白细胞介素18在免疫应答中的作用

白细胞介素18(IL-18)是IL-1细胞因子超家族中的一员,是γ干扰素(IFN-γ)细胞因子产生的主要诱导因子之一[1],在调节机体的免疫反应中起着重要的作用,可调节天然免疫应答和获得性免疫应答,而且也是一个能够在不同的免疫环境中调节Th1或Th2类免疫应答的细胞因子[2].     

白细胞介素1诱导激素对免疫应答的调节

在免疫应答中,由巨噬细胞产生的白细胞介素1(IL-1),不仅是介导免疫应答的一种重要因子,同时也是诱导激素对免疫应答进行反馈调节的一种重要媒介。胰岛素对免疫应答有促进作用,糖皮质激素对免疫应答有抑制作用;IL-1在低浓度时促进胰岛素分泌,在高浓度时则抑制胰岛素分泌,并诱导糖皮质激素产生。因此,不同浓度的IL-1可分别诱导激素对免疫应答的正负反馈调节,这种双向调节作用是维持免疫应答动态平衡的重要机制之一。     

白细胞介素12的研究进展

白细胞介素１２（ＩＬ－１２）是由巨噬细胞和Ｂ淋巴细胞等产生的糖蛋白类细胞因子,由４０ｋＤ和３５ｋＤ两个亚基组成。ＩＬ－１２能促进Ｔｈｌ细胞的分化与增殖,控制细胞介导免疫;促进Ｔ淋巴细胞、ＮＫ细胞的发育与增殖,并刺激这些细胞产生ＩＦＮ－γ;增强ＮＫ细胞和细胞毒淋巴细胞的细胞毒活性以及ＩＬ－２诱导ＬＡＫ细胞的活力。ＩＬ－１２在培育新疫苗、防治利什曼病和ＡＩＤＳ等免疫系统疾病及肿瘤的免疫治疗中,有着广阔     

白细胞介素6构象研究进展

简要介绍了人白细胞介素6(hIL-6)的一级结构和高级结构;通过对hIL-6突变体的研究,发现hIL-6分子上存在2个活性位点(位点Ⅰ和位点Ⅱ),其中位点Ⅰ识别hIL-6受体(hIL-6R)的分子量为80×10~3的配基结合亚单位,位点Ⅱ与gp130结合参与信号转导,这使得合理设计hIL-6拮抗剂成为可能。     

白细胞介素12在细胞免疫及抗肿瘤中的作用

IL-12是由巨噬细胞和B细胞产生的一种二聚体细胞因子,是具有多种生物活性的免疫效应细胞生长刺激因子。细胞因子网络在维持免疫功能,促进机体抗感染方面起重要作用。特别是能促进T细胞和NK细胞的增殖与杀瘤作用,诱导IFN-γ等多种细胞因子的产生,调节Th1细胞发育,因而具有良好的抗癌作用。     

白细胞介素6和病毒感染与免疫

白细胞介素6(Interleukin 6,IL-6)是一种多效性细胞因子,对机体免疫系统和非免疫系统的细胞均有较大影响,可发挥促炎或抗炎作用,影响机体生理平衡。病毒感染致病往往包括直接损伤和免疫病理机制,免疫调节是影响疾病进程和临床结果的重要干预靶点。IL-6拮抗剂的临床应用经验提示,靶向该细胞因子可改善疾病结局,但如何以及何时阻断是仍需进一步研究的重要领域。为增加对IL-6在疾病进程中的作用机制的理解,我们对IL-6主要功能、信号转导途径以及在病毒感染与免疫中的作用进行了初步的综述分析。     

白细胞介素12研究进展

白细胞介素１２（ＩＬ－１２）是近年新发现的一种细胞因子,主要来源于Ｂ淋巴细胞系。它是目前发现的细胞因子中唯一由异二聚体组成的因子,两亚基的分子量分别为４０ｋＤ和３５ｋＤ。两亚基的基因定位于不同的染色体上。ＩＬ－２具有多种生物学效应,只存在单一亲和力的膜受体。对ＩＬ－１２的研究将有助于确定其在抗肿瘤和抗感染免疫中的重要作用。     

白细胞介素12与免疫

白细胞介素１２与免疫刘楠,章金钢（长春解放军农牧大学军事兽医研究所病毒室１３００１２）１概述白细胞介素（ＩＬ）是指在白细胞间发挥作用的淋巴因子。自１９７２年Ｇｅｒｙ等发现当时称为淋巴细胞激活因子的ＩＬ－１以来,这一领域一直是人们研究的热门课题之一。目...     

中性粒细胞在抗结核免疫中的作用

结核病是世界范围内的重要传染性疾病之一,严重威胁人类健康。免疫细胞在抗结核免疫过程中起重要作用,各细胞亚群通过不同作用机制影响结核病的病程及转归。中性粒细胞为机体应对结核分枝杆菌感染的第一道防线,在宿主免疫应答过程中是一把双刃剑。一方面,机体感染结核分枝杆菌后,中性粒细胞于第一时间向感染部位聚集,通过多种方式对抗感染：中性粒细胞吞噬结核分枝杆菌后,通过自身凋亡而杀菌;参与形成肉芽肿,形成胞外陷阱来限制结核分枝杆菌的生长和传播;产生功能性细胞因子,调控宿主的抗结核免疫反应。另一方面,中性粒细胞还参与机体的病理损伤过程,甚至促进体内结核分枝杆菌的生长。本文综述了中性粒细胞在抗结核免疫中作用的最新研究进展。     

结核分枝杆菌海藻糖磷酸磷酸酶诱导小鼠体液和细胞免疫应答

目的 研究结核分枝杆菌(M．tuberculosis)海藻糖磷酸磷酸酶(TPP)诱导小鼠体液和细胞免疫。方法 差速离心分离结核分枝杆菌H37Rv和卡介苗(BCG)的各细胞组分,通过Western杂交检测抗原TPP在结核分枝杆菌H37Rv和BCG中的亚细胞定位情况。分别用5×10~6CFU的BCG和50μg的TPP蛋白免疫C57BL/6小鼠,检测小鼠血清中抗TPP的IgG1和IgG2a抗体效价。取免疫小鼠的脾细胞,体外抗原刺激,用酶联免疫斑点试验(ELISPOT)检测γ干扰素(IFN-γ)分泌细胞。结果 TPP亚细胞定位于结核分枝杆菌H37Rv和BCG的胞壁和细胞膜组分。TPP蛋白免疫后小鼠产生的TPP特异性IgG1和IgG2a抗体效价明显高于BCG免疫小鼠,并且IgG2a的抗体效价高于IgG1。体外抗原刺激TPP蛋白和BCG免疫小鼠的脾细胞,都能诱导较高的IFN-γ分泌。结论 结核分枝杆菌细胞壁蛋白TPP能诱导小鼠Ⅰ型辅助性T细胞介导的免疫反应,可作为抗结核疫苗的候选抗原。     

Immunological Mechanisms by Which Concomitant Helminth Infections Predispose to the Development of Human Tuberculosis

Helminthic infections afflict over 1.5 billion people worldwide, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world''s population, resulting in 2 million deaths per year. Although tuberculosis and helminthic infections coexist in many parts of the world, and it has been demonstrated that the T-helper 2 and T-regulatory cell responses elicited by helminths can affect the ability of the host to control mycobacterial infection, it is still unclear whether helminth infections in fact affect tuberculosis disease. In this review article, current progress in the knowledge about the immunomodulation induced by helminths to diminish the protective immune responses to bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination is reviewed, and the knowledge about the types of immune responses modulated by helminths and the consequences for tuberculosis are summarized. In addition, recent data supporting the significant reduction of both M. tuberculosis antigen-specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to TLR2 and TLR9 ligands in individuals with M. tuberculosis and helminth co-infection were discussed. This examination will allow to improve understanding of the immune responses to mycobacterial infection and also be of great relevance in combating human tuberculosis.     

结核杆菌感染T细胞介导免疫应答研究的新进展

结核病对免疫学家构成了巨大的挑战,因为它是一种慢性传染性疾病,病原体具有持久性特点.在对人和动物进行实验时,检测到结核分枝杆菌适应性免疫应答的特点之一为感染早期T细胞免疫应答延迟.新近研究揭示了此种延迟应答的机制:通过结核杆菌抑制免疫细胞(CD4+和CD8+T细胞及DC)凋亡延迟应答,通过特异性Treg细胞抑制作用延迟应答.结核杆菌慢性感染期间存在IFNγ信号调节网络和ESAT-6抗原的慢性刺激作用,抗原特异性PD-1+ CD4+T细胞具有高度增殖分化为更多终末效应性T细胞的潜能,以此可调节和维持免疫应答.深入了解抗原特异性T细胞调节与维持适应性免疫应答的机制,有益于抗结核疫苗的设计和研制.     

Improved cellular immune response elicited by a ubiquitin-fused ESAT-6 DNA vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The present study evaluated the immune response elicited by a ubiquitin-fused ESAT-6 DNA vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with plasmid DNA encoding ESAT-6 protein, ubiquitin-fused ESAT-6 DNA vaccine (UbGR-ESAT-6), pcDNA3-ubiquitin and blank vector, respectively. ESAT-6 DNA vaccine immunization induced a Thl-polarized immune response. The production of Thl-type cytokine (IFN-γ) and proliferative T-cell responses was enhanced significantly in mice immunized with UbGR-ESAT-6 fusion DNA vaccine, compared to non-fusion DNA vaccine. This fusion DNA vaccine also resulted in an increased relative ratio of IgG_2a to IgG_l and the cytotoxicity of T cells. Thus, the present study demonstrated that the UbGR-ESAT-6 fusion DNA vaccine inoculation improved antigen-specific cellular immune responses, which is helpful for protection against tuberculosis infection.     

异甘草酸镁注射液治疗抗结核药物所致急性肝损伤的临床研究

本文旨在研究用异甘草酸镁注射液治疗抗结核药物所致急性肝损伤的有效性和安全性。采用随机、双盲、阳性药平行对照设计,入选者为初治肺结核常规抗结核治疗中发生急性肝功能损伤的患者,试验组采用异甘草酸镁注射液治疗,与对照组（硫普罗宁注射液）进行比较。结果显示,异甘草酸镁注射液在降低主要疗效指标---肝功能综合疗效指标、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）等方面明显优于对照组（P＜0．01）,在降低天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）等方面也优于对照组（P＜0．05）,且未发生明显不良反应。本研究提示,异甘草酸镁注射液在治疗抗结核药物引发的急性肝损伤中安全、有效。     

IL17A augments autophagy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected monocytes from patients with active tuberculosis in association with the severity of the disease

During mycobacterial infection, macroautophagy/autophagy, a process modulated by cytokines, is essential for mounting successful host responses. Autophagy collaborates with human immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) in association with specific IFNG secreted against the pathogen. However, IFNG alone is not sufficient to the complete bacterial eradication, and other cytokines might be required. Actually, induction of Th1 and Th17 immune responses are required for protection against Mt. Accordingly, we showed that IL17A and IFNG expression in lymphocytes from tuberculosis patients correlates with disease severity. Here we investigate the role of IFNG and IL17A during autophagy in monocytes infected with Mt H37Rv or the mutant MtΔRD1. Patients with active disease were classified as high responder (HR) or low responder (LR) according to their T cell responses against Mt. IL17A augmented autophagy in infected monocytes from HR patients through a mechanism that activated MAPK1/ERK2-MAPK3/ERK1 but, during infection of monocytes from LR patients, IL17A had no effect on the autophagic response. In contrast, addition of IFNG to infected monocytes, increased autophagy by activating MAPK14/p38 α both in HR and LR patients. Interestingly, proteins codified in the RD1 region did not interfere with IFNG and IL17A autophagy induction. Therefore, in severe tuberculosis patients' monocytes, IL17A was unable to augment autophagy because of a defect in the MAPK1/3 signaling pathway. In contrast, both IFNG and IL17A increased autophagy levels in patients with strong immunity to Mt, promoting mycobacterial killing. Our findings might contribute to recognize new targets for the development of novel therapeutic tools to fight the pathogen.     

IFNG-mediated immune responses enhance autophagy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in patients with active tuberculosis

Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) requires IFNG. Besides, IFNG-mediated induction of autophagy suppresses survival of virulent Mtb in macrophage cell lines. We investigated the contribution of autophagy to the defense against Mtb antigen (Mtb-Ag) in cells from tuberculosis patients and healthy donors (HD). Patients were classified as high responders (HR) if their T cells produced significant IFNG against Mtb-Ag; and low responders (LR) when patients showed weak or no T cell responses to Mtb-Ag. The highest autophagy levels were detected in HD cells whereas the lowest quantities were observed in LR patients. Interestingly, upon Mtb-Ag stimulation, we detected a positive correlation between IFNG and MAP1LC3B-II/LC3-II levels. Actually, blockage of Mtb-Ag-induced IFNG markedly reduced autophagy in HR patients whereas addition of limited amounts of IFNG significantly increased autophagy in LR patients. Therefore, autophagy collaborates with human immune responses against Mtb in close association with specific IFNG secreted against the pathogen.     

IFNG-mediated immune responses enhance autophagy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in patients with active tuberculosis

Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) requires IFNG. Besides, IFNG-mediated induction of autophagy suppresses survival of virulent Mtb in macrophage cell lines. We investigated the contribution of autophagy to the defense against Mtb antigen (Mtb-Ag) in cells from tuberculosis patients and healthy donors (HD). Patients were classified as high responders (HR) if their T cells produced significant IFNG against Mtb-Ag; and low responders (LR) when patients showed weak or no T cell responses to Mtb-Ag. The highest autophagy levels were detected in HD cells whereas the lowest quantities were observed in LR patients. Interestingly, upon Mtb-Ag stimulation, we detected a positive correlation between IFNG and MAP1LC3B-II/LC3-II levels. Actually, blockage of Mtb-Ag-induced IFNG markedly reduced autophagy in HR patients whereas addition of limited amounts of IFNG significantly increased autophagy in LR patients. Therefore, autophagy collaborates with human immune responses against Mtb in close association with specific IFNG secreted against the pathogen.