运动训练和体位对安静负荷及恢复期心功能的影响

运动及恢复过程中心功能改变及运动训练对心功能影响的研究虽有不少报道,但关于多级小档距递增负荷中的心功能变化及不同体位对此变化的影响则报道甚少。本实验用无创法测定了不同体能的人在坐位和卧位下完成相同亚极量递增负荷过程中及恢复期的心功能指标,旨在进一步探讨运动负荷中及恢复期的心功能特点及运动训练和体位改变对它的影响。     

振动训练对制动大鼠单一肌梭电生理活动的影响

采用石膏固定建立后肢制动模型,用空气隔绝法记录大鼠单一肌梭的电生理活动,用振动仪给制动+振动组比目鱼肌施加高频振动,7 d后观察大鼠制动侧比目鱼肌肌梭的电生理活动变化。比目鱼肌的湿重与非制动侧相比降低了15.33%±4.76%(P<0.05);有自发放电的肌梭数量减少(P<0.05);静息放电频率降低(P<0.05)。制动期间施加高频振动组,比目鱼肌湿重减少的程度明显降低(P<0.05);自发放电的肌梭数量、肌梭的放电频率明显高于制动组(P<0.05)。制动期间的肌肉振动对制动所致肌梭电生理活动特性的改变有明显的对抗作用。     

镉胁迫对丹参生理特性和代谢特征的影响

采用盆栽实验以及液相色谱-质谱联用技术,对镉(Cd)胁迫下丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)的生理和代谢特征进行研究。结果显示：Cd胁迫下丹参根中的Cd、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加;丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)含量显著下降;还原型谷胱甘肽(Glutathione, GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性变化不显著;过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)活性显著下降,但过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性显著增加。同时也发现丹参代谢物含量发生了变化,共筛选出51个差异标志代谢物(主要是有机酸和氨基酸);L-脯氨酸和L-组氨酸的差异倍数(Fold change, FC)均大于2.5,是上调较多的氨基酸;3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸和迷迭香酸FC值均大于5,是上调较多的有机酸;Cd与差异标志代谢物(尤其是氨基酸和有机酸)呈显著正相关。研究结果说明丹参可积累一定量的Cd,高浓度的Cd胁迫可引起丹参膜脂过氧化,限制其抗氧化酶的活性,影响其代谢过程。丹参主要通过调节氨基酸和有机酸代谢,上...     

抗阻训练对增龄大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能的影响*

目的: 从线粒体动力学的角度,探讨抗阻运动对增龄大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能的影响。方法: 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:2月龄安静对照组(C1组)、2月龄抗阻运动训练组(R1组)、6月龄安静对照组(C2组)、6月龄抗阻运动训练组(R2组),每组10只。C1、C2组正常喂养,R1、R2组大鼠进行跑台坡度为35°,速度为15 m/min的抗阻运动,一次跑动15 s,间歇30 s,4次为一组,组间间歇3 min,3组为一次循环,一天为2个循环,循环间歇10 min,每周6 d,共8周。采用Western blot法测定各组大鼠股四头肌线粒体融合蛋白2(Mfn2)、GTP酶1(DRP1) 蛋白含量,使用流式细胞仪测定各组大鼠股四头肌线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)、活性氧(ROS)和游离钙(Ca²⁺)水平。结果: ① 与C1组相比,R1组大鼠DRP1蛋白升高(P＜0.01)、Mfn2蛋白无显著变化,C2组大鼠DRP1、Mfn2蛋白均降低(P均＜0.01);与C2组相比,R2组大鼠DRP1、Mfn2蛋白均升高(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);与R1组相比,R2组DRP1、Mfn2蛋白均降低(P＜0.01,P＜0.05)。② 与C1组相比,R1组Ca²⁺含量降低(P＜0.01)、C2组Ca²⁺含量升高(P＜0.01);与C2组相比,R2组Ca²⁺含量降低(P＜0.01);与R1组相比,R2组Ca²⁺含量升高(P＜0.01)。③ 与C1组相比,R1组ROS含量有所上升,但无显著性差异,C2组ROS含量升高(P＜0.01);与C2组相比,R2组ROS含量降低(P＜0.01);与R1组相比,R2组ROS含量升高(P＜0.01)。④ 与C1组相比,C2组ΔΨm降低(P＜0.01);与C2组相比,R2组ΔΨm升高(P＜0.01);与R1组相比,R2组ΔΨm有所降低,但无统计学差异。结论: 大鼠增龄过程中股四头肌线粒体出现Ca²⁺堆积、活性氧增多、线粒体膜电位下降、融合蛋白减少等现象,抗阻训练可有效改善这些变化。     

低聚原花青素对过度训练大鼠骨骼肌损伤的保护作用机制

为研究低聚原花青素对过度训练大鼠骨骼肌损伤的保护作用机制,将大鼠随机分为安静对照组(C)、过度训练组(OM)、低聚原花青素干预组(OOM).C组无运动干预,其他组采用42 d递增负荷跑台训练.训练期间,OOM组每天灌胃低聚原花青素1次(150 mg/kg,5 mL/kg),其他组给予等体积蒸馏水.末次训练后即刻取材,经...     

铀尾沙对油菜幼苗生长和生理特征的影响

采用沙培盆栽试验,以铀尾沙所占比例分别为0%(CK)、25%(T1)、50%(T2)、75%(T3)、100%(T4)的培养基质,研究了铀尾沙对芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜出苗率、幼苗生物量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响.结果表明:不同比例的铀尾沙对油菜出苗率的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05).3种油菜的生物量均随铀尾沙处理量的增加而呈先增后降的现象,甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜在T2时生物量最大,芥菜型油菜在T3时生物量最大.MDA含量则呈先降低后升高,甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜在T2时MDA含量最低,芥菜型油菜在T3时的MDA含量最低,并与叶绿素含量呈显著的负相关.随铀尾沙处理量的增加,3种类型的油菜SOD、CAT、POD、APX和GR活性逐渐增加,GSH含量也持续升高.铀尾沙对油菜幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系统产生了一定的诱导作用,而这3种油菜也对铀尾沙也表现出较强的耐受能力.     

干旱胁迫对大豆苗期生长发育和生理生态特征的影响

对土壤逐步干旱下大豆幼苗形态特征和生理生态特征的变化研究表明:随着胁迫强度的增加,大豆苗期的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度降低,且相互之间呈显著正相关;随着胁迫时间的延长,叶绿素含量和叶片含水量呈低-高-低的变化趋势;在胁迫初期,对干物质分配率的影响很小,随着胁迫时间的增加,差异越来越大;随着干旱胁迫天数和强度的增加,游离脯氨酸含量呈逐渐递增的趋势,尤其是重度胁迫下积累能力更强。     

梯度水分对鱼腥草生长及生理特征的影响

以不同的施水量,模拟自然生境中林下鱼腥草不同水分条件,设置了8个水分梯度,研究梯度水分对鱼腥草生长和生理特征的影响,以建立鱼腥草生态栽培模式。结果表明:水分的减少或增加均显著减少生物量,中度、重度干旱和水淹明显降低株高和叶面积指数。重度干旱显著提高根冠比。除轻度湿润组外,水分的减少或增加,均显著提高MDA含量;与对照组相比,各干旱处理组SOD和CAT活性和MDA含量明显增强;除脯氨酸含量以外,湿润各处理组CAT、POD、SOD活性和MDA含量均明显低于干旱各处理组;水淹时,CAT、POD、SOD活性、MDA和脯氨酸含量均较低。说明中度干旱或中度湿润已对鱼腥草形成逆境胁迫。栽培鱼腥草的水分条件可以控制在轻度干旱和轻度湿润之间。     

运动训练及饮食限制对小鼠骨骼肌线粒体自噬Bnip3/Nix表达的影响*

目的:探讨运动训练和饮食限制对小鼠骨骼肌线粒体自噬蛋白Bnip3/Nix表达的影响。方法:C57雄性小鼠按体重随机分为对照组(C),不做干预;饮食限制组(D),饮食控制在C组的60%;运动训练组(E),10周递增负荷耐力训练;饮食限制加运动训练组(DE),进行饮食限制和耐力训练。8只/组,干预10周后,麻醉处死提取腓肠肌,Western blot技术检测Bnip3、Nix蛋白表达。结果:与C组比较,干预后D、E及DE组的体重和体重增长值均显著降低(P＜0.01),腓肠肌Bnip3、Nix蛋白表达升高,其中仅DE组Nix蛋白表达升高具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论:运动训练加饮食限制能有效促进小鼠骨骼肌Nix蛋白表达,有利于骨骼肌线粒体自噬发生。     

干旱及镉污染对巨菌草生理和镉富集特征的影响

巨菌草因具有生长迅速、生物量大等优点而成为重金属污染修复的良好材料,干旱是影响其生长和修复能力的主要原因。该研究采用盆栽实验方法,探讨了干旱处理(25%土壤田间持水量)、镉处理(3mg·kg~(-1))及其交互处理对巨菌草生长、光合、抗氧化酶活性、活性氧含量、镉积累与分配特征的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,干旱处理、镉处理及其交互处理对巨菌草生物量积累和光合作用均有一定抑制作用,但各处理巨菌草的耐性系数均较高;叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在各处理下均不同程度升高,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性在交互处理下显著升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在镉处理和交互处理下显著降低。(2)与单一处理相比,无论从生物量积累,还是叶片活性氧引起的细胞膜受损伤程度(用MDA表示)来看,交互处理并没有引起更严重的负面效应。(3)镉和交互处理下巨菌草各器官的镉含量均显著增加,且主要积累在根部;与镉处理相比,交互处理显著降低巨菌草的镉富集量,但未显著降低其地上部镉富集量。研究发现,巨菌草具有较强的耐旱性和抗镉污染的能力,干旱与镉交互处理并不会造成更严重的叠加负面影响,但会显著降低巨菌草地下部的镉富集量;在受到干旱及镉污染交互影响的区域种植巨菌草具有良好的修复前景。     

Effects of aging and life-long physical training on collagen in slow and fast skeletal muscle in rats

Summary Intramuscular collagen in a slow (m. soleus) and a fast (m. rectus femoris) skeletal muscle was studied by biochemical, morphometric, and immunohistochemical methods. Wistar white rats of 1, 4, 10, and 24 months were used as experimental animals. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of life-long physical training (treadmill running, 5 days a week for 1, 3, 9, and 23 months depending on the age attained). The biochemical concentration of collagen was higher in m. soleus than in m. rectus femoris and it increased in youth and in old age in m. soleus. The trained rats had higher concentrations of collagen than the untrained rats at 10 and 24 months. The morphometrically measured area-fractions of both the endomysium and perimysium were higher in m. soleus than in m. rectus femoris. The age-related increase in intramuscular connective tissue was of endomysial origin. The immunohistochemical staining of type-I, -III, and -IV collagens indicated the more collagenous nature of m. soleus as compared with m. rectus femoris for all major collagen types; this was most marked for type-IV collagen of basement membrane. The results indicate that both age and endurance-type physical training further distinguish the slow and fast muscles with respect to their connective tissue.     

长期太极拳运动对中老年人膝关节皮肤微血管反应性、经皮氧分压的影响*

目的: 探讨长期太极拳运动对中老年人膝关节皮肤微血管反应性、经皮氧分压的影响。方法: 以湖北省恩施州土家族苗族自治州太极拳爱好者协会26名系统练习(每周至少练习三次,每次不少于90 min)太极拳超过2年的成员为运动组(54.6± 4.0)岁,26名同年龄段健康的普通人为对照组(53.2±5.1)岁,两组受试者男女比例均为1∶1。使用第六代(最新一代)激光多普勒血流检测仪(PF6010)对研究对象膝关节表面中心的皮肤进行检测,测试指标包括血细胞平均运动速度(AVBC)、运动血细胞浓度(CMBC)、微血管血流灌注量(MBP)、经皮氧分压(TcpO2)。其中AVBC、CMBC、MBP先进行5 min的基础值测试(基础值),然后将测试探头加热到44℃并持续10 min(加热后值),TcpO2测试值为探头直接加热到44℃值。结果: 与对照组相比,运动组的MBP基础值有所降低,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05);MBP的加热后值与增加率显著升高(P＜0.05),CMBC的增加率显著降低(P＜0.05),AVBC的增加率显著升高(P＜0.05),TcpO2有所升高,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论: 长期系统的太极拳运动可提高中老年人膝关节皮肤微血管的反应性和经皮氧分压。     

运动训练和补肽抗大鼠骨骼肌衰老机制的初步研究

目的：观察6周负重训练和补充大豆多肽延缓I）_半乳糖大鼠骨骼肌衰老进程的作用效果,并探讨初步机制。方法：SD雄性大鼠3月龄60只,随机分为：6周安静组（C6）和6周模型组（M6）各6只,12周模型组（M12）、大负组（B12）、小负组（S12）、补肽组（P12）、补肽大负组（PB12）和补肽小负组（PS12）各8只,14月龄8只作为自然衰老组。分别于6周末和12周末处死大鼠,测试各项指标。结果：与C6相比,M6组大鼠各项指标出现不同程度的衰老表现;与M12组相比,负重或补肽可以显著提高各干预组大鼠骨骼肌超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力以及SOD/MDA,血清生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子I（IGF-I）含量和骨骼肌IGF-ImRNA表达量,降低骨骼肌丙二醛（MDA）含量,两种方式均具有明显的交互作用。结论：D-半乳糖6周皮下注射,能成功复制亚急性大鼠骨骼肌衰老模型,再经过6周负重训练或补肽均可以有效的缓解D-半乳糖大鼠骨骼肌的衰老进程,两者联合运用效果尤为明显。初步机制可能与减轻骨骼肌氧化应激以及脂质过氧化,纠正激素及相关因子的代谢紊乱,增加骨骼肌IGF-ImRNA的表达等有关。     

不同训练方式对大鼠骨骼肌纤维类型转化和CaMK II/MEF2传导途径的影响*

目的: 探讨间歇速度训练和耐力训练对大鼠骨骼肌纤维类型转化及钙调蛋白激酶/肌细胞增强因子2(CaMK II/MEF2)信号传导通路的影响。方法: 成年雄性SD大鼠(8周龄)18只,随机分成间歇速度训练组(IST),耐力训练组(ET),设空白组(C),每组6只,IST组采用75 m/min×1 min、20 m/min×1 min的交替训练6次,跑台坡度15,持续时间12 min/d;ET组采用速度30 m/ min、跑台坡度7、持续时间90 min/d的耐力训练。干预8周后,分别取小鼠右侧胫骨前肌、比目鱼肌,酶联免疫吸附法检测骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,ATP酶染色法观察I、Ⅱ型肌纤维面密度、数密度变化情况,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳技术观察骨骼肌MHC亚型百分比含量、骨骼肌mRNA表达谱测序分析及qRT-PCR技术检测CaN、CaMKII、MEF2水平。结果: 相比C组,ET组SDH活性显著上升,LDH活性降低(P＜0.05);IST组胫骨前肌中LDH活性值升高(P＜0.01)。ET组胫骨前肌MHCIIa%升高,MHCIIb%降低(P＜0.05),比目鱼肌MHCI% 和MHCIIa%升高,MHCIIb%均降低(P＜0.05)。相比IST组,ET组胫骨前肌MHCIIx%升高(P＜0.05)。相比C组,ET组胫骨前肌 I、II 型纤维纤维密度上升,IST组II型纤维纤维密度提高,IST组、ET组比目鱼肌I型纤维纤维密度上升(P＜0.05)。相比C组,ET组骨骼肌CaN、CaMKII、MEF2 mRNA表达水平增高,IST组CaN、CaMKII、MEF2 mRNA表达水平下降(P＜0.01)。Illumina高通量测序筛选骨骼肌纤维转化相关因子及关联分析,运动干预促使骨骼肌纤维转化相关因子表达变化富集于TGF-β/Smad3、CaN/MEF2、AdipoQ等信号通路,而耐力训练显著提高骨骼肌纤维转化、干细胞功能相关信号通路的富集。结论: 耐力训练促进向氧化型肌纤维转化(慢肌),而间歇速度训练向酵解型肌纤维转化(快肌),并伴随着CaMK II/MEF2传导途径中CaN、CaMKII、MEF2基因的高表达。     

不同低氧训练模式对大鼠力竭运动后骨骼肌线粒体抗氧化能力及呼吸链酶复合体活性的影响

本研究旨在观察4种低氧训练模式对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体抗氧化能力及呼吸链酶复合体活性的影响。将雄性Wistar大鼠40只随机均分为5组(n=8):常氧训练组(LoLo)、高住高练组(HiHi)、高住低训组(HiLo)、低住高练组(LoHi)和高住高练低训组(HiHiLo)。各组大鼠分别在常氧(海拔1500m,大气压632mmHg)或/和低氧(模拟海拔3500m,大气压493mmHg)环境中居住及递增负荷训练5周,每周训练6天。各组大鼠在最后一次训练后,在常氧环境恢复3天,然后进行力竭运动,之后即刻取骨骼肌样本,用差速离心法提取骨骼肌线粒体,分光光度法测定丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(su-peroxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性及呼吸链酶复合体Ⅰ～Ⅲ(CⅠ～Ⅲ)活性。结果显示,与LoLo组相比,HiHi和HiHiLo组骨骼肌组织MDA含量均显著升高(P<0.01),SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与LoL...     

Age- and training-related changes in the collagen metabolism of rat skeletal muscle

The effects of ageing and life-long endurance training on the collagen metabolism of skeletal muscle were evaluated in a longitudinal study. Wistar rats performed treadmill running 5 days a week for 2 years. The activities of collagen biosynthesis enzymes, prolyl-4-hydroxylase and galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase, were highest in the muscles of the youngest animals, decreased up to the age of 2 months and from then on remained virtually unchanged. The enzyme activity in young animals was higher in the slow collagenous soleus muscle than in the rectus femoris muscle. The enzyme activity in the soleus muscle was higher for older trained rats than older untrained rats. The relative proportion of type I collagen increased and that of type III collagen decreased with age, suggesting a more marked contribution by type I collagen to the age-related accumulation of total muscular collagen. The results show that collagen biosynthesis decreases with maturation and that life-long endurance training maintains a higher level of biosynthesis in slow muscles.     

Effects of aging on the lateral transmission of force in rat skeletal muscle

The age-related reduction in muscle force cannot be fully explained by the loss of muscle fiber mass or degeneration of myofibers. Our previous study showed that changes in lateral transmission of force could affect the total force transmitted to the tendon. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscle plays an important role in lateral transmission of force. The objective of this study was to define the effects of aging on lateral transmission of force in skeletal muscles, and explore possible underlying mechanisms. In vitro contractile tests were performed on extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of young and old rats with series of tenotomy and myotomy. We concluded that lateral transmission of force was impaired in the old rats, and this deficit could be partly due to increased thickness of the ECM induced by aging.     

不同压力血流限制结合低强度抗阻训练对大学生下肢肌肉及心肺功能影响

目的:探讨不同压力血流限制(BFR)结合低强度抗阻训练对男性大学生下肢肌肉及心肺功能影响。方法:27名健康男性大学生随机分为对照组(C组)、低压组(L组)、高压组(H组),每组9人,受试者大腿近端放置可充气非弹性袖带后分别进行无压力、120 mmHg、180 mmHg,进行20%1次重复最大力量(1RM)强度的负重半蹲训练,比较每周3次,共12周训练前后及各组间股直肌、股中肌肌肉厚度(MTH)、相对伸膝峰值力矩(r M)、峰值功率(P)、相对最大摄氧量(rVO₂max)、每搏输出量(SV)、心输出量(CO)、射血分数(EF)等指标的变化。结果:与训练前比较,12周训练后L组和H组股直肌MTH、股中肌MTH、rM、rVO₂max、SV、EF均显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01),且显著高于训练后C组(P<0.05,P<0.01),而L组与H组之间无显著性差异。结论:12周120 mmHg或180 mmHg压力下20%1RM强度BFR训练均可有效提高男性大学生股四头肌肌肉厚度及力量并显著提高心肺功能。     

Effectiveness of using an unskilled model in action observation combined with motor imagery training for early motor learning in elderly people: a preliminary study

Abstract

Aim of the study: To investigate a more available model for the early phase of motor learning after action observation combined with motor imagery training in elderly people. To address the purpose, we focused on a slow, unskilled model demonstrating an occasional error.

Materials and methods: A total of 36 elderly people participated in the current study and were assigned to either the unskilled or skilled model observation groups (n?=?12, respectively), or the control group (n?=?12). The participants in the observation groups observed the assigned a video clip of an unskilled or skilled model demonstrating a ball rotation task. During the observation, the participants were instructed to imagine themselves as the person in the video clip. The participants in the control group read a scientific paper during the equivalent period of action observation and motor imagery. We measured ball rotation performance (the time required for five rotations, the number of ball drops) in pre- and post-intervention (observation combined with motor imagery training for intervention groups or reading for control group).

Results: Ball rotation performance (ball rotation speed) significantly improved in the unskilled model observation group compared to the other two groups.

Conclusions: Intervention for action observation using unskilled model combined with motor imagery was effective for improving motor performance during the early phase of motor learning.     

Temporal progress of muscle adaptation to endurance training in hind limb muscles of young rats

Summary The soleus, rectus femoris and gastrocnemius muscles of young rats were studied after 3, 6 and 12 weeks of treadmill training. The muscle fibers were characterized histochemically by their succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and myofibrillar ATPase activity, and morphometrically by their cross-sectional areas, which were corrected for different body weights of control and trained animals.After 12 weeks of training the mean area of fibers in the muscles studied was not significantly different from the controls, as expected. In the soleus muscle the percentage of the fast-twitch fibers was decreased as a result of their transformation into slow-twitch fibers. Trained soleus muscles were the only muscles showing pathologically altered fibers, suggesting overload. The percentages of fiber types and their areas exhibited changes specific for the muscles and muscle regions studied.From these results it is concluded that the adaptation follows the sequence proportional adaptation of morphometrical parameters, disproportional adaptation of the areas of fiber types, and disproportional adaptation of the percentages and/or the areas of the fiber types. It is shown by comparison with the literature that this sequence may be generalized to a sequence of increasing expense necessary for the adaptation to increasing stimuli, and that the most decisive factors for adaptation are work load, frequency of exercise, period of training, and the age of the subject at the initiation of the training.