含2A片段的重组黄热病毒17D疫苗表达载体的构建

黄热疫苗是一种减毒的黄热病毒17D(YF-17D)活疫苗,是现有疫苗中最安全、最有效的疫苗之一,适于发展为疫苗载体。用RT-PCR法扩增出覆盖YF-17D全长基因组的3个cDNA片段:5′cDNA(A)、3′cDNA(B)和中间cDNA(C),同时引入SP6增强子序列、酶切位点和重复序列。顺序将A和B同E.coli-yeast穿梭质粒pRS424连接,再与C共转染酵母菌,利用缺少色氨酸和尿嘧啶的选择性固体培养基筛选出含YF-17D全长基因组的cDNA质粒。以该质粒为模板,经过DNA重组和酵母同源重组,获得含有口蹄疫病毒蛋白水解酶2A片段的重组YF-17D表达载体。将该表达载体体外转录后,电击转染BHK-21细胞。间接免疫荧光检测结果表明,RNA转录体在BHK-21细胞中进行了稳定的表达;滴度测定与形态学观察结果表明,重组病毒在细胞中的生长曲线等特征同母本YF-17D十分相似。结果提示,利用酵母菌同源重组在2A部位引入异种抗原基因,重组YF-17D表达载体pRS-YF-2A1具有成为高效活疫苗表达载体的潜力。     

黄热病及其病原的研究近况

黄热病是由黄热病毒引起的一种病毒性出血热。由于我国存在着大量的易感人群,一旦暴发流行将会造成极大的危害。因此,了解黄热病及病原体尤为重要。本文简要介绍黄热病的流行与传播、病毒分子生物学特征、发病机制与诊断、治疗与预防的研究近况,为进一步探讨黄热病的流行特点及防治新途径奠定基础。     

NS3蛋白在黄病毒科病毒生命活动中的作用

黄病毒科病毒包括三个属,即黄病毒属(Flavivirus),瘟病毒属(Pestivirus)和丙型肝炎病毒属(Hepacivirus)。这些病毒均能引起人和动物患严重疾病。黄病毒属黄热病毒(Yellow fever virus,YFV)、登革病毒(Dengue virus,DEN)能引起发烧、出血,患者死亡率极高,瘟病毒属牛腹泻病     

黄热病毒的基因组及其蛋白研究进展

黄热病毒(Yellowfever virus,YFV)是属于黄病毒科(Flavivirdae)黄病毒属(Flavivirus)的典型代表,为RNA病毒其不仅是第一个被发现的导致人类疾病的"滤过性颗粒",也是第一个被证实通过蚊蜱传播的病毒。黄热病是一种区域性疾病,在南美     

探究黄热病毒NS1蛋白在感染早期的诊断价值

为了探讨黄热病毒(Yellow fever virus,YFV)非结构蛋白1(Nonstructural protein 1,NS1)在感染早期的诊断价值。颅内注射YFV-17D感染乳鼠,每日处死1窝,收集抗凝血。Vero细胞和C6/36细胞感染YFV-17D病毒后,每隔12h收集培养上清。分别采用荧光定量PCR和基于YFV NS1多克隆抗体的双抗体夹心酶联免疫(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)方法检测感染后乳鼠血液、C6/36和Vero细胞上清中YFV的扩增情况和NS1蛋白的分泌规律。乳鼠感染YFV-17D后第2d在血清中即可检测到YFV NS1,第3d血液中检测到YFV核酸。敏感细胞株在感染YFV-17D后第36h培养上清中可检测到YFV NS1,而48h后才能检测到YFV核酸。YFV NS1蛋白具有作为YFV感染早期的诊断靶标的潜在价值。     

一种病毒非结构蛋白作为亚单位疫苗的展望

<正> 近年来,我们对宿主抗病毒感染免疫反应的知识已经将保护性免疫与抗病毒表面蛋白抗体的刺激联系起来。此外,某些内部结构蛋白与细胞介导免疫密切相关。然而,黄病毒科成员最近进行的的研究结果表明,一 种病毒非结构蛋白NS1,在缺乏中和抗体的情况下也能诱导产生保护性免疫。 黄病毒是一个包括大约70种密切相关的病毒群。它们主要对人和家畜致病。虽然黄热病(YF)、乙型脑炎(JE)、圣路易脑     

NS3蛋白在黄病毒科病毒生命活动中的作用

黄病毒科病毒包括三个属,即黄病毒属(Flavivirus),瘟病毒属(Pestivirus)和丙型肝炎病毒属(Hepacivirus).这些病毒均能引起人和动物患严重疾病.黄病毒属黄热病毒(Yellow fever virus,YFV)、登革病毒(Dengue virus,DEN)能引起发烧、出血,患者死亡率极高,瘟病毒属牛腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea petivirus, BVDV)、猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus, CSFV)等能引起其各自宿主家畜患严重疾病.近年来,又发现丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus, HCV)与人类原发性肝癌和肝硬化密切相关.然而,目前仍没有对各种黄病毒科病毒有效的治疗方法.尤其是近年来干扰素对丙型肝炎治疗的疗效低,反复率高,使得研究更为有效的抗病毒药物成为各种病毒疾病治疗中亟待解决的问题之一.在BVDV的研究中发现,当非结构蛋白NS3蛋白与NS2蛋白一起以复合物的形式存在时,病毒对其寄主是非致病性的;而当NS3蛋白独立地存在时,病毒颗粒是致病性的[1].这提示NS3蛋白很可能与病毒的致病性密切相关.而且,序列分析表明非结构蛋白NS3(nonstructure protein 3)是黄病毒科病毒中最为保守的非结构蛋白.后来许多研究证明NS3蛋白参与蛋白质水解加工,以及病毒的复制,对病毒的生命循环是必需的.因此,NS3蛋白成为了人们研究的一个热点.     

虫媒黄病毒嵌合疫苗研究进展

黄病毒科黄病毒属包括70多种病毒,分为几种抗原复合组,大多数黄病毒为节肢动物传播的,其中40%以上的病毒对人有致病性,最重要的疾病有登革热/登革出血热(DEN/DHF),日本脑炎(乙型脑炎,JE),黄热(YF),西尼罗热(WNF)和璧虱传播脑炎(森林脑炎,TBE)等.登革热每年约有数千万至1亿病人,数十万人发生严重的登革出血热.乙脑每年约发生4～5万病例,病死率25%,45%的患者发生神经学或生理学上的后遗症.当前对黄热病已有减毒活疫苗,对登革热还没有疫苗,对乙脑已有鼠脑和地鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗,对璧虱脑炎已有灭活疫苗,但各种疫苗都还存在一定的不足,有必要进一步改进和提高.     

CODEHOP RT-PCR技术在黄病毒属病毒筛查中应用

为了探讨CODEHOP RT-PCR技术在黄病毒属病毒筛查中的应用效果,根据GenBank发表的不同黄病毒多聚蛋白氨基酸序列,利用CODEHOP方法设计合成一对简并引物,用一步RT-PCR对乙型脑炎病毒株JEV1201、登革热病毒株JKD001和黄热疫苗YV6161进行检测,扩增产物测序后进行BLAST同源性比对和系统分生分析。结果显示该方法可以特异的对黄病毒进行扩增,目的片段的大小和序列与预期结果相符,JEV1201与乙脑病毒株YL2009-4/YC2009-3同源性最为接近,位于乙脑病毒株进化树分支。JKD001与登革热病毒株DENV-2/ID/1022DN/1975同源性最为接近,位于登革热病毒株进化树分支。YV6161与黄热病病毒株17D同源性最为接近,位于黄热病病毒株进化树分支。由此可知CODEHOP RT-PCR技术可以被有效的用于对黄病毒属病毒的筛查、种类鉴定和分子溯源。     

寨卡病毒及其疫苗研究

寨卡病毒与黄热病毒、登革热病毒、日本脑炎病毒、西尼罗病毒等都属于蚊媒传播的黄病毒属病毒。寨卡病毒分离于1947年,但由于分布区域有限,所致寨卡热症状较轻,很长一段时间并没有引起太多的关注。最近一些年,特别是2015年后,巴西的寨卡疫情暴发及其与新生儿小头畸形的关联,引起了全球越来越多的关注。疫苗是应对寨卡疫情的重要手段,目前全球有30余个机构在进行寨卡病毒疫苗的研发。本文综述了寨卡病毒的生物学、流行病学、临床特征以及当前不同类型寨卡病毒疫苗研发现状,同时对其他几种黄病毒属病毒批准和临床阶段疫苗情况进行了概述,以为相关研究人员提供参考。     

Expression of foreign protein epitopes at the surface of recombinant yellow fever 17D viruses based on three-dimensional modeling of its envelope protein

The yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine is a live attenuated virus, and its genetic manipulation constitutes a new platform for vaccine development. In this article we review one of the possible approaches to enable this development, which is the insertion of foreign protein epitopes into different locations of the genome. We describe the three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the YF 17D virus E protein structure based on tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and the identification of a potential insertion site located at the YF 17D fg loop. Further 3D analysis revealed that it is possible to accommodate inserts of different sizes and amino acid composition in the flavivirus E protein fg loop. We demonstrate that seven YF 17D viruses bearing foreign epitopes that vary in sequence and length show differential growth characteristics in cell culture. The testing of recombinant viruses for mouse neurovirulence suggests that insertions at the 17D E protein fg loop do not compromise the attenuated phenotypes of YF 17D virus, further confirming the potential use of this site for the development of new live attenuated 17D virus-based vaccines.     

Vaccination with Replication Deficient Adenovectors Encoding YF-17D Antigens Induces Long-Lasting Protection from Severe Yellow Fever Virus Infection in Mice

The live attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF-17D) has been successfully used for more than 70 years. It is generally considered a safe vaccine, however, recent reports of serious adverse events following vaccination have raised concerns and led to suggestions that even safer YF vaccines should be developed. Replication deficient adenoviruses (Ad) have been widely evaluated as recombinant vectors, particularly in the context of prophylactic vaccination against viral infections in which induction of CD8⁺ T-cell mediated immunity is crucial, but potent antibody responses may also be elicited using these vectors. In this study, we present two adenobased vectors targeting non-structural and structural YF antigens and characterize their immunological properties. We report that a single immunization with an Ad-vector encoding the non-structural protein 3 from YF-17D could elicit a strong CD8⁺ T-cell response, which afforded a high degree of protection from subsequent intracranial challenge of vaccinated mice. However, full protection was only observed using a vector encoding the structural proteins from YF-17D. This vector elicited virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells as well as neutralizing antibodies, and both components were shown to be important for protection thus mimicking the situation recently uncovered in YF-17D vaccinated mice. Considering that Ad-vectors are very safe, easy to produce and highly immunogenic in humans, our data indicate that a replication deficient adenovector-based YF vaccine may represent a safe and efficient alternative to the classical live attenuated YF vaccine and should be further tested.     

Generation and Application of a Luciferase Reporter Virus Based on Yellow Fever Virus 17D

Virologica Sinica - Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a re-emerging virus that can cause life-threatening yellow fever disease in humans. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, little is known...     

重组黄热病毒E蛋白结构域Ⅲ作为亚单位疫苗的抗原性和免疫原性

目的：表达纯化黄热病毒（YFV）囊膜蛋白（E蛋白）结构域Ⅲ,研究其作为亚单位疫苗预防YFV、日本脑炎病毒（JEV）感染的可能。方法：扩增YFVE蛋白结构域Ⅲ（YFDⅢ）的cDNA片段333bp,将其连接到原核表达载体pET-32a（＋）中,构建原核表达载体pET-YFDⅢ,转化感受态大肠杆菌Rosetta（DE3）,IPTG诱导表达重组YFDⅢ;用纯化的YFDⅢ免疫新西兰兔和BALB/c鼠,检测相关抗体滴度。结果：在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达了YFDⅢ融合蛋白,表达量约占菌体蛋白的50%;Western印迹及ELISA分析表明,纯化的YFDⅢ具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性;利用纯化的YFDⅢ免疫新西兰兔,获得了高达1∶4×105滴度的抗YFV抗体和1∶2×104滴度的抗JEV抗体;利用纯化的YFDⅢ免疫BALB/c鼠,获得了1∶7×104滴度的抗YFV抗体和1∶2×103滴度的抗JEV抗体。结论：重组YFDⅢ有较好的免疫原性,具有开发成亚单位疫苗的潜能。     

Neuroadapted yellow fever virus 17D: genetic and biological characterization of a highly mouse-neurovirulent virus and its infectious molecular clone

A neuroadapted strain of yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D derived from a multiply mouse brain-passaged virus (Porterfield YF17D) was additionally passaged in SCID and normal mice. The virulence properties of this virus (SPYF) could be distinguished from nonneuroadapted virus (YF5.2iv, 17D infectious clone) by decreased average survival time in SCID mice after peripheral inoculation, decreased average survival time in normal adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, and occurrence of neuroinvasiveness in normal mice. SPYF exhibited more efficient growth in peripheral tissues of SCID mice than YF5.2iv, resulting in a more rapid accumulation of virus burden, but with low-titer viremia, at the time of fatal encephalitis. In cell culture, SPYF was less efficient in replication than YF5.2iv in all cell lines tested. The complete nucleotide sequence of SPYF revealed 29 nucleotide substitutions relative to YF5.2iv, and these were distributed throughout the genome. There were a total of 13 predicted amino acid substitutions, some of which correspond to known differences among the Asibi, French viscerotropic virus, French neurotropic vaccine, and YF17D vaccine strains. The envelope (E) protein contained five substitutions, within all three functional domains. Substitutions were also present in regions encoding the NS1, NS2A, NS4A, and NS5 proteins and in the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Construction of YFV harboring all of the identified coding nucleotide substitutions and those in the 3' UTR yielded a virus whose cell culture and pathogenic properties, particularly neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness for SCID mice, generally resembled those of the original SPYF isolate. These findings implicate the E protein and possibly other regions of the genome as virulence determinants during pathogenesis of neuroadapted YF17D virus in mice. The determinants affect replication efficiency in both neural and extraneural tissues of the mouse and confer some limited host-range differences in cultured cells of nonmurine origin.     

Yellow fever virus/dengue-2 virus and yellow fever virus/dengue-4 virus chimeras: biological characterization,immunogenicity, and protection against dengue encephalitis in the mouse model

Two yellow fever virus (YFV)/dengue virus chimeras which encode the prM and E proteins of either dengue virus serotype 2 (dengue-2 virus) or dengue-4 virus within the genome of the YFV 17D strain (YF5.2iv infectious clone) were constructed and characterized for their properties in cell culture and as experimental vaccines in mice. The prM and E proteins appeared to be properly processed and glycosylated, and in plaque reduction neutralization tests and other assays of antigenic specificity, the E proteins exhibited profiles which resembled those of the homologous dengue virus serotypes. Both chimeric viruses replicated in cell lines of vertebrate and mosquito origin to levels comparable to those of homologous dengue viruses but less efficiently than the YF5.2iv parent. YFV/dengue-4 virus, but not YFV/dengue-2 virus, was neurovirulent for 3-week-old mice by intracerebral inoculation; however, both viruses were attenuated when administered by the intraperitoneal route in mice of that age. Single-dose inoculation of either chimeric virus at a dose of 10(5) PFU by the intraperitoneal route induced detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies against the homologous dengue virus strains. Mice which had been immunized in this manner were fully protected from challenge with homologous neurovirulent dengue viruses by intracerebral inoculation compared to unimmunized mice. Protection was associated with significant increases in geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibody compared to those for unimmunized mice. These data indicate that YFV/dengue virus chimeras elicit antibodies which represent protective memory responses in the mouse model of dengue encephalitis. The levels of neurovirulence and immunogenicity of the chimeric viruses in mice correlate with the degree of adaptation of the dengue virus strain to mice. This study supports ongoing investigations concerning the use of this technology for development of a live attenuated viral vaccine against dengue viruses.     

E protein domain III determinants of yellow fever virus 17D vaccine strain enhance binding to glycosaminoglycans, impede virus spread, and attenuate virulence

The yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D strain is one of the most effective live vaccines for human use, but the in vivo mechanisms for virulence attenuation of the vaccine and the corresponding molecular determinants remain elusive. The vaccine differs phenotypically from wild-type YFV by the loss of viscerotropism, despite replicative fitness in cell culture, and genetically by 20 amino acid changes predominantly located in the envelope (E) protein. We show that three residues in E protein domain III inhibit spread of 17D in extraneural tissues and attenuate virulence in type I/II interferon-deficient mice. One of these residues (Arg380) is a dominant glycosaminoglycan-binding determinant, which mainly accounts for more rapid in vivo clearance of 17D from the bloodstream in comparison to 17D-derived variants with wild-type-like E protein. While other mutations will account for loss of neurotropism and phenotypic stability, the described impact of E protein domain III changes on virus dissemination and virulence is the first rational explanation for the safety of the 17D vaccine in humans.     

Dengue-2 and yellow fever 17DD viruses infect human dendritic cells, resulting in an induction of activation markers, cytokines and chemokines and secretion of different TNF-α and IFN-α profiles

Flaviviruses cause severe acute febrile and haemorrhagic infections, including dengue and yellow fever and the pathogenesis of these infections is caused by an exacerbated immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are targets for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YF) replication and are the first cell population to interact with these viruses during a natural infection, which leads to an induction of protective immunity in humans. We studied the infectivity of DENV2 (strain 16681), a YF vaccine (YF17DD) and a chimeric YF17D/DENV2 vaccine in monocyte-derived DCs in vitro with regard to cell maturation, activation and cytokine production. Higher viral antigen positive cell frequencies were observed for DENV2 when compared with both vaccine viruses. Flavivirus-infected cultures exhibited dendritic cell activation and maturation molecules. CD38 expression on DCs was enhanced for both DENV2 and YF17DD, whereas OX40L expression was decreased as compared to mock-stimulated cells, suggesting that a T helper 1 profile is favoured. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in cell cultures was significantly higher in DENV2-infected cultures than in cultures infected with YF17DD or YF17D/DENV. In contrast, the vaccines induced higher IFN-α levels than DENV2. The differential cytokine production indicates that DENV2 results in TNF induction, which discriminates it from vaccine viruses that preferentially stimulate interferon expression. These differential response profiles may influence the pathogenic infection outcome.     

The Synergistic Effect of Combined Immunization with a DNA Vaccine and Chimeric Yellow Fever/Dengue Virus Leads to Strong Protection against Dengue

The dengue envelope glycoprotein (E) is the major component of virion surface and its ectodomain is composed of domains I, II and III. This protein is the main target for the development of a dengue vaccine with induction of neutralizing antibodies. In the present work, we tested two different vaccination strategies, with combined immunizations in a prime/booster regimen or simultaneous inoculation with a DNA vaccine (pE1D2) and a chimeric yellow fever/dengue 2 virus (YF17D-D2). The pE1D2 DNA vaccine encodes the ectodomain of the envelope DENV2 protein fused to t-PA signal peptide, while the YF17D-D2 was constructed by replacing the prM and E genes from the 17D yellow fever vaccine virus by those from DENV2. Balb/c mice were inoculated with these two vaccines by different prime/booster or simultaneous immunization protocols and most of them induced a synergistic effect on the elicited immune response, mainly in neutralizing antibody production. Furthermore, combined immunization remarkably increased protection against a lethal dose of DENV2, when compared to each vaccine administered alone. Results also revealed that immunization with the DNA vaccine, regardless of the combination with the chimeric virus, induced a robust cell immune response, with production of IFN-γ by CD8+ T lymphocytes.