大兴安岭北部多年冻土区河岸森林湿地土壤性质和微生物呼吸活性特征

多年冻土区河岸森林湿地是水文、生态和生物化学过程的关键区域。本研究以河岸森林湿地及其与泥炭地的交错带土壤为对象,分析了腐殖质层和不同深度土壤理化性质、生态化学计量和微生物呼吸活性( 微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸、微生物熵和代谢熵)特征。结果表明: 与大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地和河岸森林湿地的交错带相比,河岸森林湿地土壤理化性质主要分异在20 cm土层以下,其总碳、总氮含量和碳磷比、氮磷比显著降低,生态化学计量特征的变化主要是由于氮含量变化引起的,说明河岸森林湿地土壤氮转移相对较快,存在氮限制;交错带湿地土壤中钠、镁、钾和钙含量主要在30 cm土层发生分异,而河岸森林湿地土壤中钠、镁、钾和钙含量主要在20 cm土层发生分异,其镁含量与土壤总碳、总氮和总磷含量显著相关,说明土壤镁含量是大兴安岭河岸森林湿地的重要营养元素;河岸森林湿地和交错带腐殖质层微生物呼吸活性高于其他层土壤,说明其易分解的碳组分含量高;河岸森林湿地和交错带土壤微生物呼吸活性与土壤理化性质、生态化学计量特征及营养元素的相关性存在差异,而河岸森林湿地土壤总氮含量与微生物呼吸活性显著相关,说明大兴安岭河岸带湿地土壤微生物活性受氮的限制。     

森林生态系统中草层植物的生态功能

综述了过去20年国内外有关森林生态系统中草层植物的生态功能研究。森林生态系统中的草层植物是指活的草本类植物及在一定高度（通常40cm)以下的乔灌木幼苗的总和,它和枯落物以及林下土壤共同构成森林生态系统中的林下层亚生态系统。森林生态系统中的草层植物具有明显增加生物多样性,防止水土流失,改良土壤结构,保持和提高土壤肥力,促进林木生长,改善林地小气候,加速生态恢复等方面的功效。其功能是相当强大且多种多样的,我国南亚热带森林生态系统中的草层植物研究应在以下方面进一步加强：1）草层植物与枯落物各自的生态功能与生态效益;2）人工林下的草层植物发生与演替规律;3）林下幼苗的更新演替规律;4）草层植物在复合农林业生态系统中的生态功能及其机理;5）加强草层植物的良种的选育和应用研究等。     

林下植被的生物量分布特征及其作用

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。研究林下植被的生物量特征及其生态作用对深入研究森林生态系统结构和功能有重要意义。本文归纳了森林林下植被的生物量分布特征与森林的类型、龄级和林分特征等因子之间的变化关系,分析了林下植被在维持森林生态系统营养元素循环、保持水土、指示森林环境状态变化、影响森林林分的生理生态特征和森林演替、保护动物的栖息地以及维持生态平衡等方面的主要生态作用。     

三尖杉科的花粉形态及其外壁超微结构研究

本文描述了在光学显微镜,扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜下观察到三尖杉科花粉特征,并对三尖杉属种间的花粉特征进行了对比。据此,笔者支持在三尖杉属内建立篦子三尖杉组Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｐｅｃｔｉｎａｔａｅ Ｌ．Ｋ．Ｆｕ和三尖杉组Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘｕｓ的意见。根据花粉形态特征,本文讨论了三尖杉科的范围和分类位置,同时对比了三尖杉科和红豆杉科花粉的异同。花粉形态特征说明两科之间有密切的亲缘关系,三尖杉科     

啄木鸟对森林害虫生态控制作用浅析

啄木鸟Picidae是杨树蛀干天牛Cerambycidae的重要天敌之一,在控制天牛危害方面具有显著优势,同时对其他森林害虫也有较好的控制作用.本文在对啄木鸟生活习性和特征的观察、对杨树蛀干天牛及其他森林害虫生态控制作用的研究的基础上,阐明了用啄木鸟对杨树蛀干天牛及其他森林害虫实施生态控制,是杨树蛀干天牛工程治理和其他森林害虫防治的有效途径之一,具有广泛的发展前景.     

林下密集蕨类层生态学研究进展

林下密集蕨类层在森林尤其是受干扰森林中广泛存在,对森林更新具有强烈的过滤效应,能够改变林下层的多样性,影响群落的结构、功能和动态,林下密集蕨类层的生态学研究,对揭示森林群落物种分布格局和群落构建机制具有重要意义.结合国内外最新研究,论述了林下密集蕨类层的特征,从机制上解释了林下密集蕨类层形成的主要原因;分类阐述了林下密...     

“一元多生态位”原理及其在棉花高产栽培中的应用

“一元多生态位”群体是指由同一个物种(品种)构成,生态元具有不同时间生态位、空间生态位、营养生态位、温度生态位或者水分生态位等．其特征为,群体培育具有目标性,种群组成具有一元性,冠层结构具有多层性,群体形成过程具有人工调控性,群体建立过程具有简单性,所形成的群体各生态元具有特定的生态位宽度、生态位重叠与生态位分离．从产量构成来看。作物“一元多生态位”群体具有群体生产能力的高效性和单株生产能力的差异性特征。     

红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科植物叶片结构的比较观察

扫描电镜和光镜下的叶表皮特征以及叶片解剖结构的研究结果,支持在红豆杉科内建立白豆杉属的处理方式;赞同在三尖杉属内建立篦子三尖杉组,叶片解剖结构方面,三尖杉科和红豆杉科的穗花杉属的相似之处颇多。而叶表皮形态特征方面又表现为三尖杉科和罗汉松科更加接近。反映了出了红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科之间的密切而又复杂的系统关系。     

从种子和叶片特征论高山三尖杉(Cephalotaxus alpina(Li)L.K.Fu)的分类地位(三尖杉科)

长期以来,对高山三尖杉（Cephalotaxus alpina(Li) L.K.Fu）分类地位的争议缺少可靠证据。本文从居群采样的水平上比较了高山三尖杉和三尖杉（Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker）的叶片和种子形态特征,两者除种子的长宽比率无显著差异外,种子长度,宽度,厚度,长厚比率,宽厚比率以及叶片长度和宽度均差异极显著。此外,通过散点图分析表明两者的种子宽厚比和叶片宽度的变异是间断而稳定的,这一特征能将高山三尖杉和三尖杉明显地区分,结果支持将高山三尖杉作为种的等级较为合适,不赞成将高山三尖杉作为三尖杉的变种或亚种的分类处理。同时,对标本和原始文献的研究认为胡秀英(1964)发表的园桃杉（Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker var. globosa S.Y.Hu）和高山三尖杉应是同一分类群。     

小尺度森林生态功能分区研究——以台湾惠荪林场为例

基于景观生态学中结构与功能相互依存的理念 ,选定小尺度森林为研究对象 ,根据生态系统内部结构特性 ,确立森林生态功能的空间定位 ,以提高森林生态系统的功能与价值。研究首先基于森林生态系统具有生物生产、环境服务及文化支持等基本功能 ,提出上述功能应通过森林生产、教学实习、科学研究、休闲游憩和生态保护等功能区加以体现。后依据研究区环境特征进行影响因子分析 ,结合景观生态与生态规划相关理论 ,构建森林生态功能分区方案。在案例实践中 ,选择台湾惠荪林场进行研究 ,配合研究区现况 ,期望通过功能区与结构的空间调整 ,达到服务功能的优化。     

南方红壤区3种典型森林恢复方式对植物群落多样性的影响

合理的森林恢复方式能提高植物多样性,进而提高生态系统服务功能.在我国南方红壤区研究了3种典型森林恢复方式(引进种恢复的湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林本地种恢复的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林和自然恢复的天然次生林)的植物区系构成和植物群落多样性.结果表明:(1)湿地松人工林有155种植物,隶属66科118属,马尾松人工林有137种植物,隶属59科97属;天然次生林有226种植物,隶属86科160属,3种森林恢复方式的乔木层、灌木层和草本层的优势科属明显不同,马尾松人工林的优势物种和天然次生林更相似;(2)天然次生林的植物区系基本构成、植物区系类型种类高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,并且天然次生林的温带成分比例高于湿地松人工林;(3)恢复方式对植物群落的多样性指数有显著影响,天然次生林的物种丰富度、辛普森指数明显高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,两种人工林之间差异不显著;(4)3种森林恢复方式的植物群落结构存在显著差异,相比湿地松人工林,马尾松人工林的植物群落组成与天然次生林更相似.总之,自然恢复的天然次生林植物群落多样性高于人工恢复的马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,本地种马尾松人工林在维持区域植物群落结构功能上优于引进种湿地松人工林.     

Functional-structural plant models to boost understanding of complementarity in light capture and use in mixed-species forests

Positive relationships between tree species richness and productivity have been observed in both natural and experimental forests. Complementarity in resource capture and use has been put forward as one important mechanism for the positive richness-productivity relationship. However, inference that complementarity drives this relationship is often based on statistical modelling or the use of functional diversity indices and these methods do not consider resource capture or use among individuals from various species within a community. Here I introduce functional-structural plant models as tool to study species complementarity in light capture and use in mixed-species forests. These models consider the interplay between structure, physiology and the environment in 3D and scale from organ-specific characteristics to tree and community performance. Functional-structural plant models that represent mixed-species forests have therefore the potential to disentangle the effects of structural and functional differences among species on community light capture and use using the 3D setting of the forest. Knowing how community light capture and use in mixed-species forests depends on structural and functional differences among species will shed light on the potential of species complementarity in light capture and use to drive species richness-productivity relationships.     

Reprint of: Functional-structural plant models to boost understanding of complementarity in light capture and use in mixed-species forests

Positive relationships between tree species richness and productivity have been observed in both natural and experimental forests. Complementarity in resource capture and use has been put forward as one important mechanism for the positive richness-productivity relationship. However, inference that complementarity drives this relationship is often based on statistical modelling or the use of functional diversity indices and these methods do not consider resource capture or use among individuals from various species within a community. Here I introduce functional-structural plant models as tool to study species complementarity in light capture and use in mixed-species forests. These models consider the interplay between structure, physiology and the environment in 3D and scale from organ-specific characteristics to tree and community performance. Functional-structural plant models that represent mixed-species forests have therefore the potential to disentangle the effects of structural and functional differences among species on community light capture and use using the 3D setting of the forest. Knowing how community light capture and use in mixed-species forests depends on structural and functional differences among species will shed light on the potential of species complementarity in light capture and use to drive species richness-productivity relationships.     

浙江中部地区野榧的调查

简述了浙江中部地区被称为"野榧"的植物,并非指一种植物,而是三尖杉、南方红豆杉、粗榧和野生榧树等几种植物.同时介绍了它们的叶与果实的主要区别;指出这些重要野生植物资源应加以保护.     

北京山区的栎林

 本文叙述了北京山区的主要栎林——辽东栎林、槲栎林、槲树林和栓皮栎林的群落学特征。栎林是由温带植物区系所组成的落叶阔叶林。组成栎林的植物以菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科和豆科植物种类为最丰富。在群落结构中有重要作用的植物,乔木层以壳斗科的栎属为主,灌木层以蔷薇科的绣线菊属、李属、豆科的胡枝子属,马鞭草科的荆条属和虎耳草科的溲疏属占有重要地位。草本层常以莎草科的苔草属,禾本科的隐子草属、大油芒属、野古草属和白草属植物为优势种或常见种。栎林的植物生活型谱,从种类成分分析是以地面芽植物为主,高位芽植物次之,地下芽植物亦占一定比例,但从各类生活型植物的优势度分析,显然以高位芽植物占有优势。组成栎林植物的叶级,是以小型叶植物为主,中型叶植物次之,大型叶植物为罕见。就各类栎林种类成分的相似性分析,以槲树林与槲栎林最为相似,辽东栎林与栓皮栎林差异较大。     

深圳坝光区域自然林及半自然林植物多样性比较

实地调查深圳市坝光区域2个封育状态下的自然林和2个处于恢复状态的荒弃果林半自然林的植物群落结构,测定植物高度、盖度等指标,分析两种类型植物群落组成及多样性特征。结果表明,在群落各层次的种类组成方面,自然林乔木层与灌木层的植物种类数均大于半自然林,半自然林的灌木层与草本层发育也较好,种类丰富;在物种多样性Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和丰富度指数方面,4个群落的灌木层多样性都较其他2个层次高,说明在人为干扰减小的情况下,灌木的自我更新能力较强。自然林3个群落层次及整体指标等多数高于半自然林,说明自然林植被结构发育较好,各层次种类数更为丰富,各种类个体数及分布更为均匀;而处于恢复状态的半自然林,由于受到人为干扰的印迹未完全消失,乔木层的多样性指数明显低于自然林,但也因为处于恢复状态,灌木层与草本层的恢复使其物种多样性逐渐增高。     

西双版纳傣族“龙山”片断热带雨林植物多样性的变化研究

本文选择了西双版纳地区６个傣族“龙山”片断热带雨林和一个同样植被类型的自然保护区原始林为研究样地,在各样地中均设置一个２５００ｍ２面积的样方,采用植物群落学与植物种类编目相结合的方法,比较研究了各“龙山”片断雨林的群落结构（层次和覆盖度）,植物丰富度（单位面积上的植物个体数）和物种多样性指数的变化情况,得出结论：随着隔离（孤立）时间的增加和人为干扰的加剧,“龙山”片断热带雨林的群落结构和植物丰富度将越趋偏离原始热带雨林,亦即群落结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低,以及物种多样性指数显著下降,片断热带雨林中的雨林成分也将在一定程度上被先锋成分等其它植被类型成分替换。本文也对导致这些变化的原因作了探讨。     

Understory Plant Community Composition Is Associated with Fine-Scale Above- and Below-Ground Resource Heterogeneity in Mature Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) Forests

Understory plant communities play critical ecological roles in forest ecosystems. Both above- and below-ground ecosystem properties and processes influence these communities but relatively little is known about such effects at fine (i.e., one to several meters within-stand) scales, particularly for forests in which the canopy is dominated by a single species. An improved understanding of these effects is critical for understanding how understory biodiversity is regulated in such forests and for anticipating impacts of changing disturbance regimes. Our primary objective was to examine the patterns of fine-scale variation in understory plant communities and their relationships to above- and below-ground resource and environmental heterogeneity within mature lodgepole pine forests. We assessed composition and diversity of understory vegetation in relation to heterogeneity of both the above-ground (canopy tree density, canopy and tall shrub basal area and cover, downed wood biomass, litter cover) and below-ground (soil nutrient availability, decomposition, forest floor thickness, pH, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and multiple carbon-source substrate-induced respiration (MSIR) of the forest floor microbial community) environment. There was notable variation in fine-scale plant community composition; cluster and indicator species analyses of the 24 most commonly occurring understory species distinguished four assemblages, one for which a pioneer forb species had the highest cover levels, and three others that were characterized by different bryophyte species having the highest cover. Constrained ordination (distance-based redundancy analysis) showed that two above-ground (mean tree diameter, litter cover) and eight below-ground (forest floor pH, plant available boron, microbial community composition and function as indicated by MSIR and PLFAs) properties were associated with variation in understory plant community composition. These results provide novel insights into the important ecological associations between understory plant community composition and heterogeneity in ecosystem properties and processes within forests dominated by a single canopy species.     

From Forest to Farmland: Species Richness Patterns of Trees and Understorey Plants along a Gradient of Forest Conversion in Southwestern Cameroon

Vegetation surveys were carried out at 24 sampling stations distributed over four land use types, namely near-primary forest, secondary forest, agroforestry systems and annual crop lands in the northeastern part of the Korup region, Cameroon, to assess the impact of forest conversion on trees and understorey plants. Tree species richness decreased significantly with increasing level of habitat modification, being highest and almost equal in secondary and near-primary forests. Understorey plant species richness was significantly higher in annual crop lands than in other land use types. The four land use types differed in tree and understorey plant species composition, the difference being smaller among natural forests. Tree and understorey plant density differed significantly between habitat types. Density was strongly correlated with species richness, both for trees and understorey plants. Five tree and 15 understorey plant species showed significant responses to habitat. A 90% average drop in tree basal area from forest to farmland was registered. Our findings support the view that agroforestry systems with natural shade trees can serve to protect many forest species, but that especially annual crop lands could be redesigned to improve biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes of tropical rainforest regions.     

云南镇康大雪山常绿阔叶林群落类型的研究

常绿阔叶林在云南植被中占有重要位置,属于我国的西部类型,镇康大雪山的常绿阔叶林面积大,发育好,保存较完整,是一类具有代表性的中山湿性常绿阔叶林。本文根据常绿阔叶林的外貌、结构、成层性、优势种和生境条件特征的异同进行群落类型的划分。该地区常绿阔叶林分布较南,属于西南季风的前沿,地形复杂,山体较高,树种资源丰富,乔木优势种也较明显,生境湿润,林冠下一般具明显的竹子层片,群落类型多样,单位面积木材蓄积量较高。这类植被从自然保护研究和生产实践上具有重要的价值。