ABA与Ca^2＋／CaM信使系统关系

介绍了胞间信号ABA在信号传递过程中对胞内钙信号的影响及其两者的关系。     

Ca2+信号途径参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成的调控

为了确定Ca²⁺信号途径是否参与、在哪一时期参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的调控,用四种可从不同位点阻断Ca²⁺信号途径的抑制剂分别处理分生孢子,观察抑制剂对孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的抑制作用。结果表明:Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA、Ca²⁺通道抑制剂Verapamil、抑制磷脂酶C活性的抑制剂U-73122、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂影响孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程在萌发早期(1~4h)最有效;在完全被抑制、不能萌发的孢子内出现了许多颗粒状囊泡;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成。以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发及疏水条件下附着胞形成过程的调控。     

整合素及其信号传导通路

整合素是位于细胞表面的重要黏附分子,通过其双向信号传导通路,介导细胞与细胞外基质及细胞与细胞间的黏附.整合素由胞外域、跨膜域和胞内域3部分组成.胞内域与细胞内信号分子结合,启动胞内一胞外信号传导激活整合素,提高与相应配体亲合力.而胞外域与相应配体结合后,通过胞外-胞内信号传导,调节细胞生存、增殖、黏附、分化功能.近年研究显示,整合素结构功能及信号传导通路异常与多种疾病有关.     

胱氨酸/谷氨酸反向转运体的研究进展

胱氨酸/谷氨酸反向转运体(System Xc-)可摄取胱氨酸、排出谷氨酸,既为胞内谷胱甘肽合成提供原料,又参与胞外谷氨酸浓度调控。该转运体可发挥抗氧化应激和调控神经信号传递等作用,与中枢神经系统疾病、肿瘤生长与耐药性形成等多种疾病密切相关。本文对System Xc-在生物学特征、生理和病理功能、转运活性调控以及相关发病机制中作用的研究进展作一综述,这些研究为相关疾病的诊治提供有益的线索。     

高中生物学中"受体"相关问题浅述

1．1定义受体是一种能够识别和选择性结合某种配体（信号分子）的大分子,当与配体结合后,通过信号作用将胞外信号转换为胞内化学或物理信号,以启动一系列过程,最终表现为生物学相关的生理效应。     

卵巢癌中TGF-β/Smads信号通路的功能研究

为探讨卵巢癌细胞中TGF-β的信号传导情况及TGF-β／Smads信号通路各组分在卵巢癌发生中的作用,采用MTT和活细胞计数方法研究了TGF-β1对卵巢癌细胞系HO-8910、HO-8910PM及SKOV3的生长抑制作用;并应用RT-PCR、荧光免疫组化等方法研究了TGF-β／Smads传导通路中各组分的表达和定位以及TGF-β1刺激前后Smad7和P-Smad2定位及表达的变化。结果显示,TGF-β1对细胞系SKOV3没有生长抑制作用．而SK-OV3细胞表达了TGF-β／Smads信号通路中的所有已知成分。且3种卵巢癌细胞在TGF-β1刺激后Smad7mRNA瞬时表达增加,Smad7蛋白表达亦增加并由胞核转位到胞浆,P-Smad2由胞浆转位到胞核。结果表明TGF-β／Smads信号传导通路在卵巢癌细胞HO-8910、HO-8910PM和SKOV3中是完整的,SKOV3细胞逃逸TGF-β介导的生长抑制作用可能是由于TGF-β／Smads信号通路下游发生异常。     

谷氨酸促进大鼠海马神经元的内钙升高

谷氨酸能影响大鼠海马神经元胞内钙信号的变化,进而影响海马神经元神经冲动的发放和学习记忆过程。运用荧光测钙技术实时监测了大鼠海马神经元内钙信号的动态变化,同时分析了谷氨酸对其胞内钙信号的影响。试验表明：谷氨酸能够显著提高胞内游离钙离子的浓度;细胞外钙离子的存在、谷氨酸刺激时间及刺激频率的增加都能引起胞内钙信号不同程度的升高;但谷氨酸的过度刺激会引起钙离子浓度的超负荷,从而导致神经元结构和功能的损坏。     

BMP/Smad信号通路与哺乳动物卵泡发生

BMPs属于TGF-b超家族成员, 在调节哺乳动物的生长、细胞增殖和分化等方面有很广泛的生物学功能。越来越多的证据显示, BMPs在雌性哺乳动物生殖, 尤其在卵泡发生过程中发挥重要作用。Smads蛋白是BMP家族细胞内信号转导分子, 可将BMPs胞外信号从细胞膜传递入细胞核。文章对BMPs、BMP/Smad信号通路和BMP如何被调节进行概述, 并重点对BMP/Smad信号通路在卵泡发生过程中所起的调控作用进行综述。     

滋养细胞胞内双链DNA感受器通过MAPK/IκB信号介导炎性细胞因子分泌

目的:探究滋养细胞能否感受胞内双链DNA刺激及其对炎性因子分泌的影响,揭示胎盘的免疫识别和免疫屏障功能,探讨妊娠期感染所致不良妊娠结局的发病机制。方法:利用人工合成的双链DNA模拟物poly (dA:dT)转染人滋养细胞系HTR-8/SVneo,Real-Time PCR方法检测滋养细胞胞内双链DNA识别受体的表达水平;Western Blot检测滋养细胞MAPK和IκB信号的活化情况;ELISA检测HTR-8/SVneo细胞培养上清中IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、CXCL10的分泌水平。结果:Real-Time PCR结果表明,HTR-8/SVneo能够感受胞内双链DNA刺激并上调包括IFI16、AIM2、DHX36、DHX9、LRRFIP1、KU70、ZBP1/DAI和DDX41在内的多种双链DNA感受器的m RNA表达水平;Western Blot实验结果表明,滋养细胞识别双链DNA后能够促进MAPK和IκB信号通路活化,转染90分钟后ERK、JNK、p38和IκBα的磷酸化水平最高,其后随着时间逐渐减弱;加入IκB、p38和JNK特异性抑制剂能够抑制poly(dA:dT)介导的IL-8、IL-6和CXCL10分泌,但其分泌不受ERK抑制剂的影响;MCP-1的分泌能够被p38和JNK抑制剂阻断,但p38和ERK抑制剂不影响其分泌。结论:人滋养细胞存在功能性胞内双链DNA识别机制,活化的DNA识别信号能够激活MAPK和IκB信号通路,并通过IκB、p38或JNK信号介导IL-8、IL-6、MCP-1及CXCL10等细胞因子和趋化因子的分泌。     

植物细胞信号转导研究进展

植物细胞信号转导（signaltransduction）研究近年来发展很快,以至有可能描述出它的大致的轮廓。本文从环境刺激与胞间信号、膜上信号转换机制、胞内信号、蛋白质可逆磷酸化四个方面,比较系统地介绍了植物信号系统的研究进展。     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

AutoFACT: AnAutomaticFunctionalAnnotation andClassificationTool

Background  

Assignment of function to new molecular sequence data is an essential step in genomics projects. The usual process involves similarity searches of a given sequence against one or more databases, an arduous process for large datasets.     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.     

An electron spin probe study of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-Containing membranes

The modulating effect of membrane lipids on enzyme function has been described by several investigators. We have used the spin probe $\text{N-}\text{oxyl}\text{-4′,4′-}\text{dimethyloxazolidine}\text{-12-}\text{keto}$ methyl stearate (M 12-NSE) to study this interaction in ox brain membranes enriched with $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. This methyl ester of stearic acid is practically insoluble in aqueous media, and consequently spectra of M 12-NSE-labelled preparations are free of “liquid lines”.At least two types of spectra may be obtained when ox brain microsomes are spin labelled with M 12-NSE, indicating the presence of two distinct binding sites. At one site the spin label is relatively unrestricted and gives rise to an isotropic spectrum. A second spectrum, which is obtained from spin label at another site, is similar to that which is observed after incorporation of M 12-NSE into phospholipid bilayers. This suggests that this latter site is within the core of the microsomal membrane.The two binding sites differ in their affinity for the spin probe. The low affinity site is both more abundant in crude preparations and is more easily removed by detergent treatment; spin labels at this site produce isotropic spectra. The high affinity sites are fewer in number and produce broad spectra. In addition these high affinity sites increase in concentration as the enzyme undergoes purification.The two sites are quite distinct in their sensitivity to ascorbic acid, the low affinity site showing a considerably greater rate of reduction by this agent.This study also demonstrates that the delipidation effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase-enriched}$ microsomes from ox brain are not identical.It is suggested that the two spin probe binding sites represent two different lipid domains, one of which is very closely associated with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme and may reflect a protein-directed phospholipid specificity for this enzyme.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

Occurrence of N-malonyl-D-alanine in pea seedlings

One of the ninhydrin-negative alanine conjugates isolated from pea seedlings was identified as $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$.The identification of this conjugate was carried out by a comparison of its gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties, and its nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra with those of synthetic $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$. The alanine in the conjugate was shown to be present as the D-isomer by enzymatic and chromatographic analyses.     

catmap: Case-control And TDT Meta-Analysis Package

Background  

Risk for complex disease is thought to be controlled by multiple genetic risk factors, each with small individual effects. Meta-analyses of several independent studies may be helpful to increase the ability to detect association when effect sizes are modest. Although many software options are available for meta-analysis of genetic case-control data, no currently available software implements the method described by Kazeem and Farrall (2005), which combines data from independent family-based and case-control studies.