Blood groups of Roms (Gypsies) in Czechoslovakia

Blood groups in 2,935 Roms (Gypsies) of East Slovakia show the following frequencies of phenotypes and genes: A₁A₂BO phenotypes: A₁ — 32.91%, A₂ — 2.42%, B — 25.21%, O — 30.15%, A₁B — 8.45%, A₂B — 0.85%, A₁ — 0.2363, A₂ — 0.0217, B — 0.1929, O — 0.5491. MN phenotypes: M — 27.16%, MN — 51.60%, N — 21.23%; m — 0.5297, n — 0.4703. RH phenotypes: Rh positive — 89.54%, Rh negative — 10.46%; Rh – (D) — 0.6766, Rh (d) 0.3234. The frequencies are contrasted with those of other inhabitants, non-Roms of East Slovakia.     

黑河中游典型土地利用方式下土壤粒径分布及与有机碳的关系

土地利用方式是影响土壤粒径分布、土壤有机碳及其组成含量的重要因素。研究显示:黑河中游典型土地利用类型下,不同土壤粒径分布和土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(AOC)、非活性有机碳(NOC)的含量存在差异。剖面上TOC、AOC、NOC含量较高的旱地、水田、中覆盖度草地与含量较低的戈壁、裸土地、沙地、盐碱地相比,<1μm、1—5μm、5—10μm、10—50μm的粒径含量较高,而50—250μm、250—1000μm的含量较低,这种变化以50μm为分界,分析表明<50μm的粉粒和粘粒可起到固碳作用,而50—250μm、250—1000μm的砂粒起碳损失作用。统计结果表明,以50μm为分界,水田、戈壁、中覆盖度草地剖面上TOC、AOC、NOC与1—5μm、5—10μm、10—50μm呈正相关,与50—250μm、250—1000μm呈负相关。分析发现,粉粒和粘粒与土壤TOC、AOC、NOC的关系较显著,是影响和控制团聚体形成和稳定的重要因素。增加地表植被覆盖度、退化生态系统的植被恢复、农田耕种、防风固沙措施是提高土壤有机碳、粘粒和粉粒含量的方式,也为土壤团聚体的形成和稳定提供基础。     

Moss biogeography in the Tasman Sea region

Abstract

Panbiogeographic track analysis is applied to the distribution of several groups of mosses which occur in the New Zealand region. The analysis highlights areas of biogeographic interest (nodes) in the New Zealand region as follows: 1. New Guinea, 2. New Caledonia, 3. New South Wales/Queensland border in Australia, 4. northern New Zealand, 5. Rapa Island, 6. subantarctic New Zealand.

New Zealand is connected to these nodes by the following standard tracks: 1. New Guinea—New South Wales/Queensland border—Tasmania—subantarctic New Zealand, 2. New Guinea—New Caledonia—New Zealand—subantarctic New Zealand, 3. a central Tasman Sea transversal track; New South Wales/Queensland border—New Caledonia. Rapa Island is connected to the Tasman region by northern New Zealand and New Caledonia.     

Antibody formation in young rabbits immunized with erythrocytes

Крольчат различного возраста иммунизировали взвесью чуживотных эритроцитов. У всех животных,—даже при иммунизации на первый день после рождения,—наблюдалось образование антител, которое можно было доказать гемагглютинацией уже на 5-й день после иммунизации. Возраст крольчат не оказывал влияния на скорость образования антител. Реакцию образования антител можно было подавить облучением крольчат 350 r за 48 час. до иммунизации.— Обсуждаются возможные механизмы этой реакции.     

Hormonal Aspects of Senescence in Detached Tobacco Leaves

The objective of the present work was to describe the simultaneous changes in endogenous levels of cytokinins, abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid and ethylene in detached, senescing tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) leaves. These measurements were related to changes in chlorophyll contents, ¹⁴CO₂ fixation and proline contents — three parameters which have been considered to reflect senescence. Effects of exogenous hormonal treatments on these parameters, as well as on endogenous hormonal levels, provided further evidence for the interrelationships between hormones and for their roles in senescence. Starting with actively growing attached leaves and ending with well-advanced senescence in detached leaves, our data indicate a chronological sequence of three hormonal states: (a) cytokinins — high activity, abscisic acid, auxin and ethylene — low contents (actively growing, attached leaves); (b) cytokinins — low activity, abscisic acid — high, auxin and ethylene — low contents (apparent induction of senescence in detached leaves); and (c) cytokinins and abscisic acid — low, auxin and ethylene — high contents (senescence proper in detached leaves).     

Dynamics of Social Hierarchy in a Dairy Herd*

Factors which lead to social rank tension and dynamics of social hierarchy were analysed in a herd of dairy cattle. Socioethological characteristics were evaluated by means of the Dominance Value (DV) and the Index of Aggression (IA) which were computed for each animal of the herd. The analysis of interrelationships between DV—IA—seniority—body weight—individual pecularities elucidated some impulses of social rank dynamics.     

Changing patterns of sediment accumulation in a small lake in Scania,southern Sweden

Bioassays with water of eutrophic Lake Tjeukemeer were carried out in the laboratory, and, in the lake itself, by placing plexiglass tubes (? 9 cm) firmly in the mud. In the laboratory nitrogen had a strong growth-promoting effect on the concentrations of chlorophyll a, N-cell and COD-cell. In the bioassays in situ nitrogen increased the concentration of chlorophyll a, but not those of cellular N and cellular COD. It is argued that chlorophyll a is not a good indicator for algal growth in bioassays and that the extrapolation of laboratory experiments — where nitrogen limited algal growth — to the field situation — where light limited algal growth — often leads to erroneous results, especially in shallow eutrophic lakes. The main reason is probably that in bioassays in the laboratory the nutrient supply — both from external loading and from sediments — is often different and that processes like denitrification occur in the lake, but not in the bioassays.     

云南南亚热带北缘地区稻田亩产吨粮的种植模式及其生态生理学研究

1996～ 1 999年 ,在云南省蒙自县草坝镇 (南亚热带北缘 )进行了亩产吨粮的种植模式研究。通过对春、夏、秋、冬播玉米 ,早、中、晚稻以及冬小麦的系统研究 ,以地上部分总干物重、籽粒产量、总入射辐照量、叶面积持续期 (灌浆期 )、氮肥的利用率和生产力、水生产力为指标 ,对早稻—晚稻、早稻—秋玉米、早稻—冬小麦、春玉米—晚稻、夏玉米—冬小麦、中稻—冬小麦和中稻—冬玉米 7种复种模式作了比较 ,选出中稻—冬玉米为一年两熟亩产吨粮的最佳种植模式。     

Extreme Selection Unifies Evolutionary Game Dynamics in Finite and Infinite Populations

We show that when selection is extreme—the fittest strategy always reproduces or is imitated—the unequivalence between the possible evolutionary game scenarios in finite and infinite populations resolves, in the sense that the three generic outcomes—dominance, coexistence, and mutual exclusion—emerge in well-mixed populations of any size. We consider the simplest setting of a 2-player-2-strategy symmetric game and the two most common microscopic definitions of strategy spreading—the frequency-dependent Moran process and the imitation process by pairwise comparison—both in the case allowing any intensity of selection. We show that of the seven different invasion and fixation scenarios that are generically possible in finite populations—fixation being more or less likely to occur and rapid compared to the neutral game—the three that are possible in large populations are the same three that occur for sufficiently strong selection: (1) invasion and fast fixation of one strategy; (2) mutual invasion and slow fixation of one strategy; (3) no invasion and no fixation. Moreover (and interestingly), in the limit of extreme selection 2 becomes mutual invasion and no fixation, a case not possible for finite intensity of selection that better corresponds to the deterministic case of coexistence. In the extreme selection limit, we also derive the large population deterministic limit of the two considered stochastic processes.     

Die Zone desDactylioceras tenuicostatum (Toarcien,Lias) in NW- und SW-Deutschland

Close paleontological examination of core —material from recent oil —wells and of rock —samples from outcrops in NW and SW Germany has made it possible to establish for this region the zone ofDactylioceras tenuicostatum (Young & Bird), the basal ammonite —zone of the Upper Liassic (Toarcien), and to define it stratigraphically. This means that the presence of this zone has now been stated for the whole area of the West-European liassic shelf, i. e., from southern Sweden to Portugal. Locally, the leading ammonites are accompanied by well preserved microfaunes which —still showing strong affinities to the fauna of the upper Domérien —contain already some species that might prove to be useful index fossils.     

Protein-bound sulfhydryl groups and thiolesters in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles and their relationships to oxidative phosphorylation

Procedures are described for measurement of total protein-bound —SH groups and apparent thiolester linkages in mitochondrial preparations. The procedure for total —SH is based on reaction with radioactive p-mercuribenzoate in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride at pH 9 containing 1 m ammonia buffer. The procedure for apparent thiolesters is based on alkylation of available — SH groups in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride, protein precipitation with perchloric acid, and ammonolysis at pH 9 to liberate — SH from any thiolester present.No variations in total —SH groups measured in Submitochondrial particles or in mitochondria were noted with presence or absence of ATP, ADP, substrates, or uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Previous reports of changes in measured — SH groups thus appear to reflect solely changes in the reactivity of — SH groups and not in the total — SH groups present.Submitochondrial particles contained less than 0.5 nmole of apparent thiolester per mg of protein; mitochondria contained 1 to 2 nmoles. No variation of apparent thiolester content was noted with change in conditions affecting oxidative phosphorylation. The data do not, of course, eliminate possible changes in thiolester content below the sensitivity of the detection procedures.     

新疆石河子和博州地区马铃薯甲虫抗药性检测

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)在新疆北部的危害逐年加重。本文采用点滴法检测了石河子、博州和昌吉3个地区4个马铃薯甲虫田间种群对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、新烟碱类等15种杀虫药剂的抗性水平。结果表明,所检测的沙湾、玛纳斯、博乐和奇台4个马铃薯田间种群对拟除虫菊酯类高效氯氟氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯产生了11～155倍的抗性,博乐种群对高效氯氰菊酯抗性为27倍;4个种群对氨基酸酯类的丁硫克百威也产生了33～59倍的抗性。另外,对硫丹和阿维菌素也分别产生了11～23倍和4～7倍的抗性。但对水胺硫磷等4种有机磷和吡虫啉等3种新烟碱类杀虫药剂仍然比较敏感。研究结果为上述地区马铃薯甲虫的有效控制提供重要依据。     

Beam–Plasma Discharge in Space and in a Lab

Plasma Physics Reports - The process and applications of a specific type of gaseous discharge—beam–plasma discharge (BPD)—are reviewed. A brief survey of the BPD theory is...     

The role of ontogeny in wood diversity and evolution

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) explores the link between developmental patterning and phenotypic change through evolutionary time. In this review, we highlight the scientific advancements in understanding xylem evolution afforded by the evo-devo approach, opportunities for further engagement, and future research directions for the field. We review evidence that (1) heterochrony—the change in rate and timing of developmental events, (2) homeosis—the ontogenetic replacement of features, (3) heterometry—the change in quantity of a feature, (4) exaptation—the co-opting and repurposing of an ancestral feature, (5) the interplay between developmental and capacity constraints, and (6) novelty—the emergence of a novel feature, have all contributed to generating the diversity of woods. We present opportunities for future research engagement, which combine wood ontogeny within the context of robust phylogenetic hypotheses, and molecular biology.     

Phase transitions of phospholipids in monolayers and surface viscosity

The surface pressures and the surface viscosities of lecithin, cephalin and its analogs were measured at the air—water and the oil—water interfaces. It was found that the surface viscosity of the phospholipids used in this study was very high, and was comparable to those of some polymer films at the oil—water interface as well as at the air—water interface under the conditions where the monolayers were condensed. The plateaus indicating the phase transitions in monolayers were clearly observed on the pressure-area curves at the oil—water interface in all of the specimens studied. It was found that the phase transitions exactly corresponded to the abrupt increases in surface viscosity. From the results thus obtained, an intermolecular ionic linkage between neighboring molecules in the monolayers is discussed.     

甜瓜幼苗叶片光合变化特性

为探讨甜瓜光响应变化特性与环境因子的关系,选择光响应曲线适宜测定的时段,以甜瓜幼苗为试材,将1 d分为3个时段:10:00-12:00、12:00-15:00和15:00-17:00,每个叶位叶片测定1 d,并采用直角双曲线修正模型拟合光响应曲线,研究不同时段下甜瓜叶片光响应曲线、光响应参数的变化趋势和不同叶位叶片光响应参数特性。结果表明:当环境中光合有效辐射增强,叶面温度(Tl)升高,空气相对湿度(RH)降低;当环境中光合有效辐射减弱,Tl降低,RH升高。10:00-12:00光响应曲线和12:00-15:00的第1-4叶光响应曲线呈双曲线,在强光下趋向饱和状况,12:00-15:00的第5叶光合速率和15:00-17:00光合速率在强光下出现明显的光抑制现象。1 d的不同时段均表现为10:00-12:00最大净光合速率(P_max)和光饱和点(LSP)最高,12:00-17:00降低;12:00-15:00光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)较高,其它两个时段较低,10:00-17:00光补偿点量子效率(φ_c)、气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)总体呈降低趋势,气孔限制值(L_s)升高。10:00-15:00相同时段测得的不同叶位叶片光响应参数,以第4-5叶光合性能较好,15:00-17:00以第3叶P_max最高,第5叶次之;10:00-17:00 G_s和C_i以第5叶较低,第1叶较高,L_s以第5叶较高,第1叶较低。RH为影响P_max的主要决策因子,测定时段、叶面饱和蒸汽压亏缺(Vpdl)和Tl为主要限制因子。10:00-12:00适宜进行光响应曲线测定,气孔限制为不同时段光合作用不同的主要因素,非气孔限制为影响不同叶位叶片光合作用的主要因素。     

Elimination of caffeine interference in high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cotinine in human plasma

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet photometric detection for the determination of cotinine in human plasma was described. The use of a 30-cm reversed-phase column and of a mobile phase consisting of water—methanol—0.1 M sodium acetate—acetonitrile (72:21:5.6:1.4, v/v), pH 4.1, eliminated caffeine interference. A simplified solid-phase extraction procedure was also performed for plasma samples.     

Catching function in action

A major interest of Jörg is the establishment and sensible use of high-throughput analysis processes — with some emphasis on array-based assays — for the understanding and evaluation of the complex molecular interactions in living organisms.     

On selection in finite populations

Journal of Mathematical Biology - Two major forces shaping evolution are drift and selection. The standard models of neutral drift—the Wright–Fisher (WF) and Moran processes—can...