胞分裂。对原生质体进行X射线照射诱变和进行终代谢产物高抗性变种筛选,挑高产赤霉素菌株,获得了良好的结果。     

灭蚊真菌——大链壶菌原生质体形成和再生的研究

采用1％纤维素酶与1％真菌脱壁酶混合液作脱壁酶,0.6mol/L山梨醇为渗透压稳定剂,从摇床培养的12—14小时菌龄的大链壶菌(Lagenidium giganteum)菌丝体获得原生质体。酶解3—5小时后,产量可达1.4—2.0×10~6/mL。并在双层培养基上初步实现了原生质体再生。     

木耳属种间杂交技术研究 Ⅰ.木耳菌丝原生质体的形成与再生

本文比较了不同酶液、渗透压稳定剂、酶解温室及菌丝培养基成份等因素对木耳属(Auricularia)中木耳(Auricularia auricula)和毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)菌丝释放原生质体的作用及影响。用0.5%纤维素酶加0.5%蜗牛酶的混合酶液,以0.6M的MgSO_4为稳定剂,在34℃下可自两种菌丝体获得大量原生质体。对原生质体再生条件的研究表明,纤维二糖和菌丝体培养物浸提物对再生有明显促进作用,再生率达20%左右。本文还用VBL型荧光增白剂观察了菌丝脱壁以及原生质体细胞壁再生的过程。     

利用荧光染色和流式细胞技术辅助卵孢小奥德蘑原生质体制备与再生研究

本研究以卵孢小奥德蘑液体培养菌丝作为实验材料,利用单因子变量法探索研究了菌丝培养时间、酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、稳渗剂类型对卵孢小奥德蘑原生质体制备的影响,并对原生质体再生培养基进行选择和优化。通过荧光染色,利用激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪对原生质体的制备过程、得率和活力进行研究。结果表明,将卵孢小奥德蘑菌丝在液体培养基中培养5d收集菌丝体,以甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂,在溶壁酶浓度2%、30℃条件下酶解5h,获得的原生质体得率最高,达2.0×10 ⁷个/mL;通过流式细胞仪分析,约57.69%的原生质体细胞为活细胞;在RM培养基中再生效果最好,再生率为(0.103±0.025)%。研究结果可以为卵孢小奥德蘑育种与食用菌原生质体制备再生提供研究基础。     

美味牛肝菌原生质体再生菌丝的新方式

食用菌原生质体的分离并培养成再生菌丝是研究食用菌细胞融合和基因转移的一项技术。有的文章已综述了有多种食用菌的原生质体已被分离,只有一些种的原生质体被培养成再生菌丝体,美味牛肝菌的原生质体虽已被分离但未培养成再生菌丝。食用菌原生质体可以通过不同方式再生菌丝体。Peberdy曾论述过有的真菌是由原生质体膨大生长成形态不正常的类似出芽链的细胞而再生菌丝的较为特殊的方式。本文报道美味牛肝菌原生质体通过一种新的生长方式而发育成菌丝体。     

小偃麦原生质体培养及植株再生

硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.AABB)和中间偃麦革[Elytrigia intermedium(Host)Nevski BBEEFF]的杂种 F_1——小偃麦的幼穗诱导的胚性愈伤组织继代培养近两年后,转入修改的 MS 液体培养基建成胚性细胞悬浮系。从此悬浮系分离的原生质体在修改的 KM_(8p)培养基中培养48小时后出现第一次分裂。15天后,在液体浅层培养条件下的细胞分裂频率为2%;而用1.2%琼脂糖固化进行固体平板培养时,细胞的分裂频率则为12.14%。20—30天后,添加渗透压降低的原生质体培养液。当从原生质体再生的愈伤组织长至2—4mm 大小时,逐步转至生长及分化培养基上再生出完整植株。     

用哈栖木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)的细胞壁分解酶从指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)的菌丝中制备原生质体

用哈栖木霉ATCC48131的细胞溶壁酶从指状青霉的菌丝体中制备原生质体。将指状青霉ATCC10030于27℃培养在马铃薯右旋糖液体培养基中,静止培养24小时,菌丝用Whatman 1号滤纸过滤收集,然后用0.6％的氯化钠冲洗3次。原生质体是从0.8克分子甘露糖醇溶液(pH5.5～6.0)的菌丝悬液(50～100毫克/毫升)中,用5～7％(W/V)对哈栖木霉中得到的细胞壁溶解酶,在每分钟100转的往复式摇床上,30℃下,摇4小时浸提。采用二相梯度离心,从剩余菌丝体碎片中分离出原生质体。1毫升1M硫酸镁同1毫升粗制原生质悬     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.