大孔吸附树脂分离纯化番石榴叶总黄酮的研究

考察大孔吸附树脂吸附分离番石榴叶总黄酮的工艺条件.以静态饱和吸附量、静态洗脱率、动态饱和吸附量、动态洗脱率为考察指标,比较了D101、AB-8两种大孔树脂分离纯化番石榴叶总黄酮的优劣.又以总黄酮回收率为指标,对最佳树脂吸附工艺参数进行了研究.在考察的2种树脂中,AB-8型树脂最适于番石榴叶总黄酮的分离纯化,其工艺条件为:4倍树脂体积50%乙醇洗脱,速度2mL/min.树脂可重复使用4次.其平均总黄酮回收率为87.47%.所得总黄酮纯度为74.03%     

大孔吸附树脂对海边月见草总黄酮的吸附及解吸特性

通过比较3种大孔吸附树脂对海边月见草(O enothera littaralisSchlect.)总黄酮的吸附能力,选择了吸附量较大且易洗脱的树脂AB-8,研究了提取液浓度、pH值对该树脂静态吸附能力的影响,以及洗脱剂种类、乙醇浓度对动态解吸能力的影响。结果表明,AB-8树脂对海边月见草总黄酮有良好的吸附纯化性能,当原液浓度为1.076mg.mL-1时,树脂达饱和吸附量36.11 mg.g-1;提取液pH值对该树脂的吸附能力影响显著,pH值达4.0~4.5时树脂吸附量最大;用60%乙醇为洗脱剂,流速为1 mL.m in-1,总黄酮的动态洗脱率达83.41%,获得的总黄酮纯度为24.13%,得率3.54%;而30%乙醇(6倍柱床体积)和50%乙醇(6倍柱床体积)组合是最佳动态洗脱剂。     

大孔吸附树脂对乳清分离蛋白酶解物的吸附特性研究

研究了大孔吸附树脂对乳清分离蛋白（WPI）酶解液的吸附特性。比较了6种大孔吸附树脂对WPI酶解物的静态吸附率与解吸附率。结果表明,DA201-C大孔吸附树脂最适合WPI酶解物的分离,其对WPI酶解液的动态吸附条件为：上样液浓度：10mg／mL;洗脱剂：75％乙醇溶液;洗脱剂流速：1BV／h。     

蜜环菌糖复合物AMP-2内黄酮类成分分离条件的研究

选用4种大孔树脂对蜜环菌AMP-2进行静态和动态吸附试验,比较其吸附率与解吸率,确定分离AMP-2内黄酮的最佳大孔树脂;通过正交试验L9(34)确定最佳的洗脱条件。研究结果表明最佳大孔树脂为AB-8;最佳参数条件为柱径高比1:10、洗脱浓度60%的乙醇、洗脱体积位200mL;同时发现经过最佳分离方案后所得AMP-2b内的黄酮含量比AMP-2提高近1倍。     

肝素纯化工艺中离子交换树脂的选择与应用研究

研究比较了5种树脂对肝素的吸附能力,从中选出S5428阴离子交换树脂来纯化肝素。通过对各因素的研究,确定了树脂对肝素的静态、动态吸附以及解吸的最佳条件。结果表明:静态吸附的温度45℃,pH 8.0的条件下吸附2 h,肝素的吸附率为90.5%;层析柱的动态吸附温度45℃,肝素溶液进样浓度1.0 mg/mL,进样速度1.5 mL/min,树脂柱能处理1.5 BV肝素液而不发生泄露,吸附量为3.05 mg/mL,达到饱和吸附时可处理4BV的料液,吸附量为9.18 mg/mL;采用2.0 mol/L NaCl洗脱,洗脱流速1.5 mL/min,肝素解吸率可达95.8%,肝素效价可达150 U/mg,效价回收率98%。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化香叶木苷

比较了D-101、D-140、AB-8、XAB-8、D312、聚酰胺等6种吸附树脂对蓬子菜中活性成分香叶木苷diosmin的吸附和洗脱条件,在静态吸附研究的基础上,进行了动态实验,并且利用二次吸附对该成分进行了纯化。结果表明AB-8树脂对diosmin的吸附量大、吸附速度快、解吸容易、富集分离效果好。利用聚酰胺进行二次纯化,得到纯度95%以上的diosmin。     

发酵液中L-色氨酸分离纯化工艺研究

通过静态吸附实验,考察了温度、pH值对001×7阳离子交换树脂平衡吸附量的影响,并测定了吸附动力学曲线。通过动态实验,测定了动态吸附曲线和洗脱曲线。最后确定了001×7阳离子交换树脂分离纯化L-色氨酸的最佳工艺条件:用001×7阳离子交换树脂吸附L-色氨酸,以浓度为2 mol.L-1氨水进行洗脱,收集的流份经D315阴离子交换树脂脱色,浓缩结晶后得L-色氨酸成品,总提取率为73.0%。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化银杏中种皮总黄酮

通过静态吸附、静态解吸及吸附动力学研究,对比分析了AB-8、DM-130、S-8等三种大孔吸附树脂对银杏中种皮提取液中总黄酮的分离纯化效果,并且考察和优化了AB-8和DM-130分离纯化银杏中种皮总黄酮的工艺条件.结果表明,弱极性树脂AB-8和DM-130的吸附率分别为87.72%和86.29%、解吸率为97.52%和92.20%,是性能良好的总黄酮吸附剂; 二种树脂的静态吸附曲线变化趋势一致,6 h左右达到吸附平衡,最佳吸附条件:吸附液pH=3.0,树脂用量:吸附液=1:20,吸附温度40 ℃,洗脱剂70%乙醇;动态解吸研究显示,7倍和9倍体积洗脱剂可分别将AB-8与DM-130树脂柱吸附的总黄酮基本洗脱.在优化的工艺条件下,AB-8大孔树脂纯化可使提取物中总黄酮含量达16.3%.     

AB-8树脂对蓝靛果花色苷的吸附性能研究

以AB-8树脂分离蓝靛果花色苷的吸附性能为研究内容,具体研究了AB-8树脂的吸附等温线、吸附热力学性质和动态吸附参数。结果表明,在静态吸附实验条件下,AB-8树脂对蓝靛果花色苷的吸附是放热过程,吸附能力较强,吸附参数能用Freundlich方程较好拟合,相关系数大于0.98;动态吸附研究表明,AB-8树脂纯化蓝靛果花色苷的最佳上样浓度为280±5 mg/m L、洗脱流速2.5 m L/min,通过对乙醇梯度洗脱浓度进行液质分析,确定了各洗脱液中的花色苷种类,为模拟移动床色谱纯化蓝靛果花色苷奠定了理论基础。     

活性炭柱层析纯化油茶皂苷的研究

本文通过选用特定的吸附柱层析活性炭纯化油茶皂苷。以总皂苷的得率及纯度为考察指标,确定活性炭吸附柱层析富集油茶总皂苷的性能、洗脱参数及再生使用情况。结果表明,水洗之后再以90％乙醇洗脱较好;香草醛．浓硫酸为检测方法检测下,总皂苷解吸得率为62．9％,总洗脱率为92．4％,纯度为50．1％以上;该类柱层析活性炭在分离纯化及脱色方面作用较显著,工艺简便、成本低,适合工业化生产。     

氨基酸肥效作用的研究

本研究证明氨基酸分子可以直接被作物吸收,并有促进作物增产的肥效作用,如与等氮量的无机氮肥相比(如NH_4Cl),混合氨基酸的肥效更高,我们用胱氨酸废液中的游离氨基酸为主要成分制成氨基酸肥料,盆栽和田间试验证明,该肥料具有明显增产作用,这就为毛发水解行业治理环境污染与开辟新的肥料来源结合起来,一举两得。     

稻田温室气体减排措施对稻米氨基酸含量的影响

为探索稻田中温室气体减排措施对稻米氨基酸含量的影响,用10个不同方法对双季稻田进行处理,并使用高效液相色谱分别测定了各处理稻田中所产稻米中的16种氨基酸的含量,其中色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax AAA分析柱,柱前衍生使用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)和9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯(FMOC-CL)为衍生试剂。结果发现:1)10个处理中的稻米16种氨基酸种类齐全,施氮肥+添加生物质炭48 t/hm2+间歇灌溉(NPK+HBC+IF)处理中所得氨基酸总量为6520.7 mg/100g,效果最佳;对照组处理(不施加氮肥+无稻草还田+间歇灌溉)所得氨基酸含量4338.0 mg/100g为最低。以对照组处理所得必需氨基酸百分含量36.8%为最高值;无稻草还田+长期淹水(NPK+CF)处理方法所得必需氨基酸百分含量33.1%为最低值。10个处理中16种氨基酸中含量较高的氨基酸均为天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸,含量最低的均为甲硫氨酸;2)施氮肥量相同时,长期淹水与间歇灌溉相比,氨基酸总量增加185.1 mg/100g,非必需氨基酸百分含量增加3%,谷氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸含量明显升高,但亮氨酸含量显著降低;3)施用氮肥能提高稻米中的氨基酸含量,且随着氮肥使用量的增加,氨基酸含量也随之增加,组氨酸含量增加显著;4)供氮量相同时,添加猪粪使氨基酸总含量升高了286.0 mg/100g,此结果表明,在供氮量相同的情况下,施用猪粪更有利于稻米氨基酸含量的提高;5)灌溉模式相同时,稻草还田配施氮肥对必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量均有提高,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和组氨酸的含量增加较多,甲硫氨酸含量略有下降;随着稻草还田量的增加,对非必需氨基酸影响较为明显;当稻草半量还田(还田量为3 t/hm2)时,稻米中氨基酸总量增加最多;稻草全量还田+长期淹水(NPK+HRS+CF)与稻草半量还田+间歇灌溉(NPK+LRS+IF)处理中的氨基酸含量基本接近,但必需氨基酸含量前者略高于后者,说明稻草还田与水肥管理对氨基酸含量影响可能存在交互作用;6)添加生物质炭配施氮肥提高了稻米必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量,且随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增加;与稻草还田、添加猪粪处理相比,生物质炭的添加对氨基酸总含量提升的效果最为显著,对稻田实际生产具有指导意义且具有一定的环境效益。     

Effects of selected fertilizers on the life history of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B

We tested the effects among a purportedly sustainable water-soluble fertilizer, a conventional water-soluble fertilizer, an alternation of these, a controlled-release fertilizer, and a clear water control on the life-history traits of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae; =Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) biotype B reared on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willdenow ex Klotzch). Free amino acids in petioles were measured to estimate plant nutrient assimilation and phloem nutritional quality for B. tabaci biotype B. The sustainable fertilizer produced plants with the highest concentration of amino acids. In contrast, fecundity of whiteflies was lowest in plants treated with the sustainable fertilizer and the water control. The relationship between total amino acids in phloem and survival was significantly quadratic, with the highest survival at intermediate levels. Fecundity, however, was negatively correlated with total amino acid content of the maternal host plant. Variation in total amino acid concentration in petioles of plants treated within fertilizer treatments makes it difficult to predict whether a particular fertilizer will produce plants with enough amino acids to deleteriously affect both survivorship and fecundity and yet yield a plant of good quality. Despite this limitation, we can conclude that the use of this sustainable fertilizer will not cause increases in whitefly populations relative to plants fertilized with water-soluble and slow-release fertilizers that deliver the same level of nitrogen to the plant.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌3-2发酵羽毛产氨基酸

【目的】建立废弃羽毛液体发酵工艺,优化发酵条件,提高羽毛降解率及氨基酸产量,研发新型、高效复合氨基酸肥料。【方法】利用解淀粉芽孢杆菌3-2发酵羽毛,探究温度、发酵时间、羽毛含量、单一碳源、复合碳氮源、金属离子等对废弃羽毛降解效果以及发酵液中氨基酸种类和含量的影响。【结果】废弃羽毛降解率与氨基酸总产量呈负相关。随着发酵时间延长,羽毛降解率增加,当发酵温度为37°C、羽毛添加量为1%、以乳糖为外加碳源、添加Mg2+时,羽毛降解率最高,达到81.92%。随着羽毛添加量增加,氨基酸总含量也增加(在20%范围以内),当发酵温度为37°C、降解时间为108 h、羽毛添加量为10%、乳糖添加量为0.5%、不添加复合碳氮源、不添加金属离子时,氨基酸的种类最全(富含17种氨基酸),总含量最高,达到20.861 g/kg。【结论】利用解淀粉芽孢杆菌3-2发酵废弃羽毛生产氨基酸复合肥料是一种可靠、环保、经济的方法,获得的氨基酸肥料营养齐全。研究结果为新型复合氨基酸肥料的研发提供技术支撑。     

Dynamics of fertilizer-derived organic nitrogen fractions in an arable soil during a growing season

Background

Inorganic fertilizer is one of the most important anthropogenic inputs which influences soil nutrient turnover in agricultural ecosystems. However, as the key process involved in the maintenance, transformation and stability of soil nitrogen (N), the incorporation and allocation of fertilizer N between different soil organic N (SON) fractions in a growing season remains largely unknown.

Methods

In this study, a field experiment was conducted in triplicate of micro-plots and a total of 200 kg N ha^?1 (¹⁵?N-labeled (NH₄)₂SO₄, 98 atom %) was applied as a basal dressing and two top dressings, at jointing and filling stages, respectively, to a maize crop during one growing season. The distribution and seasonal dynamics of fertilizer N in different SON fractions (i.e., amino acids, amino sugars, hydrolyzable ammonium N and acid insoluble-N) were measured by liquid/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/GC-MS) and element analysis-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-C-IRMS) techniques. Path analysis was used to evaluate the transformation processes between organic N fractions derived from fertilizer and N supply strategy in soil-plant system.

Results

The accumulation of fertilizer-derived N in different organic fractions was season-specific. At jointing stage, preferential enrichment of ¹⁵?N was found in soil amino acids plus amino sugars, indicating the active biological immobilization of basal dressing fertilizer N. Nevertheless, there is still a small proportion of fertilizer N stabilized in the acid insoluble fraction. The accumulation of the residual fertilizer N in hydrolyzable ammonium N reached a maximum at filling stage and then declined significantly, implying the rapid release of the fertilizer N remained in mineral forms. The contents of amino acids changed slightly, but they played a very important role in mediating SON transformation.

Conclusion

The hydrolyzable ammonium N was a temporary pool for rapid fertilizer N retention and simultaneously was apt to release N for crop uptake in the current season. In contrast, the amino acids could serve as a transitional pool of available N in the soil-crop system, while the acid insoluble fraction was as a stable pool of fertilizer N. Importantly, there is an interim shift among different pools to maintain soil N turnover; hence N in the amino acid fraction mediates N supply and the depolymerization of SON constituents controls the proceeding of fertilizer N cycling in the soil-plant system.     

The effects of soil fertilizer on amino acids in the floral nectar of corncockle, Agrostemma githago (Caryophyllaceae)

Plants of the meadow annual Agrostemma githago (Caryophyllaceae) were grown in 1-m2 field plots prepared with three fertilizer treatments as follows: (a) "low", no fertilizer, (b) "medium", 75 g of slow release fertilizer granules, (c) "high", 175 g of granular treatment. After sowing in spring the plants were left until flowering in late summer. Nectar was extracted using 5-μl glass microcapillary tubes. The material was frozen and sampled at a later date. The samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the AccQtag (Waters Corp.) system. Analysis showed that the total concentration of amino acids increased significantly with increasing fertilizer treatment ( P <0.05). Of the amino acids present glutamine showed a large and significant increase ( P <0.01), proline showed an increase ( P <0.05) and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) showed a decrease ( P <0.05). No others showed a significant change. It is interesting to note that a common biosynthetic pathway (from α-ketoglutarate) links the amino acids that altered in concentration. Due to these changes the relative abundance of about half of the amino acids in the nectar was significantly altered. Glutamine showed a significant increase ( P <0.001) in percentage of the total with most of the remaining amino acids declining in relative abundance. The results show that, in contradiction to earlier work, soil conditions can affect the amino acid complement of nectar. This may have implications for plant-insect interactions, as local populations of pollinators may benefit from the increased amino acid content of the nectar and preferentially visit plants growing in high nutrient conditions.     

水稻品种与氮肥施用水平对田间褐飞虱发生的影响

于2010年在田间条件下研究了水稻品种和氮肥施用水平(250 kg/hm2有效氮,125 kg/hm2有效氮及不施氮肥的处理)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata tugens(St(a)l)发生的影响.结果表明,8月10日-9月10日期间,南粳44、宁粳1号、丙123、淮稻9号4个水稻品种上褐飞虱虫量显著低于感虫对照TN1...     

生物有机肥对猕猴桃土壤酶活性和微生物群落的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不施肥、施用生物有机肥、传统有机肥和化肥对猕猴桃土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构及其代谢的影响.结果表明: 施用生物有机肥在猕猴桃生育期内可显著提高土壤蔗糖酶和荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶活性,分别比对照高出12.2%～129.4%、18.8%～87.4%.施用生物有机肥在膨大期和成熟期的土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他处理.Biolog微平板法测定结果表明,生物有机肥在猕猴桃生育期内提高了土壤微生物的平均每孔颜色变化率,增加了物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度,改变了微生物对6大类碳源的相对利用率,降低了微生物对氨基酸类碳源的相对利用能力,提高了微生物对多酚类和多胺类碳源的相对利用能力;主成分分析表明,对土壤中微生物起分异作用的碳源种类主要是糖类、氨基酸类和羧酸类.     

长期不同施肥模式对双季稻田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对稻田不同耕层(0～10和10～20 cm)土壤酸解有机氮组分及其含量的影响,本研究以长期(36年)定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了单独施用化肥(CF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和不施肥对照(CK)下双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮及其组分氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮、铵态氮和酸解未知氮含量的变化特征及其与土壤全氮、有机碳含量的关系。结果表明: 与CK相比,OM和RF处理均显著增加了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量。OM、RF和CF处理双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮含量均显著高于CK,分别比CK增加10.7%～42.6%和12.2%～51.5%。与CF和CK相比,OM和RF处理显著提高了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、酸解未知氮和氨基糖氮含量。不同施肥处理稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮和非酸解性氮含量大小顺序均表现为OM>RF>CF>CK。各施肥处理稻田0～10 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、氨基糖氮和非酸解性氮含量均高于10～20 cm土壤。土壤酸解有机氮含量与土壤全氮、有机碳含量均存在极显著的正相关关系。综上,RF和OM处理有利于增加双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤有机氮含量,增强稻田土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力。     

氨基酸肥效研究

本文以植物肥效试验为依据,研究了不同氨基酸在单一和混合状态下的肥效作用,证明混合氨基酸的肥效大于单个氨基酸的作用,也大于等氮量的无机氮肥。还发现某些氨基酸对植物具有独特的生理作用,在植物营养上具有重要的理论和应用价值。