产甘油假丝酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因（CgGPD）功能分析

【目的】从高产甘油生产菌株产甘油假丝酵母（Candida glycerinogenes）基因组中克隆了NAD+依赖3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因（CgGPD）,但是该基因及其上游调控序列具体的功能还是未知的。本文研究了CgGPD基因及其上游调控序列的功能。【方法】本文以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）及其渗透压敏感型突变株为宿主,构建3种不同的酵母表达载体导入酵母细胞,研究了不同酵母转化子在渗透压胁迫条件下CgGPD基因表达对细胞的耐高渗透压胁迫应答及其细胞的甘油合成能力的影响。【结果】实验结果表明无论是以来源于S. cerevisiae 的TPI启动子还是来源于CgGPD基因的启动子,过量表达CgGPD基因的转化子均能够显著加速葡萄糖消耗速度和提高甘油合成能力,在gpd1/gpd2突变株中表达CgGPD基因能够消除细胞对外界高渗透压的敏感性,同时转化子胞内甘油大量积累。【结论】CgGPD基因在野生型酵母S. cerevisiae W303-1A表达显著提高细胞的甘油合成能力,在gpd/1gpd2突变株中能够互补GPD1基因的功能,CgGPD基因表达受渗透压诱导 调控。     

Asia1型口蹄疫病毒受体结合位点多样性

摘要：【目的】产甘油假丝酵母作为一株优良高产甘油菌株,已成功应用于工业生产15年。近年来由于产甘油假丝酵母染色体倍性尚不明确,限制了对其进行遗传改造的研究进展,因而我们对产甘油假丝酵母染色体倍性研究,分析确定其染色体倍性。【方法】选用酿酒酵母细胞进行生孢,制备酿酒酵母单倍体细胞作对照,并选用热带假丝酵母作为二倍体酵母细胞对照,利用血球计数板得到热带假丝酵母、产甘油假丝酵母、单倍体及二倍体酿酒酵母细胞数,提取染色体,通过二苯胺检测法测定DNA含量。由于在相同紫外照射条件下单倍体细胞比二倍体细胞更容易死亡,因     

白假丝酵母CFL1基因通过转录调控参与氧化压力应答

【背景】CFL1基因是白假丝酵母高铁还原酶基因,介导胞外铁离子的还原,在白假丝酵母胞内铁稳态的维持方面发挥着重要作用。【目的】研究CFL1基因调节氧化压力应答的分子机制。【方法】采用液体培养及巨噬细胞模型,测定CFL1缺失对氧化压力耐受性和杀伤巨噬细胞能力的影响;使用羟基自由基清除剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)分析其对缓解氧化压力敏感性的影响;采用实时荧光定量PCR分析CFL1缺失对氧化压力应答基因表达的影响;采用过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定方法研究CFL1缺失对CAT1基因表达的影响;通过构建WT-CAT1-GFP和cfl1Δ/Δ-CAT1-GFP菌株分析过氧化氢酶基因过表达对cfl1Δ/Δ氧化压力敏感性的影响。【结果】白假丝酵母CFL1基因的缺失会造成杀伤巨噬细胞能力的减弱,氧化压力应答基因表达的下降。过氧化氢酶基因的过表达则能恢复与野生型几乎一致的氧化压力水平。【结论】CFL1基因通过转录调控参与白假丝酵母氧化压力应答过程。     

产甘油假丝酵母TRP1基因的克隆与功能分析

产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes) WL2002-5 是我国发酵甘油生产菌种, 具有高产甘油和耐高渗透压的优良性能。本文采用遗传互补的方法从产甘油假丝酵母基因文库中克隆了TRP1基因(CgTRP1)。序列分析显示, 该基因编码区全长735 bp, 编码的磷酸核糖氨基苯甲酸同分异构酶(CgPRAI)氨基酸序列与其他酵母来源的PRAI蛋白同源性在32.9%~49.2%之间。功能互补实验显示, CgTRP1基因在高拷贝情况下可以互补酿酒酵母trp1基因功能但在低拷贝情况下只能部分互补酿酒酵母trp1基因功能, 是一条功能明确、结构完整的酵母新基因。在CgTRP1 基因下游发现另一蛋白编码基因, 编码的氨基酸序列与酵母无机焦磷酸酶有很高的相似性。     

热带假丝酵母脂肪醛脱氢酶基因CtAld1和CtAld2的功能评价

【目的】热带假丝酵母是发酵法生产二元酸的重要工业菌株,具有较高的ω-氧化活性。脂肪醛脱氢酶在ω-氧化途径中起重要作用,催化脂肪醛生成脂肪酸,但其具体催化功能及对细胞生理影响还未被系统研究。本文通过删除脂肪醛脱氢酶基因CtAld1和CtAld2鉴定了其在ω-氧化途径中的功能。【方法】通过基因组信息挖掘获得热带假丝酵母脂肪醛脱氢酶基因CtAld1和CtAld2序列,在此基础上,通过同源重组敲除CtAld1和CtAld2基因。考察突变株的生长和胞内脂肪醛脱氢酶活性变化,并评价CtAld1和CtAld2基因敲除对细胞二元酸合成能力的影响。【结果】分别获得了热带假丝酵母突变株XZX-1(ΔCtAld1/ΔCtAld1)、XZX-2(ΔCtAld2/ΔCtAld2)和XZX-12(ΔCtAld1/ΔCtAld1,ΔCtAld2/ΔCtAld2)。在以十二烷为唯一碳源的培养基中,敲除CtAld2基因显著抑制细胞的生长,胞内脂肪醛脱氢酶活性降低为出发菌株的30%;敲除CtAld1基因尽管会使细胞损失一部分醛脱氢酶活性,但能够一定程度地提升细胞在十二烷中的生长性能。敲除CtAld1或CtAld2会降低菌株二元酸产量,组合敲除CtAld1和CtAld2严重削弱菌株十二碳二元酸的合成能力。【结论】CtAld2对热带假丝酵母细胞的生长和十二碳二元酸的合成具有重要作用,缺失CtAld1或CtAld2基因降低细胞的二元酸合成能力。CtAld1和CtAld2可作为热带假丝酵母ω-氧化途径代谢工程改造的潜在靶点。     

产甘油假丝酵母HOG途径应答研究进展

产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)是工业甘油生产菌株,具有多重高抗逆、生长迅速、糖代谢高效等优点,是优良的工业宿主菌株.高渗甘油(high osmolarity glycerol, HOG)应答途径是真核细胞应答高渗透压胁迫的关键响应机制.本文从产甘油酵母HOG途径的生物信息学分析、MAP激酶Hog1对细胞表型、甘油转运和合成、氨基酸的合成与转运调控进行阐述,为进一步理解该酵母的HOG应答途径和抗逆机制奠定了基础.     

产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)染色体倍性分析

摘要：【目的】产甘油假丝酵母作为一株优良高产甘油菌株,已成功应用于工业生产15年。近年来由于产甘油假丝酵母染色体倍性尚不明确,限制了对其进行遗传改造的研究进展,因而我们对产甘油假丝酵母染色体倍性研究,分析确定其染色体倍性。【方法】选用酿酒酵母细胞进行生孢,制备酿酒酵母单倍体细胞作对照,并选用热带假丝酵母作为二倍体酵母细胞对照,利用血球计数板得到热带假丝酵母、产甘油假丝酵母、单倍体及二倍体酿酒酵母细胞数,提取染色体,通过二苯胺检测法测定DNA含量。由于在相同紫外照射条件下单倍体细胞比二倍体细胞更容易死亡,因     

酵母细胞渗透压调节与甘油代谢

酵母甘油代谢与调控的信息主要来自于酿酒酵母和酿酒酵母细胞对高渗应答的研究。本文综述了酵母细胞非协迫条件下的甘油合成与分解代谢特征;甘油在酵母细胞渗透压调节过程中的作用与酵母耐高渗机理;增强甘油合成的外环境及其甘油合成的途径工程;以及酵母感受胞外高渗信息及控制在高渗协迫条件下甘油合成的高渗甘油应答途径。     

酿酒酵母Mbp1缺陷型菌株的构建及其乙醇发酵特性

【目的】研究酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)工业菌株Mbp1基因的功能,探讨Mbp1基因对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵性能的影响。【方法】以酿酒酵母MF1015为出发菌株,用PCR方法构建Mbp1基因敲除组件Loxp-KanMX-Loxp,将敲除组件转化两种配型的酿酒酵母单倍体,通过单倍体复倍获得敲除Mbp1基因的二倍体突变菌株,研究突变菌株形态变化及乙醇发酵特性。【结果】敲除Mbp1基因后突变菌株生长曲线无显著变化,出芽率降低,细胞体积增大19.2%,对饥饿更敏感,较早出现假菌丝。甘蔗糖蜜在静置条件下发酵,突变菌株的乙醇产量明显低于野生型;在130 r/min的条件下发酵,突变菌株和野生型发酵液中的乙醇产量基本相同。【结论】Mbp1基因缺失使酿酒酵母的乙醇发酵能力下降并影响细胞的形态分化。     

产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成关键酶编码基因的克隆

产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)作为优良的甘油生产菌株已经成功应用于工业化生产。但相对于酿酒酵母, 该菌株的耐高渗机理和甘油代谢的分子机制还不甚清楚。本文根据已公布的3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因的序列信息, 设计出一组寡核苷酸, 再运用简并PCR结合反向PCR技术从C. glycerinogenes的基因组DNA中获得了4 900 bp的核苷酸序列, 递交GenBank (No. EU186536)。该序列包含完整的编码胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因(CgGPD)开放阅读框及其上、下游调控序列。1 167 bp的开放阅读框编码388个氨基酸残基的蛋白。所演绎出氨基酸序列分析比对结果表明该基因产物的序列具有典型的胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶结构特征, 但与已鉴定的相关基因存在中等程度的同源性并在相应的辅酶催化位点和底物结合位点区域具有高度的保守性, 在氨基酸水平上与安格斯毕赤酵母的相似性最高, 达到70.9%。该基因在Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303A中异源表达能够显著提高细胞的甘油合成能力。     

Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501-625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.     

DEC1 and MIC-1

Comment on: Qian Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109:11300-5.     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1

PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC₅₀s were obtained. All of these LC₅₀s were significantly higher than the expected LC₅₀s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC₅₀ of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm² of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC₅₀s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm² of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm² of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Generation of 'humanized' hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) mouse line

Human/rodent CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 orthologs are well known to exhibit species-specific differences in substrate preferences and rates of metabolism. This lab previously characterized a BAC-transgenic mouse carrying the human CYP1A1_CYP1A2 locus; in this line, human dioxin-inducible CYP1A1 and basal vs dioxin-inducible CYP1A2 have been shown to be expressed normally (with regard to mRNAs, proteins and three enzyme activities) in every one of nine mouse tissues studied. The mouse Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 genes are oriented head-to-head and share a bidirectional promoter region of 13,954 bp. Using Cre recombinase and loxP sites inserted 3' of the stop codons of both genes, we show here a successful interchromosomal excision of 26,173 bp that ablated both genes on the same allele. The Cyp1a1/1a2(-) double-knockout allele was bred with the "humanized" line; the final product is the hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) line on a theoretically >99.8% C57BL/6J genetic background-having both human genes replacing the mouse orthologs. This line will be valuable for human risk assessment studies involving any environmental toxicant or drug that is a substrate for CYP1A1 or CYP1A2.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme E1-domain Containing 1, UBE1DC1

Ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins play important roles in post-translational modification. They are phylogenetically well-conserved in eukaryotes. Activated by other proteins, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can covalently modify target proteins. The enzymes responsible for the activation of this modification have been known to include UBA1, SAE2, UBA3, SAE1 and ULA1. Here we report a new ubiquitin activating enzyme like cDNA, named ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-domain containing 1 (UBE1DC1), whose cDNA is 2654 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 404 amino acids. The UBE1DC1 gene consists of 12 exons and is located at human chromosome 3q22. The result of RT-PCR showed that UBE1DC1 is expressed in most of human tissues. These two authors contributed equally to this paper. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under accession number AY253672.