不同寄主植物对幻紫斑蝶产卵选择及种群适合度的影响

通过研究幻紫斑蝶(Euploea core Cramer)成虫对6种寄主植物和2种非寄主植物的产卵选择,以及用5种寄主植物饲养下幻紫斑蝶的发育、存活和繁殖情况,为幻紫斑蝶人工规模化养殖提供理论依据。幻紫斑蝶成虫优先选择聚果榕,其次选择古钩藤和马利筋进行产卵;用黄花夹竹桃饲养的幻紫斑蝶发育历期最长,用马利筋饲养的幻紫斑蝶发育历期最短;用古钩藤、爬森藤和马利筋饲养的幻紫斑蝶蛹的质量、体长和头宽均大于其它两种寄主植物;用古钩藤、爬森藤和聚果榕饲养的幻紫斑蝶存活率较高,而黄花夹竹桃最低;用古钩藤饲养的幻紫斑蝶成虫产卵量、交配频率和卵孵化率均最高,其次为爬森藤。因此,聚果榕、古钩藤和马利筋可作为幻紫斑蝶成虫产卵的优势寄主,古钩藤和爬森藤可作为饲养幻紫斑蝶的优势寄主。     

菜青虫不同虫态及虫龄的多酚氧化酶性质比较

初步比较了菜青虫Pieris rapae (L.)不同虫态及虫龄的多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase)的性质。结果表明,不同虫态及虫龄的多酚氧化酶活力有很大的不同,其中以5龄幼虫酶活力最高,蛹酶活力最低。酶活力大小依次为： 5龄幼虫> 预蛹>4龄幼虫>3龄幼虫>蛹。以邻苯二酚为底物,研究了pH对多酚氧化酶活力的影响,结果表明酶催化底物氧化均有一个最适pH区域,不同虫态及虫龄的多酚氧化酶最适pH基本相同,其值为7.0±0.2 。不同虫态及虫龄的多酚氧化酶催化底物氧化的最适温度有很大的差异。3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫、预蛹和蛹的多酚氧化酶活力的最适温度分别为36.0±0.5℃、38.5±1.0℃、43.0±1.0℃、45.5±1.0℃和50.0±1.5℃,说明蛹期的多酚氧化酶活力的最适温度较高。进一步比较催化底物氧化反应的活化能,测得3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫、预蛹和蛹的多酚氧化酶活化能分别为：4 3.10±0.28、36.50±0.27、25.79±0.32、30.10±0.21和58.88±0.39 kJ/mol 。通过测定不同虫态及虫龄的多酚氧化酶催化邻苯二酚和L-多巴氧化反应的动力学特征参数,比较了不同虫期的酶对底物的亲和力。     

IMMATURE STAGES OF AUSTRALIAN ANTHOPHORINAE (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA)

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Immature stages of two species in each of the two tribes, Anthophorini and Melectini, of Anthophorinae found in Australia were studied for the first time. The larvae and pupa of Amegilla (Amegilla) pulchra (Smith), the mature larva and pupa of Amegilla (Asarapoda) sp., the mature larva of Thyreus lugubris (Smith) and the pupa of Thyreus caeruleopunctatus (Blanchard) are described and the larvae are figured, and information is given on their behaviour and development.     

利用柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂的适宜冷贮虫期和温度

我国普遍利用柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵大量繁殖和释放赤眼蜂防治多种农林害虫。对赤眼蜂进行冷贮有助于其商品化生产、运输和释放应用。为了全面评价冷贮对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响,作者采用柞蚕卵为寄主,以贮存温度（4℃、7℃、10℃和13℃）、贮存虫期（卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹期）和贮存时间（2周、4周、6周和8周）为参试因子,研究了冷贮对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比的影响。结果表明,3个因素均可单独或互作显著影响羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数,尤以贮存虫期的影响更为明显;但3个因素对单卵出蜂性比影响不大。综合各冷贮虫期对低温的反应,松毛虫赤眼蜂对10℃反应最敏感,各虫期羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数明显降低,不适宜长期冷贮;对7℃反应相对较不敏感,最适宜长期贮存。在适宜长期冷贮温度（4℃和7℃）条件下,适宜贮存虫期有所不同,4℃下为幼虫期和蛹期,7℃下为卵期和蛹期,在这些虫期和贮存温度条件组合下羽化出峰率和单卵出蜂数相对于其他虫期受冷贮的不利影响较小。从对羽化出蜂率的影响来看,于卵期7℃下冷贮为最适宜;从对单卵出蜂数的影响来看,于蛹期在4℃和7℃冷贮为适宜。     

豌豆彩潜蝇幼期各虫态的形态学研究

【目的】豌豆彩潜蝇Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau)是我国蔬菜上常见的一种重要害虫,目前尚未见该虫幼期卵到蛹各虫态形态特征的系统研究。【方法】本研究采用野外取样和室内饲养的方法收集豌豆彩潜蝇的卵、不同龄期的幼虫以及蛹,对该虫从卵期到羽化成成虫的全过程进行了详细的观察,并通过测量幼虫口钩和头咽骨的长度对幼虫龄期进行了划分。【结果】卵期观察到了豌豆彩潜蝇及其他潜蝇科昆虫中从未记述过的卵的呼吸角。利用口钩和头咽骨长度将幼虫划分为3个龄期,并对不同龄期幼虫的形态特征进行了比较和描述,确定了通过骨化结构对幼虫龄期准确鉴定和通过外部形态快速鉴定的方法。根据豌豆彩潜蝇蛹期发育的形态特征变化将蛹期划分为5个明显的发育阶段。【结论】本研究记述了豌豆彩潜蝇卵到蛹期的形态特征并对幼虫龄期进行了划分,为潜蝇幼虫和蛹的形态学及豌豆彩潜蝇生物学、生理学和防治研究提供基础。     

Semiocladius Sublette and Wirth: taxonomy and ecology of an estuarine midge (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)

Abstract Semiocladius Sublette and Wirth, described from adult midges from south-western Pacific Ocean shores, has the Australian Camptocladius crassipennis Skuse as its type. Immature stages previously known only from Semiocladius kuscheli Sublette and Wirth from sub-Antarctic New Zealand were associated tentatively, by co-occurrence. For the first time, the immature stages for the Australian species are associated definitively by rearing. Larvae rear to a pupa identical to a speculatively associated exuviae of Semiocladius from Lord Howe Island. Adults conform to the described S. crassipennis . Larval Semiocladius are distinctive and previous diagnoses are confirmed. In contrast, the putatively associated pupa of S. kuscheli is indistinguishable from that of the marine intertidal Thalassosmittia Strenke and Remmert, whereas the newly associated S. crassipennis pupa is distinct. The pupa of S. kuscheli may have been misassociated. Semiocladius live in the mesohaline of the salinity gradient of the Clyde River estuary, south-east Australia and the genus appears to be a distinctive western Pacific saline/mesohaline taxon.     

Experimental Infection of Various Latex Plants of the Family Asclepiadaceae with Phytomonas elmassiani

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosomatid-free plants of the family Asclepiadaceae identified as Asclepias syriaca, A. curassavica, A. incarnata, Stephanotis floribunda, Seutera maritima, Amphistelma scoparia and plants of the family Euphorbiaceae identified as Euphorbia tirucalli, E. trigona , and Pedilanthus tithymaloides were exposed to the bite of the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus , infected with Phytomonas elmassiani , a flagellate which occurs naturally in A. syriaca and O. fasciatus . Two weeks subsequent to exposure to laboratory-infected oncopeltids all the experimental Asclepiadaceae were infected. The mean length of the protozoa varied depending on the host plant. The flagellates in A. syriaca, A. curassavica , and A. incarnata were shorter than those in S. floribunda, S. maritima , and A. scoparia .
None of the Euphorbiaceae became infected.     

Changes taking place in the electrophoretic haemolymph protein pattern during metamorphosis of Polytela gloriosae (Lepidoptera)

The haemolymph proteins of the larva, pupa and adult of Polytela gloriosae have been fractioned by Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. In the haemolymph of the fifth instar larval stage a total of ten protein fractions have been detected. The concentration of the protein fractions 2, 3, 4, 9 and 10 shows oscillations in their concentration in the early fifth instar, middle fifth instar and late fifth instar larval stage. In all 11 protein fractionswere detected in the haemolymph of different stages of the pupa. The protein bands 1, 7 and 10 of the pupa appear newly in the haemolymph as these bands were not found in the haemolymph of the larvae. The protein fraction 9 of larva was not found in the pupa. In the haemolymph of adult insect sexual difference was observed in the haemolymph protein pattern. In the haemolymph of adult female a total of 10 protein fractions were detected while from the male haemolymph a total of 8 protein fractions were detected. The pupal band 7 was not found in the adults of both the sexes. In the haemolymph of larva and adult one pigmented protein fraction was observed. No pigmented protein fraction was found in the haemolymph of pupa. Iron - containing protein fraction and the acid mucopolysaccharides were not found in the haemolymph. The protein fractions 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of adult haemolymph were darkly stained by the Schiff reagent and, thus, they are the fractions of glycoprotein. One protein fraction of lipoprotein was also found in the haemolymph.     

Radiosensitive mutants of Drosophila. VI. The effect of ultraviolet rays and methylmethane sulfonate on the viability and incidence of chromosome aberrations in the somatic cells of mutant mus(2)201G1

The mus(2)201G1 mutation determining high sensitivity to UV-rays and methyl methansulfonate (MMS) has been studied. The larvae of Drosophila of different age were treated with UV-rays and MMS. Lethality of organisms during the larvae and the pupa stages of the development, as well as the frequency of spontaneous and induced chromosome aberrations were registered. The mus(2)201G1 mutation was shown to determine high lethality of Drosophila during larvae and pupa stages as well as a high frequency of spontaneous and induced chromosome aberrations. The conclusion was made that chromosome aberrations are not the single reason for the death of the mutant flies after mutagenic treatment and that the function of the mus(2)201G1 gene is necessary for divided and undivided cells.     

PARENTAL AGE,GAMETIC AGE,AND INBREEDING INTERACT TO MODULATE OFFSPRING VIABILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

In principle, parental relatedness, parental age, and the age of parental gametes can all influence offspring fitness through inbreeding depression and the parental effects of organismal and postmeiotic gametic senescence. However, little is known about the extent to which these factors interact and contribute to fitness variation. Here, we show that, in Drosophila melanogaster, offspring viability is strongly affected by a three‐way interaction between parental relatedness, parental age, and gametic age at successive developmental stages. Overall egg‐to‐adult viability was lowest for offspring produced with old gametes of related, young parents. This overall effect was largely determined at the pupa–adult stage, although three‐way interactions between parental relatedness, parental age and gametic age also explained variation in egg hatchability and larva‐pupa survival. Controlling for the influence of parental and gametic age, we show that inbreeding depression is negligible for egg hatchability but significant at the larva–pupa and pupa–adult stages. At the pupa–adult stage, where offspring could be sexed, parental relatedness, parental age, and gametic age interacted differently in male and female offspring, with daughters suffering higher inbreeding depression than sons. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the architecture of offspring fitness is strongly influenced by a complex interaction between parental effects, inbreeding depression and offspring sex.     

Biochemical and morphological changes accompanying light organ development in the firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica

The larval light organs of the firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica, regress and are replaced by the adult lantern during metamorphosis. Larval and adult light organs are present and capable of periodic light emission during the latter stages of pupation and the early adult. The whole pupa emits a continuous, low level, glow throughout pupation.During pupation levels of luciferase and luciferin, the enzyme and substrate required in the light reaction, were found to remain constant in the posterior half of the pupa and to show an initial increase followed by a decrease in the anterior half. Levels of luciferase and luciferin in anterior halves were not affected by ablation of the larval light organs. The ratio of luciferase to luciferin concentrations changed from less than 1, in larval and pupal stages, to greater than 1, in the adult. Changes in the concentration and the localization of luciferase and luciferin were correlated with observed light organ development.     

Preimaginal conditioning does not affect oviposition preference in the diamondback moth

Abstract.  1. In holometabolous insects, learning has been demonstrated in both larval and adult stages. Whether learning can be retained through metamorphosis from larva via pupa to adult has long been a subject of debate. The present study is designed to distinguish between preimaginal and imaginal conditioning in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) using oviposition preference tests on females exposed to various types of learning experiences during immature and adult stages.
2. Cohorts of test insects were reared from egg to pupa on an artificial diet, or on one of two host plants, Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis , and common cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata . The ensuing females reared on the three kinds of food showed similar oviposition preference between the two plants. A brief experience of the less preferred host, common cabbage, by adults slightly increased their preference for this plant.
3. Cohorts of test insects were reared from egg to pupa on an artificial diet with or without the addition of a neem-based oviposition deterrent (Neemix^® 4.5). Larval feeding experience did not alter oviposition response to the deterrent. However, emergence conditioning and early adult learning, achieved through experience of a residue of the deterrent carried over from the larval food on pupal cuticle and cocoons, altered oviposition preference significantly.
4. The combined results revealed no evidence of preimaginal conditioning in this insect but a strong effect of emergence conditioning and early adult learning on oviposition preference.     

Effect of different heavy-metal concentrations on Drosophila melanogaster larval growth and development

The survival percentage of Drosophila melanogaster larvae on synthetic media containing different concentrations of heavy metals, including Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, in the first generation indicated no significant reduction in their growth and development up to 500 ppm for all tested heavy-metal concentrations. At 500 ppm, results showed that there was a significant reduction in pupa and adult stages: 65% and 25% for Cd, 50% and 25% for Cu, 100% and 95% for Pb, and 85% and 75% for Zn, respectively. The survival percentages at 1000 ppm were further significantly reduced: 15% and 0% for Cd, 35% and 15% for Cu, 45% and 90% for Pb, and 65% and 35% for Zn, respectively for pupa and adult stages. For the second generation, there was no significant reduction in survival growth and development up to 100 ppm, but above 500 ppm, there was a significant reduction. For most of these heavy-metal concentrations, the survival percentages of the second generation at the pupa stage was higher than the first generation, whereas for the adult, there was a lower survival percentage, indicating some effect on metamorphosis of these heavy-metal concentrations on Drosophila melanogaster Comparing the survival percentage between first and second generations at 500 ppm for pupa indicate a significant increase on Cu only, and for the adult, there was a significant reduction for Cd.     

温度对红珠凤蝶小斑亚种发育的影响

室内研究了红珠凤蝶小斑亚种Pachliopta aristolochiae adaeus(Rothschild)在19～31℃范围内5个恒温条件下的发育.结果表明,成虫在19℃时不能交配和产卵,而卵、幼虫和蛹在19～31℃范围内均能完成发育,且发育历期随温度而变化.各温度下,预蛹期最短,幼虫期最长,幼虫龄期随虫龄的增加...     

不同水稻生育期对稻粉虱种群动态的影响

本主要研究了不同水稻生育期对稻粉虱Aleurocybotus indicus种群动态的影响。研究结果表明,水稻分蘖期至拔节期最容易受稻粉虱为害,卵孵化率为88．1％,拟蛹的羽化率为82．9％,孵化率和羽化率均高于水稻其它生育期。     

Metabolism and excretion of nitrogen during metamorphosis and egg production in the sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer

Measurements of whole-body dry matter, total nitrogen, water-soluble protein, amino acids, and uric acid were determined at successive stages during metamorphosis in Neodiprion sertifer. The major change was in the uric acid fraction: in females, it increased up to the non-pharate pupa and then decreased during the subsequent stages of adult development and egg production; in males, it continued to increase during adult development. The decline of uric acid could not be explained by the accumulation of allantoin, allantoic acid, urea, or uric acid riboside. Examination of amino acid levels in the gut revealed an accumulation in the pupa followed by a depletion at the onset of adult development. This was followed by an excretory phase marked by the progressive accumulation of large quantities of uric acid and small quantities of urea, ammonia, and amino acids during the formation of the meconium. Amino acid analysis of the meconium revealed the presence of large proportions of proline, hydroxyproline, and histidine in comparison with the other amino acids.     

麝凤蝶的发育起点温度和有效积温

在 1 6～ 3 1℃范围内设置了 6个温度对麝凤蝶ByasaalcinousKlug卵、幼虫、蛹的发育速率进行了测定。结果表明 ,卵、幼虫、蛹在 1 6～ 3 1℃范围内均能正常生长发育 ,尤以 2 5～ 2 8℃条件下最适宜于该蝶的生长发育 ,发育速率与温度呈直线关系。用直线回归法得到卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为 9 3 ,7 1 ,6 8℃ ,有效积温分别为 90 2 ,3 87 4,2 2 7 9日·度。     

管氏肿腿蜂对黄粉甲的寄生行为

在人工扩繁条件下观察管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani对中间寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor的寄生行为,其过程可分为：搜寻-识别-螯刺-清理和取食-产卵-护幼。雌蜂在寄生黄粉甲蛹时上蜂速度和螯刺率变异大,上蜂前时间为1.4～7.0天, 螯刺率为8.7%～91.7%,影响两者的因素包括： 雌蜂的交配状况、寄主状况及繁育温度等。蜂毒螯入寄主后可使其组织不腐烂而适于被寄生,被螯刺后的蛹可表现为 “保鲜”状态,平均“保鲜”时间为12.6天。蜂在蛹体的平均产卵量为30粒,最多为91粒。蜂卵在蛹体上分布合理,有利于幼虫有效利用寄主营养并避免拥挤和取食竞争。母蜂对幼虫期的发育具保护行为,包括护卵和保护幼虫正常发育并能搬运老熟幼虫集中结茧化蛹。     

华山松木蠹象自然种群的生命表

华山松木蠹象Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang在云南分布广泛,在曲靖市国营海寨林场对华山松的危害面积达6670hm2。在该林场连续6年对该虫的自然种群消长规律进行研究,将华山松木蠹象的生长发育过程分为卵期、1期幼虫期、2期幼虫期、蛹期、成虫期5个阶段。通过林间观察及室内饲养,得到该虫自然种群生命表。并通过回归分析,得到该虫消亡的关键因子主要为2期幼虫和蛹期的白僵菌,其次为2期幼虫和蛹期寄生蜂。