Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi causing ringworm of horses

From 60 horses showing skin lesions, 42% were positive for fungal infection. Horses less than 2-year old were more susceptible to this infection. Fourteen species belonging to nine genera of kerationphilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from collected specimens.Trichophyton was the dominant genus of whichT. equinum was the most common. This species proved to be the main causative agent of ringworm in horses. In addition to dermatophytes, many species of the isolated fungi were keratinophilic. The presence of such fungi on hairs and skin of horses may create an opportunity for them under special circumstances to become invasive to the skin or hair and thus cause primary or secondary infection of the animals.     

Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus chinensis</Emphasis>

This study investigated the endophytic fungi diversity of Taxus chinensis and screened the taxol-producing fungi in the host. A total of 115 endophytic fungi isolates obtained from bark segments of T. chinensis were grouped into 23 genera based on the morphological traits and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), indicating endophytic fungi in T. chinensis are diverse and abundant. Diaporthe, Phomopsis (anamorph of Diaporthe), Acremonium, and Pezicula were the dominant genera, whereas the remaining genera were infrequent groups. The 13 representative species of the distinct genera were capable of producing taxol verified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the taxol-producing fungi, the yield of taxol produced by the Metarhizium anisopliae, H-27 was 846.1 μg l⁻¹ in reformative potato dextrose liquid medium, and the fungal taxol was further validated by mass spectrometry (MS). The taxol-producing fungi (92.3%) were infrequent communities, suggesting that infrequent fungi associated with T. chinensis might be a fascinating reservoir of taxol-generating fungi.     

Distribution of keratinophilic fungi in animal folds in Kuwait

Soil samples from seventeen animal herds (camels, goats, sheep, cows) were surveyed for the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi. Twenty four species related to eleven genera were recovered on defated wool baits. Eleven Chrysosporium species were reported in the following order of dominance: C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, C. indicum, C. queenslandicum, C. pannicola, C. carmichaelii, C. state of Arthroderma curreyi, C. zonatum, C. state of A. cuniculi and Chrysosporium state of Renispora flavissima. The Aphanoascus teleomorph of C. keratinophilum, C. indicum and C. tropicum were frequently reported in soils from cow and sheep folds. Scopulariopsis, Cephaliophora and Sepedonium, although not keratinolytic, were also recorded on wool baits of soils from cow herds which are slightly acidic. The frequency and distribution of these fungi are discussed in relation to animal species and the general ecological conditions of desert soils.     

Fungi isolated from skins and pens of healthy animals in Nigeria

The mycoflora of 220 skin scrapings, hair, nail samples and pens’ materials of apparently healthy animals including cows, sheep, goats, rabbits, pigs and dogs were determined. Twenty eight species of fungi belonging to ten genera were recovered. Chrysosporium spp. were the most common and C. keratinophilum was recovered from all animals. Dermatophytes which are known causal agents of dermatophytosis were also isolated indifferent frequencies (Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, Trichophytonmentagrophytes, T. rubrum). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inhibition of fungi,actinomycetes and bacteria by Stachybotrys atra

The effect ofStachybotrys atra on fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria was studied in agar culture. Of the 27 genera and 52 species of fungi, 6 species of actinomycetes and 5 genera and 10 species of bacteria tested,S. atra was found to inhibit 95.7 % fungi, all the actinomycetes and 83.3 % of bacteria.Aspergillus ustus, 2 unidentified species ofFusarium, Rhizobium trifolii andPseudomonas spp. were however not inhibited. In experiments in soil,S. atra inhibited the growth ofTrichoderma viride. S atra was ineffective whereT. viride andS. atra were inoculated simultaneously or whereT. viride was added 7 days earlier. Besides,S. atra was not found to controlMacrophomina phaseoli infection on cotton. Soil culture ofS. atra showed phytotoxic effect on cotton seedlings.S. atra produced a dark brown to black thermostable toxic metabolite in the medium. The culture filtrate retarded the growth ofM. phaseoli in agar culture. Despite the importance ofS. atra as a fungistatic agent with wide antimicrobial spectrum, the use ofS. atra as a protectant against plant pathogens seems to be limited because of its phytotoxicity on cotton.     

Keratinophilic fungi isolated from hospital dust and soils of public places at Gulbarga,India

Keratinophilic fungi were isolated from corridor dust of 11 hospitals and soils of 21 public places using a hair baiting technique. A total of 41 species belonging to 24 genera were recovered. Among the dermatophytes and related species, Microsporum gypseum was predominant, followed by Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, M. nanum and Ch. tropicum. Other species were represented by 32 species belonging to 21 genera. Most of the species isolated are known to be agents of human and animal infection or have been isolated from human and animal lesions. The fungi observed here are discussed in relation to their global distribution.     

Keratinophilic fungi of poultry farm and feather dumping soil in Tamil Nadu,India

Soils of 10 poultry farms from Namakkal and 12 feather dumping sites from Chennai were studied for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. A total of 34 species belonging to 19 genera and one non-sporulating fungus were recovered. Sixteen species of fungi and one non-sporulating fungi were common to both sites, eight species were specific to Namakkal and nine species were specific to Chennai. Dermatophytes and closely related fungi were represented by six species belonging to five genera. Fungal species commonly found in the soil samples included Chrysosporium keratinophilum (73%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (68.2%), Microsporum gypseum (64%), Myceliopthora vellerea (32%), Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum (27.3%) and Geomyces pannorum (23%). Non-dermatophyte fungi were represented by 28 species belonging to 14 genera and one non-sporulating fungus.     

青檀叶片内生和附生真菌组成及生态分布

对我国古老特有植物青檀叶片进行内生和附生真菌的研究,以了解青檀叶片内生和附生真菌的组成特点和探讨内生和附生真菌菌群之间的可能联系,为研究真菌资源多样性、植物附生和内生真菌的相互演化关系及真菌与宿主植物协同进化等提供有益参考资料。研究结果表明,从健康的青檀叶片获得可培养内生真菌839株,附生真菌1857株,共计2696株,鉴定其分属于4目,5科,43属。在目的分类水平上,内生和附生真菌均以丛梗孢目Moniliales为优势菌群,分别占90.23%和92.51%;在科的水平上,内生真菌以暗梗孢科Dematiaceae和丛梗孢科Moniliaceae为优势菌群,分别占47.56%和42.67%,附生真菌以丛梗孢科Moniliaceae和暗梗孢科Dematiaceae为优势菌群,分别占67.04%和25.47%;在属的水平上,内生真菌以黑团孢属Periconia和青霉属Penicillium为优势菌群,分别占31.47%和10.73%,附生真菌以小球霉属Glomerularia、膝葡孢属Gonatobotrys和青霉属Penicillium为优势菌群,分别占20.03%、13.95%和12.22%。青檀叶片内生真菌和附生真菌均存在的菌群数量达到23个属,占53.49%。内生真菌特有的属有6个,共分离19株,占0.70%,附生真菌特有的属有14个,共分离120株,占4.45%。内生真菌的Shannon-Wiener index(H')多样性指数(2.44)和Margalef index(R)丰富度指数(2.88)分别小于附生真菌ShannonWiener index(H')多样性指数(2.57)和Margalef index(R)丰富度指数(3.32),但两者的Evenness index(E)均匀度指数几乎相等。青檀叶片内生和附生真菌菌群组成具有较高的相似性,相似性系数达0.70。通过Fisher's exact test分析表明青檀叶片内生和附生真菌菌群组成无明显差异(P=0.072)。     

Keratinophilic fungi on sheep hairs from the West Bank of Jordan

The mycoflora of the hair in 285 sheep from the West Bank of Jordan was analysed and the frequency of occurrence and the relative importance value for different fungal species found were calculated. Ninenty six species which belong to 36 genera were isolated. Forty one of these species were either well-known agents of animal and human mycoses (Trichophyton verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum nanum, M. canis, and others), or have been isolated from human and animal lesions (Arthroderma cuniculi, A. curreyi, Chrysosporium tropicum, Acremonium kiliense, Aphanoascus fulvuscens, Aspergillus versicolor, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and others). These pathogenic fungi comprised 75.4% of all fungi recovered from the hair of sheep. This animal seems to represent an adequate reservoir for several dermatophytes and several potentially pathogenic fungi.     

Coccidia in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia1

Saudi Arabian camels {Camelus dromedarius) are infected with three species of Eimeria: E. dromedarii (28.4%), E. rajasthani < 22.2%), and E. cameli (19.2%); 41.6% of the animals examined were positive. The highest prevalence of infection was reported in the western region of the country. Mixed infection with two Eimeria species is most common; E. dromedarii was most frequently and generally the most predominant species. Eimeria dromedarii and E. rajasthani are described for the first time from Saudi Arabian camels.     

Keratinophilic fungi on the hair of goats from the West Bank of Jordan

The mycoflora of the hair in 178 goats from the West Bank of Jordan was analysed and the frequency of occurrence and the relative importance value for the different keratinophilic fungi found were calculated. One hundred and seven species which belong to 38 genera were isolated. Thirty six of these species were either well recognised agents of mycoses (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, and M. nanum), or have been frequently isolated from human and animal lesions (Arthroderma spp., Acremonium kiliense, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium carionii, and several other species). These potentially pathogenic fungal species comprised 66.9% of all keratinophilic fungi found on the hair of goats. The role of this animal as a reservoir for dermatophytes and other potentially pathogenic fungi is discussed.     

Mycoflora of mangroves of red sea in Egypt

Nine species in addition to two unidentified species belonging to 8 genera of zoosporic fungi were recovered from 12 mangrove water and mud samples on hemp and sesame seeds,Pinus poolen grains and onion skin as baits at 22°C.Saprolegnia ferax, S. furcata andPhlyctochytrium sp. were recovered only from water samples;Allomyces arbuscula, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. thalasium andThraustochytrium roseum were recovered only from mud samples.     

Fungicides and some biological controller agents effects on the growth of fusarium oxysporum causing paprika wilt: Wirkung von fungiziden und einigen biologischen kontrollwirkstoffen auf das wachstum des paprikawelke verursachenden fusarium oxysporum

Soil samples from both healthy and diseased paprika roots were tested to identify their mycoflora. Thirty-one species belonging to 16 genera were collected from rhizosphere and rhizoplane samples. The most frequently isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium jensenii and Trichoderma harzianum. Fusarium oxysporum was the most common Fusarium species in the rhizoplane samples of diseased roots and identification was confirmed by RAPD-PCR technique. Trichoderma harzianum, T. pseudokoningii and Glioclaium roseum were chosen to study their biological control efficiency against Fusarium oxysporum. These fungal species reduced the percentage of seedling infection to 25, 40 and 50%, respectively. With the increasing of fungicide (Folicur and Ridomil) doses the dry weight of F. oxysporum decreased. Also, the increasing of fungicide dose lead to a slight decrease in the dry weight of T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii and Glioclaium roseum.     

小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及内生真菌多样性分析

为了解喀斯特典型物种-小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及不同部位内生真菌多样性,采用沿等高线等距离取样法采集小蓬竹根际土壤及健康植株,通过可培养对根际土微生物及内生菌进行分离,利用分子技术对其进行鉴定,根据鉴定结果构建系统发育树,并计算小蓬竹根际土壤微生物和根茎叶内生真菌多样性。结果如下：（1）共从根际土壤、根、茎、叶分离得到139个真菌菌株,隶属于27属,其中根际土壤分离得到34个真菌菌株隶属于12属,根部分离得到的63个内生真菌菌株隶属于17个属,茎部分离得到的14个内生真菌菌株隶属于8个属,叶部分离得到28个内生真菌菌株隶属于9个属;（2）根际土壤共分离得到41株细菌菌株,隶属于7个属26个种,20株放线菌菌株,隶属于1属15种;从Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson指数排序来看,真菌主要表现为根 > 根际土壤 > 茎 > 叶,细菌和放线菌多样性均较低。（3）按层次聚类分析可分别将真菌、细菌、放线菌聚为3支。小蓬竹根际土壤、根、茎和叶具有丰富的微生物多样性,不同部位菌群组成存在差异性（P<0.05）,且存在以假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属等为优势属的抗盐耐旱菌群,这有助于揭示小蓬竹对喀斯特生境的适应性,以及为微生物-植物群落之间相互关系提供一定基础数据,为后期寻找小蓬竹相关耐性功能菌奠定基础。     

秦岭辛家山林区落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性

【目的】以秦岭辛家山林区落叶松为研究对象,观察鉴定与其共生的外生菌根真菌。【方法】通过野外调查结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定方法。【结果】鉴定出31种外生菌根真菌,分属2门4目11科11属,分别有毛革菌属(Tomentella)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe)、红菇属(Russula)、Amphinema、蜡蘑属(Laccaria)、蜡壳耳属(Sebacina)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、牛肝菌属(Boletus)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、乳菇属(Lactarius)和硬皮马勃属(Scleroderma),丝盖伞属是优势类群。阳坡外生菌根真菌多样性高于阴坡。对菌根根际土与非根际土化学性质分析表明,pH值显著低于非根际,速效磷、速效钾含量显著高于非根际。对根际土化学性质与外生菌根侵染率相关性分析表明,落叶松外生菌根侵染率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关;与速效钾呈极显著正相关;与全氮、速效磷呈显著负相关。【结论】落叶松外生菌根真菌多样性丰富,且受坡向影响。外生菌根真菌可降低根际pH,提高根际有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、水溶性钙和水溶性镁的含量。外生菌根侵染率受土壤pH值、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的影响。     

Management of palm oil mill effluent through production of cellulases by filamentous fungi

A laboratory scale study to evaluate the potentiality of filamentous fungi for the production of cellulolytic enzymes using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a basal medium was initiated. A total of 25 filamentous fungi in which 16 filamentous fungi were isolated and purified from oil palm industrial residues and 9 strains from laboratory stock were screened using POME with 1% total suspended solids. Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 was identified as a potential strain for cellulolytic enzyme production as compared to other genera of Aspergillus, Penicillum, Rhizopus, Phanerochaete, Trichoderma and basidiomycete groups. The results showed that T. reesei RUT C-30 gave the highest filter paper cellulase and carboxy methyl cellulase activity of 0.917 and 2.51 U/ml respectively at day 5 of fermentation. Other parameters such as growth formation, pH, filterability and total biosolids were observed to evaluate the bioconversion process.     

Observations on the ixodid ticks associated with domestic ungulate animals in Jordan

Abstract

Fourteen species and subspecies of ixodid ticks, representing four genera, were collected from native sheep, goats, camels and cattle in Jordan. Haemaphysalis otophila was the most common species (48.1%) with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (15.3%), Boophilus kohlsi (14.4%) and Haemaphysalis sulcatus (11.6%) representing other common species among the 9,545 specimens examined.     

柑橘内生真菌的分离鉴定及其发酵产物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性

本研究从柑橘抗病品种的健康植株不同组织中分离纯化和鉴定内生真菌,并测定其发酵产物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性,以明确柑橘抗病品种中内生真菌的组成及其产抗柑橘溃疡病菌活性代谢产物的潜力,为柑橘溃疡病抗菌剂的开发奠定基础。该研究通过组织培养法分离内生真菌,采用形态学和分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定; 基于前期的拮抗预试验结果,选取代表性菌株进行发酵培养,通过乙酸乙酯浸提、真空抽滤、旋转蒸发浓缩制备粗提物; 采用带毒平板涂布法测定不同菌株发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性。结果表明:(1)共分离得到72株内生真菌,归为2门(Ascomycota、Basidiomycota)、14个属,其中优势属为刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)、球座菌属(Guignardia)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)。(2)不同柑橘品种中内生真菌多样性指数为温州蜜柑(桂林)>沙糖桔(桂林)>沙糖桔(梧州)。(3)不同组织中内生真菌多样性变化因地理位置差异而有所不同,采自桂林的温州蜜柑和沙糖桔均为叶片中的内生真菌的多样性高于枝条,而采自梧州的沙糖桔为叶片中的多样性低于枝条,并且采自梧州的柑橘样品与采自桂林的柑橘样品中的内生真菌相似性低。(4)测定了30株内生真菌乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制活性,其中29株菌株表现出不同程度抑制活性。不同柑橘品种中的优势属的MIC介于0.312 5～10 mg·mL^-1之间,特有属的MIC介于0.156～5 mg·mL^-1,共有属镰刀菌属的MIC介于0.312 5～2.5 mg·mL^-1之间。研究结果表明柑橘抗病品种中内生真菌具有丰富多样性,并且其发酵提取物普遍对柑橘溃疡病菌具有抑制作用。特有属抑菌活性总体优于优势属,共有属镰刀菌属在不同柑橘抗病品种中均具有显著抑菌效果。     

三种松树内生真菌的分离鉴定及其对红脂大小蠹伴生真菌的拮抗作用

【背景】松树的内生真菌会影响红脂大小蠹及其伴生真菌的生长及扩散,从而影响红脂大小蠹的入侵。【目的】掌握赤峰地区红脂大小蠹寄主树种内生真菌的物种多样性,筛选对其伴生菌有拮抗作用的菌株,为红脂大小蠹的生物防治提供资源。【方法】采用组织分离法、形态学鉴定和internal transcribed spacer (ITS)序列分析相结合的方法对红脂大小蠹寄主树种油松、樟子松和潜在寄主落叶松进行内生真菌多样性研究,并用两点对峙法进行拮抗菌株筛选。【结果】松树内生真菌鉴定为2门6纲10目18科19属,其中落叶松韧皮部分离到的内生真菌数量最多,为39株,隶属于9属12种,真菌检出率为43.33%;油松次之,为30株,隶属于7属8种,真菌检出率为33.33%;樟子松最少,为29株,隶属于10属13种,真菌检出率为32.22%。3个树种的内生真菌相似性较低,无共有的菌种,青霉属(Penicillium)和篮状菌属(Talaromyces)是唯二的共有菌属,且青霉属在3个树种中均为优势菌属。平板对峙结果表明90%以上的树木内生真菌均能够与伴生真菌形成稳定的对峙,抑制率在50%-86%之间,且Phialocephala sp.和Pochonia bulbillosa对伴生菌的抑制率能高达93.7%。【结论】松树韧皮部的内生真菌具有较高的生防潜力,Phialocephala sp.和P. bulbillosa对红脂大小蠹伴生菌有较好的抑制效果,可作为红脂大小蠹的生防资源。     

濒危药用植物掌裂兰根部内生真菌和根际土真菌多样性分析

【背景】植物内生真菌对宿主植物促生长、抗旱和增强抗病能力等方面有着重大的研究和利用价值,尤其对兰科植物的生长起到重要的作用。【目的】通过对掌裂兰根部内生真菌和根际土真菌多样性进行系统分析,掌握掌裂兰根部内生真菌与根际土真菌群落结构,为进一步探究掌裂兰植物与真菌共生规律提供参考。【方法】采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析掌裂兰根部内生真菌和根际土真菌多样性。【结果】掌裂兰根部内生真菌隶属于7门89属,优势菌属为瘤菌根菌属(Epulorhiza)(16.93%)、头梗霉属(Cephaliophora)(10.41%)、酵母属(Saccharomyces)(5.73%)、角担菌属(Ceratobasidium)(5.32%)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)(5.12%),其中Epulorhiza和Ceratobasidium为兰科植物菌根真菌;根际土真菌隶属于11门269属,优势菌属为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)(8.09%)、丛赤壳属(Neonectria)(6.79%)、Plectosphaerella (3.39%)和被孢霉属(Mortierella)(3.01%)。通过...