AM真菌和镰刀菌对西瓜根系几种酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, AM)真菌Glomus versiforme和西瓜枯萎镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum对西瓜根系中过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性的影响。结果表明,接种AM真菌的西瓜根系中4种酶的活性均高于对照,先接种G. versiforme,后接种F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum处理的4种酶的活性均高于只接种F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum 的处理,且酶的活性峰值出现较早。表明接种G. versiforme 能预先诱导这4种酶的产生,提高其活性,从而提高西瓜对F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum侵染的抗性。接种G. versiforme的感枯萎病西瓜品种“郑杂5号”酶的增加幅度大于抗病品种“京欣1号”的接种处理,说明G. versiforme对提高感病西瓜品种酶活性的作用更大。     

AM真菌和镰刀菌对西瓜根系几种酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根（Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Glomus versiforme和西瓜枯萎镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum对西瓜根系中过氧化物酶（POD）,苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）,β－1,2－葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性的影响。结果表明,接种AM真菌的西瓜根系中4种酶的活性均高于对照,先接种G.versiforme,后接种F.oxysporum f.sp.niveum处理的4种酶的活性均高于只接种F.oxysporum f.sp.niveum的处理,且酶的活性峰值出现较早,表明接种G.versiforme能预先诱导这4种酶的产生,提高其活性,从而提高西瓜对F.oxysporum f.sp.niveum侵染的抗性,接种G.versiforme的感枯萎病西瓜品种“郑杂5号”酶的增加幅度大于抗病品种“京欣1号”的接种处理,说明G.versiforme对提高感病西瓜品种酶活性的作用更大。     

丛枝菌根真菌对西瓜嫁接苗生长和根系防御性酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)对连作土壤中西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗生长、根系膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和防御性酶活性的影响.结果表明： 接种AM真菌能显著增加西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗的生物量,提高根系活力,降低根系膜透性和MDA含量.接种AM真菌的自根苗地上部鲜质量、地上部干质量和根系活力分别增加了57.6%、60.0%和142.1%,而接种AM真菌的嫁接苗分别增加了26.7%、28.0%和11.0%;自根苗（C）、嫁接苗（G）、接种AM真菌自根苗（C+M）和接种AM真菌嫁接苗（G+M）的根系细胞膜透性为C>G>C+M>G+M,根系MDA含量为C>G>G+M>C+M.接种AM真菌能提高西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶和β 1,3 葡聚糖酶活性,而且接种AM真菌的西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系POD、PAL和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的峰值比不接种的提前2周出现.接种AM真菌能激活西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗与抗逆性有关的防御性酶反应,使根系对逆境产生快速反应,从而提高其抗连作障碍的能力.     

丛枝菌根真菌对西瓜嫁接苗生长和根系防御性酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)对连作土壤中西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗生长、根系膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和防御性酶活性的影响.结果表明： 接种AM真菌能显著增加西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗的生物量,提高根系活力,降低根系膜透性和MDA含量.接种AM真菌的自根苗地上部鲜质量、地上部干质量和根系活力分别增加了57.6%、60.0%和142.1%,而接种AM真菌的嫁接苗分别增加了26.7%、28.0%和11.0%;自根苗（C）、嫁接苗（G）、接种AM真菌自根苗（C+M）和接种AM真菌嫁接苗（G+M）的根系细胞膜透性为C>G>C+M>G+M,根系MDA含量为C>G>G+M>C+M.接种AM真菌能提高西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶和β 1,3 葡聚糖酶活性,而且接种AM真菌的西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系POD、PAL和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的峰值比不接种的提前2周出现.接种AM真菌能激活西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗与抗逆性有关的防御性酶反应,使根系对逆境产生快速反应,从而提高其抗连作障碍的能力.     

AM真菌和胞囊线虫对大豆根内酶活性的影响

将‘鲁豆4号’大豆接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌聚生球囊霉Glomus fasiculatum和大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)Heterodera glycines 4号生理小种后, 定期测定大豆根系中AM真菌及线虫侵染速率、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶活性的动态变化。结果表明, 接种AM真菌大豆根系中4种酶活性高于对照水平; 先接种AM真菌后接种SCN处理根系中POD、PAL及几丁质酶的活性高于只接种SCN的处理,并且酶活性峰值出现的时间均早于或相当于后者。另外,PAL及几丁质酶活性出现高峰时期也正是AM真菌侵染率迅速升高及线虫侵染速率快速下降期。因此,AM真菌先激活了大豆的防御反应,然后使其对SCN的侵染产生快速反应,PAL及几丁质酶在AM真菌诱导的抗、耐线虫病害机制中起重要作用。值得注意的是,先接种AM真菌后接种SCN处理大豆根系中,β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性低于只接种AM真菌的处理。作者认为本试验条件下,该酶在大豆抗SCN病害中的作用表现不明显。     

AM真菌和胞囊线虫对大豆根内酶活性的影响

将‘鲁豆4号’大豆接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌聚生球囊霉Glomus fasiculatum和大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)Heterodera glycines4号生理小种后,定期测定大豆根系中AM真菌及线虫侵染速率、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β—1,3葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,接种AM真菌大豆根系中4种酶活性高于对照水平：先接种AM真菌后接种SCN处理根系中POD、PAL及几丁质酶的活性高于只接种SCN的处理,并且酶活性峰值出现的时间均早于或相当于后者。另外,PAL及几丁质酶活性出现高峰时期也正是AM真菌侵染率迅速升高及线虫侵染速率快速下降期。因此,AM真菌先激活了大豆的防御反应,然后使其对SCN的侵染产生快速反应,PAL及几丁质酶在AM真菌诱导的抗、耐线虫病害机制中起重要作用。值得注意的是,先接种AM真菌后接种SCN处理大豆根系中,β—1,3葡聚糖酶活性低于只接种AM真菌的处理。作者认为本试验条件下,该酶在大豆抗SCN病害中的作用表现不明显。     

AM真菌和胞囊线虫对大豆根内酶活性的影响*

将‘鲁豆4号’大豆接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌聚生球囊霉Glomus fasiculatum和大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)Heterodera glycines 4号生理小种后, 定期测定大豆根系中AM真菌及线虫侵染速率、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶活性的动态变化。结果表明, 接种AM真菌大豆根系中4种酶活性高于对照水平; 先接种AM真菌后接种SCN处理根系中POD、PAL及几丁质酶的活性高于只接种SCN的处理,并且酶活性峰值出现的时间均早于或相当于后者。另外,PAL及几丁质酶活性出现高峰时期也正是AM真菌侵染率迅速升高及线虫侵染速率快速下降期。因此,AM真菌先激活了大豆的防御反应,然后使其对SCN的侵染产生快速反应,PAL及几丁质酶在AM真菌诱导的抗、耐线虫病害机制中起重要作用。值得注意的是,先接种AM真菌后接种SCN处理大豆根系中,β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性低于只接种AM真菌的处理。作者认为本试验条件下,该酶在大豆抗SCN病害中的作用表现不明显。     

丛枝菌根真菌延长百合切花观赏期作用机制的初步研究

为初步探究丛枝菌根(arbuscularmycorrhizal,AM)真菌促进百合生长并延长瓶插过程中切花观赏期的作用机制,于温室盆栽条件下对百合Lilium brownii进行摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae和变形球囊霉Glomusversiforme单一接种或者共同双接种处理。结果表明,共同接种F.mosseae和G.versiforme的百合地上部干重和地下部干重均显著高于不接种对照,分别增加了60%和58%。与不接种对照相比,接种F. mosseae和G. versiforme处理的百合根尖数、根系长度、分叉数、表面积和根系体积分别比对照增加123%、128%、182%、118%和232%。切花瓶插期间,接种AM真菌处理的百合切花水分平衡值和鲜重变化率显著高于对照处理;乙烯释放速率和呼吸速率显著低于对照,瓶插5d时达到乙烯峰值5.4μL/*g·h (FW)+,共同接种F. mosseae和G. versiforme处理的百合切花乙烯释放速率比对照降低30%;呼吸速率则在瓶插1d时达到峰值0.7μL/*g·h (FW)+,共同接种比对照降低37%;百合花瓣内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量比对照分别提高19%、32%、52%和26%。百合花瓣内N、P、K、Mg、Ca、Fe和Zn含量均显著高于不接种对照处理,Mn和Cr含量则低于对照;共同接种处理的百合瓶插寿命增加了3d,最佳观赏时间比对照延长2d。结论认为共同接种F. mosseae和G. versiforme处理更加有效地改善切花花枝的水分平衡、营养状况与生理代谢,控制衰老激素的合成,从而延长百合切花的瓶插寿命和最佳观赏期。     

丛枝菌根真菌和生物质炭对连作西瓜土壤肥力的影响

【背景】作为土壤改良剂生物质炭能够改善土壤条件,促进丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌侵染和植物生长发育。【目的】探究接种AM真菌配合施加生物质炭对连作土壤肥力和西瓜生长的效应。【方法】盆栽‘圆佳’西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)嫁接苗[砧木为‘全能铁甲’南瓜(Cucurbita maxima×C. moschata)],栽培基质为西瓜连作土壤,试验设接种或不接种AM真菌变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)并施加0%、1%、2%和4%的生物质炭,共8个处理,测定土壤理化特性、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量和植株生长量。【结果】接种AM真菌并施加生物质炭,可显著促进土壤大颗粒团聚体的形成和有机质的矿化,稳定土壤pH,增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低真菌数量,提高土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性,活化土壤矿质养分,最终促进西瓜植株的生长发育。其中,以接种变形球囊霉并施加2%?4%生物质炭组合的效应最大。两者互作在一定程度上提高了连作土壤的pH、饱和含水量及孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,有利于土壤大颗粒团聚体的形成,提高了土壤酶活性,改善了根围土壤微生物组成。【结论】 AM真菌接种配合施加2%?4%的生物质炭可以显著改善连作土壤的肥力状况。     

丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜枯萎病的影响

盆栽条件下播种黄瓜Cucumis sativus同时接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus etunicatum,4周后对接种处理和对照黄瓜苗分别浇灌Fusairum oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum分生孢子悬液,2周后测定幼苗生物量、根内丙二醛、可溶性糖与游离脯氨酸含量及根围真菌和细菌数量。结果表明:接种Glomus etunicatum根系干重增加了9.3%,提高了根内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量,显著减少了根围真菌数量,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的发病率和病情指数。而不接种Glomus etunicatum的黄瓜苗根系干重减少了28.0%。研究认为AM真菌Glomus etunicatum对黄瓜枯萎病具有一定的生防价值。     

Rhizosphere soil microorganism populations and community structures of different watermelon cultivars with differing resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum

Fusarium wilt is an increasingly serious disease of watermelon that reduces crop productivity. Changes in microorganism populations and bacterial and fungal community structures in rhizosphere soil of watermelon cultivars resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum were investigated using a plate culture method and PCR-DGGE analysis. Plate culture showed that populations of culturable bacteria and actinomycetes were more abundant in the rhizosphere of the resistant watermelon cultivar than the susceptible cultivar, but the fungi population had the opposite pattern. Populations of Penicillium , Fusarium , and Aspergillus were significantly lower in the resistant cultivar than the susceptible cultivar at the fruiting and uprooting stages (p?< 0.05). Pattern matching analysis generated the dendrogram of the DGGE results indicating the relatedness of the different resistant watermelon cultivars and their corresponding rhizosphere microbial communities. Further sequencing analysis of specific bands from DGGE profiles indicated that different groups of bacteria and fungi occurred in the rhizosphere of different watermelon cultivars. Our results demonstrated that plant genotype had a significant impact on soil microbial community structure, and the differences in the rhizosphere microbial community may contribute to the differences in resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum.     

The Inhibition of Fungal Growth in Resistant Cotton Plants Infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum

The vascular colonization of cotton plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum was determined by examining growth of the fungus from free-hand cross sections taken from 0 to six days after inoculation at various distances above the points of root inoculation. Fungal spread in both longitudinal and lateral directions in the susceptible cultivar Rowden was evident four days after inoculation, whereas fungal spread in the resistant cultivar Seabrook Sea Island was restricted. The quantity of viable fungus in infected tissues was determined from macerated tissues plated on Czapek- Dox agar. The colony counts declined within six days after inoculation in resistant Seabrook Sea Island, but not in susceptible Rowden, implying that an inhibition of fungal growth in vascular tissues occurred in resistant Seabrook Sea Island. This inhibition could contribute to the restriction of fungal spread and thus be a factor in the resistance of cotton plants to F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum .     

In Vitro Physiological Responses of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum to Exogenously Applied Syringic Acid

ABSTRACT. Plant–microbe interactions are often accompanied by allelochemicals, such as syringic acid, released from the host plant. To explore the role of phenolic acids released from crop host plants in response to pathogen invasion, we examined the allelopathic effect of an artificially applied syringic acid on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum . We demonstrated that the growth and the conidial germination rate of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum were stimulated at lower concentrations of syringic acid, though inhibited by higher dosage compared with control. The yield of fungus mycotoxin was increased from 60.9% to 561.5%. We conclude that syringic acid can be considered as a allelochemical inducer, stimulating the relative virulence factors of invading pathogens.     

Immunolocalization of a class III chitinase in two muskmelon cultivars reacting differently to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis is a highly specialized fungus that attacks the root system of melon (Cucumis melo L.). In this work the presence of a class III chitinase was examined by immunological techniques in the root and stem base of a susceptible (cv. Galia) and a resistant (cv. Bredor) melon during the infection process. By immunolocalization it was not possible to detect the constitutive presence of class III chitinase in any of the cultivars. However, the immunolabelling appeared in the root tissues of both cultivars as a consequence of wounding and of infection by F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Distinct patterns of chitinase detection were observed in the roots of the two cultivars as the infection progressed. Furthermore, by western blotting distinct class III chitinase isoforms were detected, which responded differently to the F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis infection. Our results strongly indicate that a relationship exists between class III chitinase and melon resistance to Fusarium infection, and that the resistance is associated with certain isoforms of this enzyme.     

Visualization of interactions between a pathogenic and a beneficial Fusarium strain during biocontrol of tomato foot and root rot

The soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici causes tomato foot and root rot (TFRR), which can be controlled by the addition of the nonpathogenic fungus F. oxysporum Fo47 to the soil. To improve our understanding of the interactions between the two Fusarium strains on tomato roots during biocontrol, the fungi were labeled using different autofluorescent proteins as markers and subsequently visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results were as follows. i) An at least 50-fold excess of Fo47over F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was required to obtain control of TFRR. ii) When seedlings were planted in sand infested with spores of a single fungus, Fo47 hyphae attached to the root earlier than those of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. iii) Subsequent root colonization by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was faster and to a larger extent than that by Fo47. iv) Under disease-controlling conditions, colonization of tomato roots by the pathogenic fungus was significantly reduced. v) When the inoculum concentration of Fo47 was increased, root colonization by the pathogen was arrested at the stage of initial attachment to the root. vi) The percentage of spores of Fo47 that germinates in tomato root exudate in vitro is higher than that of the pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Based on these results, the mechanisms by which Fo47 controls TFRR are discussed in terms of i) rate of spore germination and competition for nutrients before the two fungi reach the rhizoplane; ii) competition for initial sites of attachment, intercellular junctions, and nutrients on the tomato root surface; and iii) inducing systemic resistance.     

Molecular detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Mycosphaerella melonis in infected plant tissues and soil

We developed two species-specific PCR assays for rapid and accurate detection of the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Mycosphaerella melonis in diseased plant tissues and soil. Based on differences in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of Fusarium spp. and Mycosphaerella spp., two pairs of species-specific primers, Fn-1/Fn-2 and Mn-1/Mn-2, were synthesized. After screening 24 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, 22 isolates of M. melonis, and 72 isolates from the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota, and Oomycota, the Fn-1/Fn-2 primers amplified only a single PCR band of approximately 320 bp from F. oxysporum f. sp.niveum, and the Mn-1/Mn-2 primers yielded a PCR product of approximately 420 bp from M. melonis. The detection sensitivity with primers Fn-1/Fn-2 and Mn-1/Mn-2 was 1fg of genomic DNA. Using ITS1/ITS4 as the first-round primers, combined with either Fn-1/Fn-2 and or Mn-1/Mn-2, two nested PCR procedures were developed, and the detection sensitivity increased 1000-fold to 1ag. The detection sensitivity for the soil pathogens was 100-microconidia/g soil. A duplex PCR method, combining primers Fn-1/Fn-2 and Mn-1/Mn-2, was used to detect F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum and M. melonis in plant tissues infected by the pathogens. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assays were developed to detect and monitor the pathogens directly in soil samples. The PCR-based methods developed here could simplify both plant disease diagnosis and pathogen monitoring as well as guide plant disease management.     

Comparison of the hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate fibers by a hydrolase from Fusarium oxysporum LCH I and Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi

The hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers by two fungal hydrolases was investigated. The hydrolase from a newly isolated Fusarium oxysporum strain (LCH 1) was more efficient in releasing terephthalic acid from PET fibers compared to the enzyme from F. solani f. sp. pisi DSM 62420 when equal amounts of p-nitrophenyl butyrate-hydrolyzing activity were employed. PET fabrics treated under the same conditions with the enzyme from F. oxysporum LCH 1 also showed a considerably higher increase in hydrophilicity compared to fabrics treated with the enzyme from F. solani f. sp. pisi DSM 62420.     

Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita and Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on Tomato

Agrobacterium tumefaciens stimulated and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici inhibited development and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita when applied to the opposite split root of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Tropic, plants. The lowest rate of nematode reproduction occurred after 2,000 juveniles were applied and the fungus was present in the opposite split root. The effects of all three pathogens alone on the growth of roots and shoots of tomato plants were evident, but M. incognita had a greater effect alone than did either of the other pathogens. The length of split roots was reduced by the infection of M. incognita and A. tumefaciens or F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The number of galls induced by nematodes on roots was higher where the bacterium was applied and lower where the fungus was applied to the opposite split root.